China's agenda building and image polishing in the US: Assessing an international public relations campaign

Public Relations Review

Volumn 29, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 13-28

  Zhang, Juyan ^a   Cameron, Glen T ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0037374191     PISSN: 03638111     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0363-8111(02)00198-4     Document Type: Article

References (115)

1. M. Girard, States, diplomacy and image-making: what is new? Reflections on current British and French experiences, in: A. Chong, J. Valencic (Eds.), The Image, the State and International Relations, Proceedings from the Conference at the London School of Economics and Political Science, 24 June 1999.
2. N. Serajnik-Sraka, Slovenia's promotion through mass media, in: A. Chong, J. Valencic (Eds.), The Image, the State and International Relations, Proceedings from the Conference at the London School of Economics and Political Science, 24 June 1999, pp. 39-41.
3. M. Kunczik, Images of Nations and International Public Relations, Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ, 1997.
4. Z. Qizheng, How Chinese people view American, speech delivered at the National Press Club, Washington, DC, 30 August 2000. See the website of The Consulate General of People's Republic of China in New York, accessed on 21 October 2001.
5. China's President on 60 Minutes: M. Wallace Interviews Jiang Zemin at Seaside Retreat, CBS, New York, 23 August 2000.
6. J. Zemin attended performance by the handicapped artists before their US tour, Xinhua News Agency, 30 August 2000.
7. Chinese fleet ended visiting Hawaii, Xinhua News Agency, 18 September 2000.
8. China, New York Times, 21 August 2000, Section A, p. 12, col. 3.
9. China's US road show, aimed at making friends, New York Times, 23 August 2000, Section A, p. 3, col. 1.
10. China troupe overcomes, as did man behind it, New York Times, 18 September 2000, Section E, p. 1, col. 1.
11. Calligraphy in harmony with poetry and painting, New York Times, 22 September 2000, Section E, p. 34, col. 1
12. Writing on the wall, and on the soul, New York Times, 15 September 2000, Section E, p. 27, col. 1
13. B. Strokes, New York Times, 12 September 2000, Section E, p. 1, col. 1
14. Changing of the guard for a vast empire: after whirlwind expansion, the Met's new chairman of Asian art takes his time, New York Times, 29 August 2000, Section E, p. 1, col. 2
15. Chinese for young collectors: high style, low prices, New York Times, 14 September 2000, Section F, p. 5, col. 1.
16. China's dysfunctional public relations barrage, New York Times, 2 September 2000, Section A, p. 19, col. 1.
17. China's most popular and correct films come here: a trade-driven festival of works approved by Beijing hits LA for five days of screening, Los Angeles Times, 26 September 2000, Part F, p. 3.
18. Heard on the beat/tourism, Los Angeles Times, 20 September 2000, Orange Country Edition, Part C, p. 3.
19. Out of China focusing on a changing economy, Anticipating a presidential visit, Washington Post, 3 September 2000, p. Y03.
20. J.S. Nye Jr., A. William, Owen, America's information edge, Foreign Affairs 75 (1996), pp. 20-36.
21. J.C. Merrill (Ed.), Global Journalism: Survey of International Communication, Longman Press, New York, 1991, p. 66.
22. R. McClellan, The Heathen Chinese: A Study of American Attitudes Toward China, 1890-1905, Ohio State University Press, Columbus, 1971, p. viii
23. J. Israel, Progressivism and the Open-Door: American and China, 1905-1921, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, 1971, p. xi.
24. K.A. Leonard, Public Opinion and Foreign Policy: America's China Policy, 1949-1979, Greenwood Press, Westport, CT, 1984.
25. H.R. Isaacs, Images of Asia: American Views of China and India, Harper & Row, New York, 1972, p. xxxviii
26. L. Hongshan, Z. Hong (Eds.), Image, Perception, and the Making of US-China Relations, University Press of America Inc., Lanham, 1998, p. 1.
27. W.I. Cohen, American Perceptions of China, Dragon and Eagle: United States-China Relations, Past and Future, Basic Books, New York, 1973, pp. 55-56.
28. N.E. Isaacs, China: casting off the myths, Columbia Journalism Review (1973), pp. 51-57.
29. G.C. Byers, American Journalism and China, 1945-1950. Ph.D. Dissertation, Saint Louis University, 1980.
30. E. Noella-Neumann, Return to the concept of powerful mass media, Studies of Broadcasting 9 (1973), pp. 67-112.
31. N. Chomsky, E.S. Herman, Manufacturing Consent, Pantheon Books, New York, 1988.
32. T.R. Donohue, T.L. Glasser, Homogeneity in Connecticut newspaper coverage, Journalism Quarterly 55 (1978), pp. 592-596
33. A. Hester, Five years of foreign news on US television evening newscasts, Gazette 24 (1978), pp. 88-95
34. W.T. Gormley Jr., The Effect of Newspaper-Television Cross-Ownership on News Homogeneity, Institute for Research in Social Science, University of NC, Chapel Hill, 1976, pp. 280-278
35. C. Gaziano, Chain newspaper homogeneity and presidential endorsements, Journalism Quarterly, 1971-1988, 66 (4) (1989) 836-845.
36. R.L. Stevenson, R.R. Cole, Issues in foreign news, in: R.L. Stevenson, D.L. Shaw (Eds.), Foreign News and the New World Information Order, The Iowa State University Press, AMES, 1984.
37. A. Sreberny-Mohammadi (Ed.), Foreign News in the Media: International Reporting in 29 Countries, UNESCO Publications, Paris, 1985
38. W.J. Gonzenbach, M.D. Aran, R.L. Stevenson, The world of US network television news: eighteen years of international and foreign news coverage, Gazette 50 (1992), pp. 53-72
39. P. Norris, The restless searchlight: network news framing of the post-cold war world, Political Communication 12 (1995), pp. 357-370
40. W. Wanta, H. Yuwei, The Agenda-Setting Effects of International and National News in the Press, Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, 1993
41. C. Bush, A system of categories for general news content, Journalism Quarterly 37 (1960), pp. 206-210.
42. D. Riffe, E. Shaw, Conflict and consonance: coverage of Third World in two US papers, Journalism Quarterly 59 (1982), pp. 617-626.
43. Misguidance in vain, Beijing Review, 40 (7/8) (1997), p. 7.
44. R.S. Goodman, Prestige press coverage of US-China policy during the cold war's collapse and post-cold war years, Gazette 61 (5) (1999), pp. 391-410.
45. D. Dimitri Perlmutter, Visual Images and Foreign Policy: Picturing China in the American Press, 1949-1989, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1996, p. 465.
46. J. Mann, Framing China, Media Studies Journal 13 (1) (1999), p. 102.
47. Y. Wenjie, A Q-Analysis of the Changing Image of China in the New York Times from 1949-1988, Ph.D. Dissertation, State University of New York, Buffalo, 1993, p. 183.
48. F. Ching, US press shifting on China, Far Eastern Economic Review 161 (29) (1998), p. 57.
49. X. Li, C.S. Cyr, Human rights in China: a pawn of political agenda? Gazette 60 (6) (1998), p. 531.
50. C.E. Beaudoin, E. Thorson, Foreign news in Los Angles Times, Newspaper Research Journal 50 (2001), pp. 46-49.
51. Conference on US Media Coverage of China, National Committee Policy Series, School of Communication, American University, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, National Committee on United States-China Relations, June 1998, p. 14.
52. X. Xinxin, J. Liu, Are the Chinese media and the US media demonizing each other? A dialogue between major Chinese and American journalists, scholars and experts, www.xys.org, 12 December 2000. Accessed on 20 December 2001.
53. J. Ellul, Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1965, p. 13.
54. J. Ellul, Propaganda, 63.
55. B.H. Signitzer, T. Coombs, Public relations and public diplomacy: conceptual convergences, Public Relations Review 18 (2) (1992), pp. 137-147.
56. D.L. Wilcox, P.H. Alt, W.K. Agee, Public Relations: Strategies and Tactics, Harper & Row, New York, 1989.
57. R.F. Delaney, Introduction, in: A.S. Hoffman (Ed.), International Communication and the New Diplomacy, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1968, p. 3.
58. S. Coombs, J.M. Mitchell, International Cultural Relations, Allen & Unwin, London, 1986.
59. S.M. Cutlip, Pioneering public relations for foreign governments, Public Relations Review (1989), p. 14.
60. B.M. Seaver, The public dimension of foreign policy, Press/Politics 3 (1) (1998), pp. 65-91.
61. L.V. Sigal, Reporters and Officials: The Organization and Politics of Newsmaking, D.C. Heath, Lexington, 1973.
62. W.P. Davison, News media and international negotiations, Public Opinion Quarterly 38 (1974), pp. 174-193.
63. J.B. Manheim, R.B. Albritton, Changing national images: international public relations and media agenda setting, The American Political Science Review 78 (1984), pp. 641-657.
64. R.B. Albritton, J.B. Manheim, Public relations efforts for the Third World: images in the news, Journal of Communication 35 (1985), pp. 43-59.
65. M. Kunczik, Images of Nations and International Public Relations, 85.
66. J.E. Grunig, Public relations in international affairs: effects ethics and responsibility, Journal of International Affairs 47 (1993), pp. 137-162.
67. R.S. Fortner, Public Diplomacy and International Politics, Praeger, New York, 1994, p. 35
68. K. Hindell, The influence of media on foreign policy, International Relations 12 (1995), pp. 73-84
69. D. Pearce, Wary Partners: Diplomats and the Media, Congressional Quarterly Press, Washington, DC, 1995
70. A. Eban, Diplomacy for the Next Century, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, 1998.
71. C. Hill, Introduction for image, in: A. Chong, J. Valencic (Eds.), The Image, the State and International Relations, Proceedings from the Conference at the London School of Economics and Political Science, 1999, p. 9.
72. W. Lance Bennett, Marginalizing the majority: the news media, public opinion, and Nicaragua policy decisions, Paper presented to the International Communication Association Conference, New Orleans, 1988
73. B.L. Nacos, Terrorism and the Media: From the Iran Hostage Crisis to the World Trade Center Bombing, Columbia University Press, New York, 1994.
74. R.B. Albritton, J.B. Manheim, Public relations efforts for the Third World: images in the news.
75. J.B. Manheim, Strategic Public Diplomacy and American Foreign Policy: An Evolution of Influence, Oxford University Press, New York, 1994, p. 132
76. R.L. Merritt, Transforming international communications strategies, Political Communication and Persuasion 1 (5) (1980), p. 42
77. G. Wolfsfeld, International awareness information processing and attitude change: a cross cultural experimental study, Political Communication and Persuasion 2 (1983), pp. 127-146.
78. Herman, Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent.
79. N. Chen, Public relations in China: the introduction and development of an occupational field, in: N. Chen, H.M. Culbertson (Eds.), International Public Relations: A Comparative Analysis, Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ, 1996, pp. 121-153
80. N. Chen, H.M. Culbertson, Two contrasting approaches of government public relations in mainland China, Public Relations Quarterly, 37 (3) (1992), pp. 36-41.
81. R. Bernstein, R.H. Munro, The coming conflict with China, Alfred A. Knope, New York, 1997, p. 126.
82. J. Ellul, Propaganda, 11-13.
83. J. Zemin meets US media chiefs and hopes US media coverage of China promote mutual understanding between two countries, People's Daily, 6 September 2000, p. 1.
84. Q. Qichen delivered speech at the US-Asian Association, People's Daily, 22 March 2001, p. 6.
85. China's US road show, aimed at making friends, New York Times, 23 August 2000, Section A, p. 3, col. 1.
86. Beijing's leader-in-waiting flexes his muscles, Financial Times (London), 25 January 2002, p. 10.
87. Y. Cohen, Media Diplomacy: The Foreign Office in the Mass Communication Age, Frank Cass & Co. Ltd., Great Britain, 1986.
88. D.A. Graber, Mass Media and American Politics, 3rd ed., Congressional Quarterly Press, Washington, DC, 1989, p. 329.
89. E. Cose, The Press, William Morrow and Company Inc., New York, 1989, p. 22.
90. D.R. Matthews, US Senators and their World, Random House, New York, 1960
91. R.A. Dahl, Congress and Foreign Policy, Harcourt Brace, New York, 1950.
92. S.H. Dickson, Press and US policy toward Nicaragua 1983-1987: a study of the New York Times and Washington Post, Journalism Quarterly 69 (3) (1992), pp. 562-571
93. M.A. Genest, Negotiating in the Public Eye: The Impact of the Press on the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Force Negotiations, Stanford University Press, CA, 1995, p. 63.
94. R.B. Albritton, J.B. Manheim, Public relations efforts for the Third World: images in the news.
95. T. Watson, Integrating planning and evaluation: evaluating the public relations practice and public relations programs, in: R. Heath (Ed.), Public Relations Handbook, Saga Public Relations Inc., CA, 2001, p. 265.
96. T. Cook, D. Campbell, Quast-Experimentation: Design and Analysis of Time Series Experiments, Colorado Associate University Press, Boulder, 1979
97. D.H. McBurney, Research Methods, 3rd ed., Brooks/Cole, Pacific Grove, CA, p. 307.
98. R.L. Stevenson, R.R. Cole, Issues in foreign news, in: R.L. Stevenson, D.L. Shaw (Eds.), Foreign News and the New World Information Order, The Iowa State University Press, AMES, 1984, pp. 23-30.
99. A. Sreberny-Mohammadi (Ed.), Foreign News in the Media: International Reporting in 29 Countries, UNESCO Publications, Paris, 1985
100. W.J. Gonzenbach, M.D. Aran, R.L. Stevenson, The world of US network television news: eighteen years of international and foreign news coverage, Gazette 50 (1992), pp. 53-72
101. P. Norris, The restless searchlight: network news framing of the post-cold war world, Political Communication 12 (1995), pp. 357-370
102. W. Wanta, H. Yuwei, The Agenda-Setting Effects of International and National News in the Press, Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, 1993
103. C. Bush, A system of categories for general news content, Journalism Quarterly 37 (1960), pp. 206-210.
104. A.M. Cooper, Comparative study of Third World elite newspapers, in: R.L. Stevenson, D.L. Shaw (Eds.), Foreign News and the New World Information Order, The Iowa State Press, 1984.
105. T. Gitlin, The Whole World is Watching: Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the New Left, University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, 1980, p. 10
106. R. Entman, Framing: toward clarification of a fractured paradigm, Journal of Communication, 43 (4) (1993), p. 53.
107. R.L. Stevenson, R.R. Cole, Issues in foreign news
108. A.M. Cooper, Comparative study of Third World elite newspapers, in: R.L. Stevenson, D.L. Shaw (Eds.), Foreign News and the New World Information Order, The Iowa State Press, 1984.
109. R.W. Budd, R.K. Thorp, L. Donohew, Content Analysis of Communication, McMillan, New York, 1967, pp. 50-65
110. F. Eribo, Coverage of Africa South of the Sahara by Rravda, Izvestia, Trud and Selskaya Zhizn, 1979-1987: a content analysis, Journalism Quarterly 70 (1) (1993), pp. 51-57.
111. R.L. Stevenson, R.R. Cole, Issues in foreign news, in: R.L. Stevenson, D.L. Shaw (Eds.), Foreign News and the New World Information Order, The Iowa State University Press, AMES, 1984, p. 29.
112. L. Fleeson, Rush to judgment, American Journalism Review, 22 (9) 2000, p. 21.
113. Fleeson, Rush to judgment.
114. The Times and Wen Ho Lee, New York Times, 26 September 2000, A2, p. 2.
115. C. Caywood, The Handbook of Strategic Public Relations & Integrated Communications, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1997, p. 43.