International medical graduates and the primary care workforce for rural underserved areas

Health Affairs

Volumn 22, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 255-262

  Fink, Kenneth S ^a,b   Phillips Jr , Robert L ^c   Fryer, George E ^e   Koehn, Nerissa ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b AGENCY FOR HEALTHCARE RESEARCH AND QUALITY   (United States)

^c ROBERT GRAHAM CENTER   (United States)

^d Tacoma Family Medicine   (United States)

^e NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CLASSIFICATION; FOREIGN WORKER; HEALTH CARE PLANNING; HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH; HUMAN; MANPOWER; MEDICAL EDUCATION; MEDICAL SOCIETY; PHYSICIAN; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE; RURAL HEALTH CARE; STATISTICS; UNITED STATES;

AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION; FOREIGN MEDICAL GRADUATES; HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH; HUMANS; INTERNSHIP AND RESIDENCY; MEDICALLY UNDERSERVED AREA; PHYSICIANS; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE LOCATION; RURAL HEALTH SERVICES; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0037363582     PISSN: 02782715     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.22.2.255     Document Type: Review

References (36)

1. Council on Graduate Medical Education, Fourth Report: Recommendations to Improve Access to Health Care through Physician Workforce Reform (Rockville, Md.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1994);
2. COGME, Eleventh Report: International Medical Graduates, the Physician Workforce, and GME Payment Reform (Rockville: DHHS, 1998);
3. COGME, Fourteenth Report: Physician Workforce Policies: Recent Developments and Remaining Challenges in Meeting National Goals (Rockville: DHHS, 1999);
4. Institute of Medicine, The Nation's Physician Workforce: Options for Balancing Supply and Requirements (Washington: National Academy Press, 1996);
5. American Association of Colleges of Ostéopathie Medicine, American Medical Association, American Osteopathic Association, Association of Academic Health Centers, Association of American Medical Colleges, and National Medical Association, Consensus Statement on the Physician Workforce, 28 February 1997, www.aamc.org/meded/edres/workforc/consen.htm (23 January 2003);
6. Pew Health Professions Commission, Critical Challenges: Revitalizing the Health Professions for the Twenty-first Century, Third Report of the Pew Health Professions Commission (San Francisco: University of California, San Francisco, Center for the Health Professions, 1995);
7. and American College of Physicians, "The Physician Workforce and Financing of Graduate Medical Education: A Position Paper," Annals of Internal Medicine (15 January 1998): 142-148.
8. F. Mullan, R.M. Politzer, and C.H. Davis, "Medical Migration and the Physician Workforce: International Medical Graduates and American Medicine," Journal of the American Medical Association (17 May 1995): 1521-1527.
9. COGME, Eleventh Report: International Medical Graduates, the Physician Workforce, and GME Payment Reform.
10. Pew Health Professions Commission, Critical Challenges.
11. Critical Challenges. Ibid
12. and COGME, Fourth Report: Recommendations to Improve Access to Health Care through Physician Workforce Reform.
13. S.E. Brotherton, F.A. Simon, and S.I. Etzel, "US Graduate Medical Education, 2000-2001," Journal of the American Medical Association (5 September 2001): 1056-1060.
14. Jennifer Bush, Association of American Medical Colleges, personal communication regarding the National Residency Matching Program, 27 March 2001.
15. R. Dickler and G. Shaw, "The Balanced Budget Act of 1997: Its Impact on U.S. Teaching Hospitals," Annals of Internal Medicine (16 May 2000): 820-824;
16. Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates, 2000 Annual Report (Philadelphia: ECFMG, 2000);
17. R.S. Miller, M.R. Dunn, and T. Richter, "Graduate Medical Education, 1998-1999: A Closer Look," Journal of the American Medical Association (1 September 1999): 855-860;
18. and G.P. Whelan et al., "The Changing Pool of International Medical Graduates Seeking Certification Training in U.S. Graduate Medical Education Programs," Journal of the American Medical Association (4 September 2002): 1079-1084.
19. Examples that IMGs are more likely include L.D. Baeret al., "Do International Medical Graduates Reduce Rural Physician Shortages?" Medical Care 36, no. 11 (1998): 1534-1544;
20. S.S. Mick, S.D. Lee, and W.P. Wodchis, "Variations in Geographical Distribution of Foreign and Domestically Trained Physicians in the United States: 'Safety Nets' or 'Surplus Exacerbation'?" Social Science and Medicine 50, no. 2 (2000): 185-202;
21. and S.S. Mick and S.D. Lee, "Are There Need-Based Geographical Differences between International Medical Graduates and U.S. Medical Graduates in Rural U.S. Counties?" Journal of Rural Health (Winter 1999): 26-43.
22. Examples that IMGs are less likely include Mullan et al., "Medical Migration and the Physician Workforce";
23. S.S. Mick and A.I. Sutnick, "International Medical Graduates in Rural America: The 1987 Distribution of Physicians Who Entered the U.S. Medical System between 1969 and 1982," Journal of Rural Health (Fall 1996): 423-431;
24. and R.M. Politzer, J.M. Cultice, and A.J. Meltzer, "The Geographic Distribution of Physicians in the United States and the Contribution of International Medical Graduates," Medical Care Research and Review (March 1998): 116-130.
25. American Medical Association Physician Masterfile, 26 September 2002 www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/2673.html (16 December 2002).
26. COGME, Resource Paper Compendium: Update on the Physician Workforce (Rockville: DHHS, 2000);
27. American Academy of Family Physicians, Facts about Family Practice, 2001, Table 4, www.aafp.org/x753.xml (11 October 2002);
28. and Robert Graham Center, "The United States Relies on Family Physicians, Unlike Any Other Specialty," One-Pager no. 5, 14 April 2000, www.aafppolicy.org/x160.xml (11 October 2002).
29. F. Mullan, "The Case for More U.S. Medical Students," Journal of the American Medical Association (20 July 2000): 213-217.
30. H.K. Rabinowitz et al., "Critical Factors for Designing Programs to Increase the Supply and Retention of Rural Primary Care Physicians," Journal of the American Medical Association (5 September 2001): 1041-1048;
31. D.E. Pathman et al., "State Scholarship, Loan Forgiveness, and Related Programs," Journal of the American Medical Association (25 October 2000): 2084-2092;
32. and R.M. Politzer et al., "Eliminating Primary Care Health Professional Shortage Areas: The Impact of Title VII Generalist Physician Education," Journal of Rural Health (Winter 1999): 11-20.
33. K.J. Mueller et al., "The Immediate and Future Role of the J-1 Visa Waiver Program for Physicians: The Consequences of Change for Rural Health Care Service Delivery," Paper no. P2002-3, April 2002, www.rupri.org (27 June 2002).
34. U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service, "Measuring Rurality: Rural-Urban Commuting Area Codes," 11 September 2002, www.ers.usda.gov/briefing/rural/data/desc.htm (16 December 2002);
35. and Mick et al., "Variations in Geographical Distribution."
36. Mick and Lee, "Are There Need-Based Geographical Differences?"