Serving Clio and Client: The Historian as Expert Witness

Bulletin of the History of Medicine

Volumn 77, Issue 1, 2003, Pages

  Rothman, David J ^a,b  

^a Department of Neurology and the Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain   (United States)

^b Howard Hughes Medical Institute   (United States)

Author keywords

Cold War radiation research; Expert witnesses; Human experimentation; Informed consent

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; EXPERT WITNESS; HISTORY; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; PROFESSIONAL STANDARD; UNITED STATES;

EXPERT TESTIMONY; HISTORY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMAN EXPERIMENTATION; HUMANS; PROFESSIONAL ROLE; TENNESSEE;

EID: 0037363462     PISSN: 00075140     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/bhm.2003.0035     Document Type: Review

References (68)

1. Richard Kluger, Simple Justice: The History of "Brown v. Board of Education" and Black America's Struggle for Equality (New York: Vintage Books, 1975).
2. Ibid., pp. 84, 623-24, 626, 638; Paul Soifer, "The Litigation Historian: Objectivity, Responsibility, and Sources," Public Historian, 1983, 5 (2): 47-62, on p. 51.
3. Ibid., pp. 84, 623-24, 626, 638; Paul Soifer, "The Litigation Historian: Objectivity, Responsibility, and Sources," Public Historian, 1983, 5 (2): 47-62, on p. 51.
4. Kluger, Simple Justice (n. 1), pp. 291, 626, 635, 637-41, 643, 654, 668; Soifer, "Litigation Historian" (n. 2), pp. 51-53.
5. Kluger, Simple Justice (n. 1), pp. 291, 626, 635, 637-41, 643, 654, 668; Soifer, "Litigation Historian" (n. 2), pp. 51-53.
6. Heather K. Cyr, "The Battle over History," Brunswickian, 4 November 1999, http://wvw.unb.ca/web/bruns/9900/issue9/new/historybattle.htm (22 May 2002).
7. Carl M. Becker, "Professor for the Plaintiff: Classroom to Courtroom," Public Historian, 1982, 4 (3); 69-77; Leland R. Johnson, "Public Historian for the Defendant," ibid., 1983, 5 (3): 65-76.
8. Carl M. Becker, "Professor for the Plaintiff: Classroom to Courtroom," Public Historian, 1982, 4 (3); 69-77; Leland R. Johnson, "Public Historian for the Defendant," ibid., 1983, 5 (3): 65-76.
9. Robert O. Paxton, "The Trial of Maurice Papon," New York Rev. Books, 16 December 1999, pp. 32-38.
10. Alice Kessler-Harris, "Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Sears, Roebuck and Company: A Personal Account," Rad. Hist. Rev., 1986, 35:57-79; Rosalind Rosenberg, "Disparity or Discrimination?" interview with David Tell, Society, 1987, 24 (6): 4-16; Ruth Milkman, "Women's History and the Sears Case," Fem. Studies, 1986, 12 (2): 375-400.
11. Alice Kessler-Harris, "Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Sears, Roebuck and Company: A Personal Account," Rad. Hist. Rev., 1986, 35:57-79; Rosalind Rosenberg, "Disparity or Discrimination?" interview with David Tell, Society, 1987, 24 (6): 4-16; Ruth Milkman, "Women's History and the Sears Case," Fem. Studies, 1986, 12 (2): 375-400.
12. Alice Kessler-Harris, "Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Sears, Roebuck and Company: A Personal Account," Rad. Hist. Rev., 1986, 35:57-79; Rosalind Rosenberg, "Disparity or Discrimination?" interview with David Tell, Society, 1987, 24 (6): 4-16; Ruth Milkman, "Women's History and the Sears Case," Fem. Studies, 1986, 12 (2): 375-400.
13. Laura Maggi, "Bearing Witness for Tobacco," Amer. Prospect, 2000, 11 (10): 23-25.
14. I b i d.
15. Allan Brandt, personal communication.
16. David Rosner, personal communication.
17. The case was litigated as Orlikow v. United States, 682 FS 77 (DDC 1988).
18. Dorothy Melkin and Lori Andrews, "Do the Dead Have Interests," Amer. J. Law & Med., 1998, 24 (2-3): 261-91.
19. American Historical Association, "Careers in History: A Miniguide from the American Historical Association," http://www.theaha.org/pubs/careers/Advocate.htm (22 May 2002).
20. Kluger, Simple Justice (n. 1), p. 623.
21. Ibid. See also Jack Greenberg, Crusaders in the Courts (New York: Basic Books, 1994), p. 188.
22. Ibid. See also Jack Greenberg, Crusaders in the Courts (New York: Basic Books, 1994), p. 188.
23. Alfred H. Kelly, "When the Supreme Court Ordered Desegregation," U.S. News & World Rep., 5 February 1962, pp. 86-88, quotation on p. 88.
24. I b i d
25. Paxton, "Trial" (n. 6), p. 38.
26. Milkman, "Women's History" (n. 7), p. 385; Rosenberg, "Disparity" (n. 7), pp. 5-6.
27. Milkman, "Women's History" (n. 7), p. 385; Rosenberg, "Disparity" (n. 7), pp. 5-6.
28. Milkman, "Women's History" (n. 7), p. 387; Kessler-Harris, "Equal Employment Opportunity Commission" (n. 7), pp. 66-72.
29. Milkman, "Women's History" (n. 7), p. 387; Kessler-Harris, "Equal Employment Opportunity Commission" (n. 7), pp. 66-72.
30. Milkman, "Women's History" (n. 7), pp. 390-91.
31. Kessler-Harris, "Equal Employment Opportunity Commission" (n. 7), p. 75.
32. 59," Amer. J. Obstet. & Gyn., 1951, 61 (3): 477-86.
33. Ruth M. Hagstrom, S. R. Classer, et al., "Long Term Effects of Radioactive Iron Administered during Human Pregnancy," Amer. J. Epidemiol., 1969, 90 (1): 1-10, quotation on p. 2.
34. I b i d.
35. Ruth Hagstrom, Transcript of 16 February 1997 Deposition, Craft v. Vanderbilt, M. D. Tenn. Docket no. 3-94-0090, on pp. 120-22.
36. Eileen Welsome, The Plutonium Files: America's Secret Medical Experiments in the Cold War (New York: Delacorte Press, 1999).
37. David Rothman, "Ethics and Human Experimentation: Henry Beecher Revisited," N. Engl. J. Med., 1987, 317: 1195-99; Henry Beecher, Strangers at the Bedside: A History of How Law and Bioethics Transformed Medical Decision Making (New York: Basic Books, 1991).
38. David Rothman, "Ethics and Human Experimentation: Henry Beecher Revisited," N. Engl. J. Med., 1987, 317: 1195-99; Henry Beecher, Strangers at the Bedside: A History of How Law and Bioethics Transformed Medical Decision Making (New York: Basic Books, 1991).
39. Robert Levine, Transcript of 17 September 1997 Deposition, Craft v. Vanderbilt (n. 27), on pp. 258-61.
40. Schloendorff v. Society of New York Hospital, 211 NY 125, 105 NE 92, 93 (1914).
41. David J. Rothman, Statement of Expert Witness, Craft v. Vanderbilt (n. 27), p. 6.
42. Claude Bernard, An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine, trans. Henry C. Greene (New York; MacMillan, 1927), pp. 101-2.
43. William Osier, "The Evolution of the Idea of Experiment in Medicine," Trans. Cong. Amer. Physicians & Surg., 1907, 7:1-8, on pp. 7-8.
44. Charles Francis Withington, The Relation of Hospitals to Medical Education (Boston: Cupples, Upham, 1886), p. 5. See also Susan E. Lederer, Subjected, to Science: Human Experimentation in America Before the Second World War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).
45. Charles Francis Withington, The Relation of Hospitals to Medical Education (Boston: Cupples, Upham, 1886), p. 5. See also Susan E. Lederer, Subjected, to Science: Human Experimentation in America Before the Second World War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).
46. Withington, Relation of Hospitals (n. 35), pp. 16-17.
47. Ibid., p. 17.
48. Ibid., p. 15.
49. William Osier, discussion of George M. Sternberg, "The Bacillus Icteroides (Sanarelli) and Bacillus X (Sternberg)," Trans. Assoc. Amer. Physicians, 1898, 13: 71.
50. Cited in Lederer, Subjected to Science (n. 35), p. 63.
51. "Grafting Cancer in the Human Subject," JAMA, 1891, 17: 233-34, quotation on p. 234.
52. George J. Annas and Michael A. Grodin, eds., The Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), pp. 102-3.
53. Hagstrom and Classer et al., "Long Term Effects" (n. 25), p. 1.
54. Hagstrom Deposition (n. 27), p. 121; see also pp. 66, 104, 120-21, 128.
55. Ibid., p. 121.
56. Ernest W. Goodpasture, "Research and Medical Practice," Science, 1946, 104:473-76, quotation on p. 474.
57. Ibid., p. 475.
58. I b i d.
59. Charles Glen King, A Good Idea: The History of the Nutrition Foundation (New York: Nutrition Foundation, 1976), pp. 223-28.
60. W. T. Pommerenke and P. F. Hahn, "Absorption of Radioactive Sodium Instilled into the Vagina," Amer. J. Obstet. & Gyn., 1943, 46: 853-55, quotation on p. 855.
61. Ibid., p. 854.
62. King, Good Idea (n. 49), p. 224.
63. O. W. Hills, E. Libert, et al., "Clinical Aspects of Dietary Depletion of Riboflavin," Arch. Intern. Med., 1951, 87: 682-93, quotation on p. 682.
64. Oscar Kreisler, Erich Liebert, and M. K. Horwitt, "Psychiatric Observations on Induced Vitamin B Complex Deficiency in Psychotic Patients," Amer. J. Psychiatry, 1948, 105: 107-10, quotation on p. 105.
65. Ibid., p. 107.
66. Ibid., pp. 109-10.
67. M. K. Horwitt, O. W. Hills, et al., "Effects of Dietary Depletion of Riboflavin," J. Nutr., 1949, 39: 357-73, quotation on p. 368.
68. M. K. Horwitt, C. C. Harvey, et al., "Tryptophan-Niacin Relationships in Man," J. Nutr., 1956, 60 (Suppl. 1): 1-43, quotation on p. 13; see also p. 6.