Rocks that crackle and sparkle and glow: Strange pre-earthquake phenomena

Journal of Scientific Exploration

Volumn 17, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 37-71

  Freund, Friedemann T ^a  

^a SAN JOSE STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Corona discharges; Defects in minerals; Earthquake lights; Earthquake prediction; Earthquakes; Electromagnetic emissions; Ground currents; Ground potentials; Ion emission; Ionosphere; Magnetic anomalies; Positive holes; Pre earthquake phenomena; Thermal anomalies

Indexed keywords

ELECTRIC CHARGE; ELECTRIC CORONA; ELECTRIC DISCHARGES; IONOSPHERE; MAGNETIC FIELD EFFECTS; PLASMA DENSITY; SEISMIC WAVES;

CORONA DISCHARGES;

EARTHQUAKES;

EID: 0037362092     PISSN: 08923310     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. Adair, R. K. (1991). Constraints on biological effects of weak extremely-low-frequency electromagnetic fields. Physical Review A (Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics), 43, 1039-1048.
2. Akinaga, Y., Hayakawa, M., Liu, J. Y., Yumoto, K., & Hattori, K. (2001). A precursory ULF signature for the Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 1, 33-36.
3. Arias, T. A., & Joannopoulos, J. D. (1994). Ab initio theory of dislocation interactions: From close-range spontaneous annihilation to the long-range continuum limit. Physics Review and Letters, 73, 680-683.
4. Balbachan, M. Y., & Parkhomenko, E. I. (1983). Electret Effect during rupture of Rocks. Isvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth, 19, 661-665.
5. Ballhaus, C., Berry, R. F., & Green, D. H. (1990). Oxygen fugacity controls in the Earth's upper mantle. Nature, 348, 437-440.
6. Baron, R. (1987). Effects of negative ions on cognitive performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72, 131-137.
7. Bernabé, Y. (1998). Streaming potential in heterogenous networks. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103, 20827-20841.
8. Bilichenko, S. V., Iljin, F. S., & Kim, E. F. (1990). ULF response of the ionosphere for earthquake preparation processes. Doklady Academiia Nauk USSR, 311, 1077-1080.
9. Bishop, J. R. (1981). Piezoelectric effects in quartz-rich rocks. Tectonophysics, 77, 297-321.
10. Brace, W. F., Paulding, B. W., & Scholz, C. (1966). Dilatancy in the fracture of crystalline rocks. Journal of Geophysical Research, 71, 3939-3953.
11. Brady, B. T., & Rowell, G. A. (1986). Laboratory investigation of the electrodynamics of rock fracture. Nature, 321, 488-492.
12. Byers, H. R. (1974). General Meteorology. New York: McGraw-Hill.
13. Charry, J. (1984). Biological effects of small air ions: A review of findings and methods. Environmental Research, 34, 351-389.
14. Chen, D. Y., Zhang, D. H., & Sun, Z. J. (1994). ULF electric-potential changes prior to the fracture in rock samples. In Hayakawa, M., & Fujinawa, Y. Electromagnetic Phenomena Related to Earthquake Prediction (pp. 323-329). M. Hayakawa and Y. Fujinawa. Tokyo: Terra Scientific.
15. Constable, S., & Duba, A. (1990). Electrical conductivity of olivine, a dunite and the mantle. Journal of Geophysical Research, 95, 6967-6978.
16. Corliss, W. R. (2001). Remarkable Luminous Phenomena in Nature: A Catalog of Geophysical Anomalies. Glen Arm, MD: Sourcebook Project.
17. Cress, G. O., Brady, B. T., & Rowell, G. A. (1987). Sources of electromagnetic radiation from fracture of rock samples in the laboratory. Geophysical Research Letters, 14, 331-334.
18. Davies, J. B., & Archambeau, C. B. (1998). Modeling of atmospheric and ionospheric disturbances from shallow seismic sources. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 105, 183-199.
19. Davis, K., & Baker, D. M. (1965). Ionospheric effects observed around the time of the Alaskan earthquake of March 28, 1964. Journal of Geophysical Research, 70, 2251-2253.
20. Dea, J. Y., Richman, C. I., & Boerner, W. M. (1991). Observations of seismo-electromagnetic earthquake precursor radiation signatures along southern Californa fault zones: Evidence of long-distance precursor ultra-low frequency signals observed during a moderate southern California earthquake. Canadian Journal of Physics, 69, 1138-1145.
21. Derr, J. S. (1973). Earthquake lights: A review of observations and present theories. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 63, 21277-21287.
22. Derr, J. S. (1986). Luminous phenomena and their relationship to rock fracture. Nature, 321, 470-471.
23. Derr, J. S., & Persinger, M. A. (1986). Luminous phenomena and earthquakes in southern Washington. Experientia, 42, 991-999.
24. Dickinson, J. T., Jensen, L. C., & McKay, M. R. (1987). Neutral molecule emission from the fracture of crystalline magnesium oxide. Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology, A, 1987, 1162-1168.
25. Dickinson, J. T., Jensen, L. C., McKay, M. R., & Freund, F. (1986). The emission of atoms and molecules accompanying fracture of single-crystal magnesium oxide. Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology, 4, 1648-1652.
26. 4). Oxid. Met. Assoc. Mass Transp., Normaln L. Peterson Memorial Symp., Proc. Symp. TMS-AIME Fall Meeting, Warrendale, PA, Metall. Soc.
27. Draganov, A. B., Inan, U. S., & Taranenko, Y. N. (1991). ULF magnetic signatures at the Earth surface due to ground water flow: A possible precursor to earthquakes. Geophysical Research Letters, 18, 1127-1130.
28. Duba, A., Heard, H. C., & Schock, R. N. (1974). Electrical conductivity of olivine at high pressure and under controlled oxygen fugacity. Journal of Geophysical Research, 79, 1667-1673.
29. Finkelstein, D., Hill, U. S., & Powell, J. R. (1973). The piezoelectric theory of earthquake lightning. Journal of Geophysical Research, 78, 992-993.
30. Fraser-Smith, A. C. (1992). ULF, ELF, and VLF electromagnetic field observations during earthquakes: Search for precursors. Low frequency electrical precursors: Fact or fiction? Lake Arrowhead, CA, USA June 14-17, 1992, NSF National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program.
31. Freund, F. (1987). Hydrogen and carbon in solid solution in oxides and silicates. Phys. Chem. Minerals, 15, 1-18.
32. Freund, F. (2000). Time-resolved study of charge generation and propagation in igneous rocks. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105, 11001-11019.
33. Freund, F. (2002a). Charge generation and propagation in rocks. Journal of Geodynamics, 33, 545-572.
34. Freund, F. (2002b). Seismic electric signals (SES) and the conductivity structure of the crust. In Hayakawa, M., & Molchanov, O. A. (Eds.), Seismo-Electromagnetics: Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling (pp. 141-152). Tokyo: Terra Scientific Publishing.
35. Freund, F., Freund, M. M., & Batllo, F. (1993). Critical review of electrical conductivity measurements and charge distribution analysis of magnesium oxide. Journal of Geophysical Research, 98, 22209-22229.
36. Freund, F., Jhabvala, M., La, A., Shu, P., Tsay, S. C., Ouzounov, D., & Fei, Y. (2002). Mid-infrared luminescence observed during rock deformation. Spring Meeting. Washington, DC, American Geophysics Union, T22B-03.
37. Freund, F., & Wengeler, H. (1982). The infrared spectrum of OH-compensated defect sites in C-doped MgO and CaO single crystals. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 43, 129-145.
38. Freund, F., Whang, E.-J., Batllo, F., Desgranges, L., Desgranges, C., & Freund, M. M. (1994). Positive hole-type charge carriers in oxide materials. In Levinson, L. M. (Ed.), Grain Boundaries and Interfacial Phenomena in Electronic Ceramics (pp. 263-278). Cincinnati, OH: American Ceramics Society.
39. Freund, M. M., Freund, F., & Batllo, F. (1989). Highly mobile oxygen holes in magnesium oxide. Physical Review Letters, 63, 2096-2099.
40. Geller, R. J. (1997). Earthquake prediction: A critical review. Geophysical Journal International, 131, 425-450.
41. Gokhberg, M. B., Kustov, V. A., & Liperovsky, V. A. (1988). About perturbations in the ionospheric F-region before strong earthquakes. Izv. Akad. Nauk USSR, Fiz. Zemli, N4, 12-20.
42. Gokhberg, M. B., Morgounov, V. A., & Pokhotelov, O. A. (1995). Earthquake Prediction. Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach.
43. Gorny, V. I., Salman, A. G., Tronin, A. A., & Shilin, B. B. (1988). The Earth's outgoing IR radiation as an indicator of seismic activity. Proceedings of the Academy of Science USSR, 301, 67-69.
44. Grigor'ev, A. I., Grigor'eva, I. D., & Shiryaeva, S. O. (1992). Ball lightning penetration into closed rooms: 43 Eyewitness accounts. Journal of Scientific Exploration, 6, 261-279.
45. Grimalski, V. V., Hayakawa, M., Ivchenko, V. N., Rapoport, Y. G., & Zadorozhnii, V. I. (in press). Penetration of electrostatic field from the lithosphere into ionosphere and its effect on the D-region before earthquakes. Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics.
46. Hadjicontis, V., & Mavromatou, C. (1994). Transient electric signals prior to rock failure under uniaxial stress. Geophysical Research Letters, 21, 1687-1690.
47. Hayakawa, M., Lefeuvre, F., & Rauch, J. L. (1990). On the system of Aureol-3 satellite direction finding for ionospheric and magnetospheric ELF waves. Trans. Inst. Electron. Inform. Commun Eng. Japan. E73, 942-951.
48. Hermance, J. F. (1979). The electric conductivity of materials containing partial melt: A simple model from Archie's law. Geophysical Research Letters, 6, 613-616.
49. Ismaguilov, V. S., Kopytenko, Y. A., Hattori, K., Voronov, P. M., Molchanov, O. A., & Hayakawa, M. (2001). ULF magnetic emissions connected with under sea bottom earthquakes. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 1, 23-31.
50. 2 film on Si, and the relation with the electrostatic tribo electrification. Applied Physics and Letters, 48, 1542-1543.
51. Johnston, M. J. S. (1997). Review of electric and magnetic fields accompanying seismic and volcanic activity. Surveys in Geophysics, 18, 441-475.
52. Jouniaux, L., Bernard, M. L., Zamora, M., & Pozzi, J. P. (2000). Streaming potential in volcanic rocks from Mount Pelée. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105, 8391-8401.
53. Kathrein, H., & Freund, F. (1983). Electrical conductivity of magnesium oxide single crystals below 1200 K. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 44, 177-186.
54. King, B. V., & Freund, F. (1984). Surface charges and subsurface space charge distribution in magnesium oxide containing dissolved traces of water. Physical Review B (Condensed Matter and Materials Physics), 29, 5814-5824.
55. Kirschvink, J. L. (1992). Comment on "Constraints on biological effects of weak extremely-low-frequency electromagnetic fields". Physical Review A (Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics), 46, 2178-2184.
56. Krueger, A. P., & Reed, E. J. (1976). Biological impact of small air ions. Science, 193, 1209-1213.
57. Li, L., Xu, M., Wang, L., Qiang, Z., & Dian, C. (1997). Satellite thermal infrared anomaly and earthquake prediction. 4th Asian-Pacific Conference on Multilateral Cooperation in Space Technology and Application, Isa Town, Bahrain.
58. Liu, J. Y., Chen, Y. I., Pulinets, S. A., Tsai, Y. B., & Chuo, Y. J. (2000). Seismo-ionospheric signatures prior to M ≥ 6.0 Taiwan earthquakes. Geophysical Research Letters, 27, 3113-3116.
59. Liu, J. Y., Chu, Y. H., Chen, M. Q., Tsai, L. C., & Huang, C. M. (2000). Modeling and ground observations of the ionosphere related to the COSMIC project. Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Ocean Science, 11, 349-364.
60. Liu, J. Y., Yen, Y. H., Freund, F., Zeng, X., Tsai, Y. B., Teh, Y. H., & Chen, C. H. (2001). Geomagnetic anomalies observed during the Chi-Chi and Chai-Yi earthquakes. European Geophysical Society XXVI General Assembly, 2001, Session SE4.6, Nice, France.
61. Lockner, D. A. (1995). Rock failure. In Ahrens, T. J. (Ed.), Rock Physics and Phase Relations (pp. 127-147). Washington, DC: AGU.
62. Martens, R., Gentsch, H., & Freund, F. (1976). Hydrogen release during the thermal decomposition of magnesium hydroxide to magensium oxide. Journal of Catalysis, 44, 366-372.
63. Matsushima, S. (1989). Partial melting of rocks observed by the sound velocity method and the possibility of a quasi-dry low velocity zone in the upper mantle. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 55, 306-312.
64. Maximova, L. (1987). Forecasters of earthquakes. Novosti Nauki i Tekhniki (Moscow, USSR), 23, 53-55.
65. Miguel, M. C., Vespignani, A., Zapperi, S., Weiss, J., & Grasso, J. R. (2001). Intermittent dislocation flow in viscoplastic deformation. Nature, 410, 667-671.
66. Milne, J., & Lee, A. W. (1939). Earthquakes and other Earth Movements. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co.
67. Molchanov, O. A., & Hayakawa, M. (1998). On the generation mechanism of ULF seismogenic electromagnetic emissions. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 105, 201-210.
68. Molchanov, O. A., Kopytenko, Y. A., Kopytenko, E. A., Matiashvili, T., Fraser-Smith, A. C., & Bernardi, A. (1992). Results of ULF magnetic field measurements near the epicenters of the Spitak (Ms=6.9) and Loma Prieta (Ms=7.1) earthquakes: Comparative analysis. Geophysical Research Letters, 19, 1495-1498.
69. Molchanov, O. A., Mazhaeva, O. A., Goliavin, A. N., & Hayakawa, M. (1993). Observation by the Intercosmos-24 satellite of ELF-VLF electromagnetic emissions associated with earthquakes. Annales of Geophysicae, 11, 431-440.
70. Moore, D. E., & Lockner, D. A. (1995). The role of microcracking in shear-fracture propagation in granite. Journal of Structural Geology, 17, 95-114.
71. Morat, P., & Le Mouel, J. L. (1987). Variation of the electric resistivity of large rock samples with stress. Geophysics, 52, 1424-1430.
72. Morgan, F. D., William, E. R., & Madden, T. R. (1989). Streaming potential properties of Westerly granite with applications. Journal of Geophysical Research, 94, 12449-12461.
73. Ohnaka, M. (1995). A shear failure strength law of rock in the brittle-plastic transition regime. Geophysical Research Letters, 22, 25-28.
74. Ohta, K., Umeda, K., Watanabe, N., & Hayakawa, M. (2001). ULF/ELF emissions observed in Japan, possibly associated with the Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 1, 37-42.
75. Oommen, T. V. (1988). Static electrification properties of transformer oil. IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, 23, 123-128.
76. Ouellet, M. (1990). Earthquake light and seismicity. Nature, 348, 492.
77. Park, S. K., Johnston, M. J. S., Madden, T. R., Morgan, F. D., & Morrison, H. F. (1993). Electromagnetic precursors to earthquakes in the ULF band: A review of observations and mechanisms. Reviews in Geophysics, 31, 117-132.
78. Parrot, M. (1994). Statistical study of ELF/VLF emissions recorded by a low-altitude satellite during seismic events. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99, 23339-23347.
79. Pulinets, S. A. (1998). Seismic activity as a source of ionospheric variability. Advances in Space Research, 22, 903-906.
80. Pulinets, S. A., Boyarchuk, K. A., Hegai, V., Kim, C., & Lomonosov, A. (2000). Quasielectrostatic model of atmosphere-thermosphere-ionosphere coupling. Advances in Space Research, 26, 1209-1218.
81. Qian, Z., Dian, C., Li, L., Zhao, Y., Cui, X., Guo, M., & Wang, Y. (1996). Satellite thermal infrared anomaly and earthquake prediction in advance and in short-term. In State Seismological Bureau, Selected Papers of Earthquake Prediction in China (pp. 186-194). Beijing: State Seismological Bureau.
82. Qiang, Z., Dian, C., Li, L., Xu, M., Ge, F., Liu, T., Zhao, Y., & Manhong, G. (1999). Satellite thermal infrared brightness temperature anomaly image: Short-term and impending earthquake precursors. Science in China, Series D: Earth Sciences, 42, 313-324.
83. Qiang, Z.-J., Xu, X.-D., & Dian, C.-D. (1991). Thermal infrared anomaly - Precursor of impending earthquakes. Chinese Science Bulletin, 36, 319-323.
84. Renshaw, C. E., & Schulson, E. M. (2001). Universal behaviour in compressive failure of brittle materials. Nature, 412, 897-900.
85. Reyil, A., Schwaeger, H., Cathles, L. M., & Manhardt, P. D. (1999). Streaming potential in porous media, 1, Theory and application to geothermal systems. Journal of Geophysical Research, 104, 20033-20048.
86. Roberts, J. J., Duba, A. G., Mathez, E. A., Shankland, & T. J., Kinzler, R. (1999). Carbon-enhanced electrical conductivity during fracture of rocks. Journal of Geophysical Research, 104, 737-747.
87. Ryerson, F. J., Durham, W. B., Cherniak, D. J., & Lanford, W. A. (1989). Oxygen diffusion in olivine: Effect of oxygen fugacity and implications for creep. Journal of Geophysical Research, 94, 4105-4118.
88. Schock, R. N., Duba, A. G., & Shankland, T. J. (1989). Electrical conduction in olivine. Journal of Geophysical Research, 94, 5829-5839.
89. Serebryakova, O. N., Bilichenko, S. V., Chmyrev, V. M., Parrot, M., Rauch, J. L., Lefeuvre, F., & Pokhotelov, O. A. (1992). Electromagnetic ELF radiation from earthquake regions as observed by low-altitude satellites. Geophysical Research Letters, 19, 91-94.
90. Shankland, T. J., Duba, A. G., Mathez, E. A., & Peach, C. L. (1997). Increase in electrical conductivity with pressure as an indicator of conduction through a solid phase in midcrustal rocks. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, 14741-14750.
91. Sornette, D. (1999). Earthquakes: From chemical alteration to mechanical rapture. Physics Reports, 313, 237-291.
92. St-Laurent, F. (2000). The Saguenay, Québec, earthquake lights of November 1988-January 1989. Seismological Research Letters, 71, 160-174.
93. Stacey, F. D., & Johnston, M. J. S. (1972). Theory of piezomagnetic effect in titanomagnetite-bearing rocks. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 97, 146-155.
94. Stenhoff, M. (1999). Ball Lightning: An Unsolved Problem in Atmospheric Physics. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
95. Tapponier, P., & Brace, W. F. (1976). Development of stress-induced microcracks in Westerly granite. International Journal of Rock Mechanics, 13, 103-112.
96. Tributsch, H. (1983). When Snakes Awake: Animals and Earthquake Prediction. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
97. Tronin, A. A. (1996). Satellite thermal survey - A new tool for the studies of seismoactive regions. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 17, 1439-1455.
98. Tronin, A. A. (Ed.) (1999). Atmospheric and Ionospheric Electromagnetic Phenomena Associated with Earthquakes. Tokyo: Terra Scientific Publishing.
99. Tronin, A. A. (2000). Thermal satellite data for earthquake research. IGARSS 2000, IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Taking the pulse of the planet: the role of remote sensing in managing the environment, Honolulu, HI, IEEE.
100. Tronin, A. A. (2002). Atmosphere-lithosphere coupling: Thermal anomalies on the Earth surface in seismic process. In Hayakawa, M., & Molchanov, O. A. (Eds.), Seismo-Electromagnetics: Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling (pp. 173-176). Tokyo: Terra Scientific Publishing.
101. Turcotte, D. L. (1991). Earthquake prediction. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 19, 263-281.
102. Wanamaker, B. J., & Duba, A. G. (1993). Electrical conductivity of San Carlos olivine along [100] under oxygen- and pyroxene-buffered conditions and implications for defect equilibria. Journal of Geophysical Research, 98, 489-500.
103. Warwick, J. W., Stoker, C., & Meyer, T. R. (1982). Radio emission associated with rock fracture: Possible application to the great Chilean earthquake of May 22, 1960. Journal of Geophysical Research, 87, 2851-2859.
104. Wegener, A. (1966). The Origin of Continents and Oceans. New York: Dover Publications.
105. Wyss, M., & Dmowska, R. (Eds.) (1997). Earthquake Prediction - State of the Art. PAGEOPH. Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag.