δ13C and δ15N profiles in 14C-dated Oxisol and Vertisols as a function of soil chemistry and mineralogy

Geoderma

Volumn 112, Issue 1-2, 2003, Pages 1-29

  Krull, Evelyn S ^a   Skjemstad, Jan O ^a  

^a CSIRO   (Australia)

Author keywords

13C; 13C NMR; 15N; Soil organic carbon; Vertisol

Indexed keywords

DECOMPOSITION; MINERALOGY; OXISOL; SOIL CHEMISTRY; SOIL ORGANIC MATTER; STABLE ISOTOPE; VERTISOL;

EID: 0037354005     PISSN: 00167061     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0016-7061(02)00291-4     Document Type: Article

References (126)

1. Ågren, G.I., Bosatta, E., Balesdent, J., 1996. Isotope discrimination during decomposition of organic matter: a theoretical analysis. Soil Science Society of America Journal 60, 1121-1126.
2. 13C, methods for determining input and turnover in soils. In: Harrison, P., Ineson, P., Heal, O.W. (Eds.), Nutrient Cycling in Terrestrial Ecosystems. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 259-275.
3. Arens, N.C., Jahren, A.H., Amundson, R., 2000. Can C3 plants faithfully record the carbon isotopic composition of atmospheric carbon dioxide? Paleobiology 26, 137-164.
4. 13C natural abundance measurements. Plant and Soil 173, 191-196.
5. Augris, N., Balesdent, J., Mariotti, A., Derenne, S., Largeau, C., 1998. Structure and origin of insoluble and non-hydrolyzable, aliphatic organic matter in a forest soil. Organic Geochemistry 28, 119-124.
6. Baldock, J.A., Skjemstad, J.O., 2000. Role of the soil matrix and minerals in protecting natural organic materials against biological attack. Organic Geochemistry 31, 697-710.
7. 13C NMR spectroscopy. Biogeochemistry 16, 1-42.
8. 13C natural abundance. In: Boutton, T.W., Yamasaki, S. (Eds.), Mass Spectrometry of Soils. Marcel-Dekker, New York, pp. 83-111.
9. 13C abundance as a tracer for studies of soil organic matter dynamics. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 19, 25-30.
10. Balesdent, J., Wagner, G.H., Mariotti, A., 1988. Soil organic matter turnover in long-term field experiments as revealed by carbon-13 natural abundance. Soil Science Society of America Journal 52, 118-124.
11. 13C of tree leaves and soil organic matter in a temperate forest. Ecology 74, 1713-1721.
12. Ballentine, D.C., Macko, S.A., Turekian, V.C., 1998. Variability of stable carbon isotopic compositions in individual fatty acids from combustion of C4 and C3 plants: implications for biomass burning. Chemical Geology 152, 151-161.
13. Batjes, N.H., 1996. Total carbon and nitrogen in the soils of the world. European Journal of Soil Science 47, 151-163.
14. Becker-Heidmann, P., 1989. Die Tiefenfunktionen der natürlichen Kohlenstoff-Isotopengehalte von vollständig dünnschichtweise beprobten Parabraunerden und ihre Relation zur Dynamik der organischen Substanz in diese Böden [PhD dissertation]: Hamburger Bodenkundliche Arbeiten, v. 13, pp. 1-228.
15. 14C monitoring of "lessive" soil profiles. Radiocarbon 28, 383-390.
16. Becker-Heidmann, P., Scharpenseel, H.W., 1992. Studies of soil organic matter dynamics using natural carbon isotopes. Science of the Total Environment 117/118, 305-312.
17. 13C in lignin and its implications for stable carbon isotope studies. Nature 329, 7098-7710.
18. Bernoux, M., Cerri, C.C., Neill, C., de Moraes, J.F.L., 1998. The use of stable carbon isotopes for estimating soil organic matter turnover rates. Geoderma 82, 43-58.
19. Bird, M.I., Gröcke, D.R., 1997. Determination of the abundance and carbon isotope composition of elemental carbon in sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 61, 3413-3423.
20. Bol, R.A., Harkness, D.D., Harkness, H.Y., Howard, D.M., 1999. The influence of soil processes on carbon isotope distribution and turnover in British upland soils. European Journal of Soil Science 50, 41-51.
21. Boutton, T.W., 1996. Stable carbon isotope ratios of soil organic matter and their use as indicators of vegetation and climate change. In: Boutton, T.W., Yamasaki, S.I. (Eds.), Mass Spectrometry of Soils. Marcel-Dekker, New York, pp. 47-81.
22. Boutton, T.W., Nordt, L.C., Archer, S.R., Midwood, A.J., Casar, I., 1993. Stable carbon isotope ratios of soil organic matter and their potential use as indicators of paleoclimate. In: International Atomic Energy Agency (Eds.), Isotope techniques in the study of past and current environmental changes in the hydrosphere and atmosphere. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, pp. 445-459.
23. 13C values of soil organic carbon and their use in documenting vegetation change in a subtropical savanna ecosystem. Geoderma 82, 5-41.
24. Boutton, T.W., Archer, S.R., Midwood, A.J., 1999. Stable isotopes in ecosystem science: structure, function and dynamics of a subtropical savanna. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 13, 1263-1277.
25. Brady, N.C., 1990. The Nature and Properties of Soils. Macmillan, New York.
26. Brock, T.D., Madigan, M.T., Martinenko, J.M., Parker, J., 1994. Biology of Microorganisms. Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
27. Buchmann, N., Kaplan, J.O., 2001. Carbon isotope discrimination of terrestrial ecosystems - how well do observed modeled results match? In: Schulze, E.D., Heimann, M., Harrison, S., Holland, E., Lloyd, J., Prentice, I.C., Schimel, D. (Eds.), Global Biogeochemical Cycles in the Climate System. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 253-266.
28. Bull, I.D., Van Bergen, P.F., Nott, C.J., Pouhon, P.R., Evershed, R.P., 2000a. Organic geochemical studies of soils from the Rothamsted classical experiments: V. The fate of lipids in different long-term experiments. Organic Geochemistry 31, 389-408.
29. Bull, I.D., Nott, C.J., Van Bergen, P.F., Poulton, P.R., Evershed, R.P., 2000b. Organic geochemical studies of soils from the Rothamsted classical experiments: VI. The occurrence and source of organic acids in an experimental grassland soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 32, 1367-1376.
30. 13C analyses of leaf lipids from plants with differing carbon dioxide metabolisms. Organic Geochemistry 21, 619-627.
31. Connin, S.L., Feng, X., Virginia, R.A., 2001. Isotopic discrimination during long-term decomposition in an arid land ecosystem. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 33, 41-51.
32. Deines, P., 1980. The isotopic composition of reduced organic carbon. In: Fritz, P., Fontes, J.Ch. (Eds.), Handbook of Environmental Isotope Geochemistry. The Terrestrial Environment, A, vol. 1. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 329-406.
33. Delwiche, C.C., Steyn, P.L., 1970. Nitrogen isotope fractionation in soils and microbial reactions. Environmental Science and Technology 4, 929-935.
34. Ehleringer, J.R., Cooper, T.A., 1988. Correlations between carbon isotope ratio and microhabitat in desert plants. Oecologia 76, 562-566.
35. Ehleringer, J.R., Buchmann, N., Flanagan, L.B., 2000. Carbon isotope ratios in below ground carbon cycle processes. Ecological Applications 10, 412-422.
36. Feng, X., Peterson, J.C., Quideau, S.A., Virginia, R.A., Graham, R.C., Sonder, L.J., Chadwick, O.A., 1999. Distribution, accumulation, and fluxes of soil carbon in four monoculture lysimeters at San Dimas Experimental Forest, California. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 63, 1319-1333.
37. Gates, W.P., Jaunet, A.-M., Tessier, D., Cole, M.A., Wilkinson, H.T., Stucki, J.W., 1998. Swelling and texture of iron-bearing smectites reduced by bacteria. Clays and Clay Minerals 46, 487-497.
38. Golchin, A., Oades, J.M., Skjemstad, J.O., Clarke, P., 1994. Soil structure and carbon cycling. Australian Journal of Soil Research 32, 1043-1068.
39. 13C-NMR spectroscopy in density fractions of an Oxisol under forest and pasture. Australian Journal of Soil Research 33, 59-76.
40. Goñi, M.A., Eglinton, T.I., 1996. Stable carbon isotopic analyses of lignin-derived CuO oxidation products by isotope ratio monitoring-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (IRM-GC-MS). Organic Geochemistry 24, 601-615.
41. Haaland, D.M., Thomas, V.T., 1988. Partial least-square methods for spectral analyses: 1. Relation to other quantitative calibration methods and the extraction of qualitative information. Analytical Chemistry 60, 1193-1202.
42. Handley, L.L., Raven, J.A., 1992. The use of natural abundance of nitrogen isotopes in plant physiology and ecology. Plant, Cell and Environment 15, 965-985.
43. 14N ratios of plants in South Africa and Namibia: relationship to climate and coastal/saline environments. Oecologia 74, 236-246.
44. 14C contents of aliphatic hydrocarbons and bulk organic matter in three types of British acid upland soils. Organic Geochemistry 24, 273-287.
45. Huang, Y., Eglinton, G., Ineson, P., Latter, P.M., Bol, R., Harkness, D.D., 1997. Absence of carbon isotope fractionation of individual n-alkanes in a 23-year field decomposition experiment with Calluna vulgaris. Organic Geochemistry 26, 497-501.
46. Isbell, R.F., 1998. The Australian Soil Classification. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.
47. Janik, L.J., Skjemstad, J.O., Raven, M.D., 1995. Characterization and analysis of soils using mid-infrared partial least squares: I. Correlations with XRF-determined major element composition. Australian Journal of Soil Research 33, 621-636.
48. Janik, L.J., Merry, R.H., Skjemstad, J.O., 1998. Can mid infrared diffuse reflectance analysis replace soil extractions? Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 38, 681-696.
49. Kendall, C., 1998. Tracing nitrogen sources and cycling in catchments. In: Kendall, C., McDonnell, J.J. (Eds.), Isotope Tracers in Catchment Hydrology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 519-576.
50. Kennicutt H, M.C., Bidigare, R.R., Macko, S.A., Keeney-Kennicutt, W.L., 1992. The stable isotopic composition of photosynthetic pigments and related biochemicals. Chemical Geology 101, 235-245.
51. Kögel, I., Hempfling, R., Zech, W., Hatcher, P.G., Schulten, H.-R., 1988. Chemical composition of the organic matter in forest soils: I. Forest litter. Soil Science 146, 124-136.
52. 15N-NMR spectroscopy as a tool in soil organic matter studies. Geoderma 80, 243-270.
53. Krull, E.S., Baldock, J.A., Skjemstad, J.O., 2001. Soil texture effects on decomposition and soil carbon storage. In: Kirschbaum, M.U.F., Mueller, R. (Eds.), Net Ecosystem Exchange CRC Workshop proceedings. CRC for Greenhouse Accounting, Canberra, pp. 103-110.
54. 15N and geochemistry. Radiocarbon 44, 93-112.
55. Ladyman, S.J., Harkness, D.D., 1980. Carbon isotope measurement as an index of soil development. Radiocarbon 22, 885-891.
56. Leavitt, S.W., Long, A., 1986. Stable-carbon isotope variability in tree foliage and wood. Ecology 67, 1002-1010.
57. Leavitt, S.W., Follett, R.F., Paul, E.A., 1996. Estimation of slow- and fast-cycling soil organic carbon pools from 6N HCl hydrolysis. Radiocarbon 38, 231-239.
58. Leinweber, P., Schulten, H.R., Jancke, H., 1999. New evidence for the molecular composition of soil organic matter in Vertisols. Soil Science 164, 857-870.
59. 13C-enrichment of organic components from wheat crop soils: evidence for in situ origin of soil organic matter. Organic Geochemistry 23, 865-868.
60. Lichtfouse, É., Berthier, G., Houot, S., Barriuso, E., Bergheaud, V., Vallaeys, T., 1995b. Stable carbon isotope evidence for the microbial origin of C14-C18 n-alkanoic acids in soils. Organic Geochemistry 23, 849-852.
61. Lichtfouse, É., Chenu, C., Baudin, F., Leblond, C., Da Silva, M., Behar, F., Derenne, S., Largeau, C., Wehrung, P., Albrecht, P., 1998. A novel pathway of soil organic matter formation by selective preservation of resistant straight-chain biopolymers: chemical and isotope evidence. Organic Geochemistry 28, 411-415.
62. Lockheart, M.J., Van Bergen, P.F., Evershed, R.P., 1997. Variations in the stable carbon isotope compositions of individual lipids from the leaves of modern angiosperms: implications for the study of higher land plant-derived sedimentary organic matter. Organic Geochemistry 26, 137-153.
63. Lugo, A.E., Brown, S., 1993. Management of tropical soil as sinks or sources of atmospheric carbon. Plant and Soil 149, 27-41.
64. Macko, S.A., Estep, M.L.F., 1984. Microbial alteration of stable nitrogen and carbon isotopic compositions of organic matter. Organic Geochemistry 6, 787-790.
65. Macko, S.A., Estep, M.L.F., Engel, M.M., Hare, P.E., 1986. Kinetic fractionation of stable nitrogen isotopes during amino acid transamination. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 50, 2143-2146.
66. Macko, S.A., Engel, M.H., Hartley, G., Hatcher, P., Helleur, R., Jackman, P., Silfer, J.A., 1991. Isotopic composition of individual carbohydrates as indicators of early diagenesis of organic matter in peat. Chemical Geology 93, 147-161.
67. 13C natural abundance measurements. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 22, 517-523.
68. Martinelli, L.A., Piccolo, M.C., Townsend, A.R., Vitousek, P.M., Cuevas, E., McDowell, W., Robertson, G.P., Santos, O.C., Treseder, K., 1999. Nitrogen stable isotopic composition of leaves and soil: tropical versus temperate forests. Biogeochemistry 46, 45-65.
69. Melillo, J.M., Aber, J.D., Linkins, A.E., Ricca, A.F.B., Nadelhoffer, K.J., 1989. Carbon and nitrogen dynamics along the decay continuum: plant litter to soil organic matter. Plant and Soil 115, 189-198.
70. Meyers, P.A., 1997. Organic geochemical proxies of paleoceanographic, paleolimnologic, and paleoclimatic processes. Organic Geochemistry 27, 213-250.
71. 15N abundance of vegetation and soil in the Kapalga savanna, Australia. Australian Journal of Ecology 21, 336-340.
72. Nadelhoffer, K.J., Fry, B., 1988. Controls on natural nitrogen-15 and carbon-13 abundances in forest soil organic matter. Soil Science Society of America Journal 52, 1633-1640.
73. Nadelhoffer, K.J., Fry, B., 1994. Nitrogen isotope studies in forest ecosystems. In: Lajtha, K. (Ed.), Stable Isotopes in Ecology and Environmental Science. Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 22-44.
74. 12C) in fractions of soil organic matter. Geoderma 11, 137-145.
75. Oades, J.M., 1995. An overview of processes affecting the cycling of organic carbon in soils. In: Zepp, R.G., Sountag, C. (Eds.), The Role of Nonliving Soil Organic Matter in the Earth's Carbon Cycling. Wiley, pp. 293-303.
76. O'Brien, B.J., Stout, J.D., 1978. Movement and turnover of soil organic matter as indicated by carbon isotope measurements. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 10, 309-317.
77. 12C ratios of individual hydrocarbons produced from the combustion of biomass materials-application to biomass burning. Organic Geochemistry 27, 567-581.
78. 15N ‰ values: amino acids in grassland and arable soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 31, 1751-1755.
79. 12 in plants. Plant Physiology 36, 133-138.
80. 14C) in soil to evaluate vegetation changes during the Holocene in central Brazil. Radiocarbon 38, 191-201.
81. Pessenda, L.C.R., Valencia, E.P.E., Camargo, P.B., Telles, E.C.C., Martinelli, L.A., Cerri, C.C., Aravena, R., Rozanski, K., 1996b. Natural radiocarbon measurements in Brasilian soils developed on basic rocks. Radiocarbon 38, 203-208.
82. Peterson, B.J., Fry, B., 1987. Stable isotopes in ecosystem studies. Annual Review of Ecological Systems 18, 293-320.
83. Raich, J.W., Potter, C.S., 1995. Global patterns of carbon dioxide emissions from soils. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 9, 23-26.
84. Ransom, B., Kim, D., Kastner, M., Wainwright, S., 1998. Organic matter preservation on continental slopes: importance of mineralogy and surface area. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 62, 1329-1345.
85. Rayment, G.E., Higginson, F.R., 1992. Australian Laboratory Handbook of Soil and Water Chemical Methods. Inkata Press, Melbourne.
86. Scharpenseel, H.W., Pfeiffer, E.M., 1998. Carbon turnover in different climates and environments. In: Lal, R., Kimble, J.M., Follett, R.F., Stewart, B.A. (Eds.), Soil Processes and the Carbon Cycle. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 577-590.
87. 13C-Messungen an Vertisolen, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Geziraböden des Sudan. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung und Bodenkunde 149, 277-289.
88. 13C-measurements as tracers of organic matter dynamics as well as of morphogenetic and turbation processes. Science of the Total Environment 81/82, 99-110.
89. Schmidt, M.W.I., Skjemstad, J.O., Gehrt, E., Kögel-Knabner, I., 1999. Charred organic carbon in German chernozemic soils. European Journal of Soil Science 50, 351-365.
90. Schnitzer, M., Khan, S.U., 1972. Humic Substances in the Environment. Marcel Dekker, New York.
91. Schulze, E.D., Gebauer, G., Ziegler, H.I., Lange, O.L., 1991. Estimates of nitrogen fixation by trees on an aridity gradient in Namibia. Oecologia 88, 451-455.
92. Schulze, E.D., Williams, R.J., Farquhar, G.D., Schulze, W., Langridge, J., Miller, J.M., Walker, B.H., 1998. Carbon and nitrogen isotope discrimination and nitrogen nutrition of trees along a rainfall gradient in northern Australia. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 25, 413-425.
93. 13C) fractionation during plant residue decomposition and its implications for soil organic matter studies. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 13, 1284-1290.
94. Shulmeister, J., 1999. Australasian evidence for mid-holocene climate changes implies precessional control of Walker Circulation in the Pacific. Quaternary International 57/58, 81-91.
95. Shulmeister, J., Lees, B.G., 1995. Pollen evidence from tropical Australia for the onset of an ENSO-dominated climate at c. 4000 BP. The Holocene 5, 10-18.
96. Sikes, N.E., 1994. Early hominid habitat preferences in East Africa: Paleosol carbon isotopic evidence. Journal of Human Evolution 27, 25-45.
97. Skjemstad, J.O., Dalal, R.C., 1987. Spectroscopic and chemical differences in organic matter of two Vertisols subjected to long periods of cultivation. Australian Journal of Soil Research 25, 323-335.
98. 13C-NMR spetroscopy. Australian Journal of Soil Research 21, 539-547.
99. Skjemstad, J.O., Dalal, R.C., Barron, P.F., 1986. Spectroscopic investigations of cultivation effects on organic matter in Vertisols. Soil Science Society of America Journal 50, 354-359.
100. 13C CP/MAS n.m.r. study. Australian Journal of Soil Research 32, 1215-1229.
101. 13C. Australian Journal of Soil Research 32, 311-321.
102. Skjemstad, J.O., Clarke, P., Taylor, J.A., Oades, J.M., McClure, S.G., 1996. The chemistry and nature of protected carbon in soil. Australian Journal of Soil Research 34, 251-271.
103. 13C-NMR spectroscopy. In: Cadish, G., Giller, K.E. (Eds.), Driven by Nature: Plant Litter Quality and Decomposition. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 253-271.
104. Skjemstad, J.O., Janik, L.J., Taylor, J.A., 1998. Non-living soil organic matter: what do we know about it? Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 38, 667-680.
105. Skjemstad, J.O., Dalal, R.C., Janik, L.J., McGowan, J.A., 2001. Changes in chemical nature of soil organic carbon in Vertisols under wheat in south-eastern Queensland. Australian Journal of Soil Research 39, 343-359.
106. Smith, S.J., 1987. Soluble organic nitrogen losses associated with recovery of mineralized nitrogen. Soil Science Society of America Journal 5, 1191-1194.
107. Smith, B.N., Benedict, C.R., 1974. Carbon isotopic ratios of chemical constituents of Panicum maximum L. Plant and Cell Physiology 15, 949-951.
108. Spiker, E.C., Hatcher, P.G., 1987. The effects of early diagenesis on the chemical and stable carbon isotopic composition of wood. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 51, 1385-1391.
109. Stace, H.C.T., Hubble, G.D., Brewer, R., Northcote, K.H., Sleeman, J.R., Mulcahy, M.J., Hallsworth, E.G., 1968. A Handbook of Australian Soils Rellim Technical Publications for the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation and the International Society of Soil Science, Glenside.
110. 13C natural abundance in plant communities along a rainfall gradient: a biological integrator of water availability. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 22, 51-55.
111. 12C isotopic ratios of some New Zealand tussock grassland soils. In: New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (Eds.), Stable isotopes in the Earth Sciences. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, pp. 75-83.
112. Turekian, V.C., Macko, S., Ballentine, D., Swap, R.J., Garstang, M., 1998. Causes of bulk carbon and nitrogen isotopic fractionations in the products of vegetation burns: laboratory studies. Chemical Geology 152, 181-192.
113. Van Bergen, P.F., Bull, I.D., Poulton, P.R., Evershed, R.P., 1997. Organic geochemical studies of soils from the Rothamsted Classical Experiments: I. Total lipid extracts, solvent insoluble residues and humic acids from Broadbalk Wilderness. Organic Geochemistry 26, 117-135.
114. Van Bergen, P.F., Nott, C.J., Bull, I.D., Poulton, P.R., Evershed, R.P., 1998. Organic geochemical studies of soils from the Rothamsted Classical Experiments: IV. Preliminary results from a study of the effect of soil pH on organic matter decay. Organic Geochemistry 29, 1779-1795.
115. Van Dam, D., van Breemen, N., 1995. NICCCE: a model for cycling of nitrogen and carbon isotopes in coniferous forest ecosystems. Ecological Modelling 79, 255-275.
116. Van der Marel, H.W., Beutelspacher, H., 1976. Atlas of Infrared Spectroscopy of Clay Minerals and Their Admixtures. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
117. Veldkamp, E., 1994. Organic carbon remover in three tropical soils under pasture after deforestation. Soil Science Society of America Journal 58, 175-180.
118. Wanek, W., Heintel, S., Richter, A., 2001. Preparation of starch and other carbon fractions from higher plant leaves for stable carbon isotope analysis. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 15, 1136-1140.
119. Wang, H., Follmer, L.R., 1998. Proxy of monsoon seasonality in carbon isotopes from Paleosols of the southern Chinese Loess Plateau. Geology 26, 987-990.
120. Wang, H., Ambrose, S.H., Liu, C.-L.J., Follmer, L.R., 1997. Paleosol stable isotope evidence for early hominid occupation of East Asian temperate environments. Quaternary Research 48, 228-238.
121. Wedin, D.A., Tieszen, L.L., Dewey, B., Pastor, J., 1995. Carbon isotope dynamics during grass decomposition and soil organic matter formation. Ecology 76, 1383-1392.
122. 13C isotopes of trees to determine past regeneration environments. Forest Ecology and Management 147, 139-149.
123. Wilson, M.A., 1987. N.M.R. Techniques and Applications in Geochemistry and Soil Chemistry. Pergamon, Oxford.
124. 15N abundance of soils. In: Boutton, T.W., Yamasaki, S.I. (Eds.), Mass Spectrometry of Soils. Marcel-Dekker, New York, pp. 205-223.
125. Zang, X., van Heemst, J.D.H., Dria, K.J., Hatcher, P.G., 2000. Encapsulation of protein in humic acid from a histosol as an explanation for the occurrence of organic nitrogen in soil and sediment. Organic Geochemistry 31, 679-695.
126. Zech, W., Senesi, N., Guggenberger, G., Kaiser, K., Lehmann, J., Miano, T.M., Miltner, A., Schroth, G., 1997. Factors controlling humification and mineralization of soil organic matter in the tropics. Geoderma 79, 117-161.