More on the regulation of tobacco smoke: How we got here and where next

Annals of Oncology

Volumn 14, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 353-357

  Gray, Nigel ^a   Kozlowski, L T ^b  

^a EUROPEAN INSTITUTE OF ONCOLOGY   (Italy)

^b PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Benzo a pyrene; Compensation; Filtration; Nicotine; Nitrosamines; Smoking

Indexed keywords

4 (METHYLNITROSAMINO) 1 (3 PYRIDYL) 1 BUTANOL; BENZO[A]PYRENE; CARCINOGEN; CIGARETTE SMOKE; NICOTINE; NITROSAMINE; NITROSONORNICOTINE; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON; TAR; TOXIN;

AUTHORITY; CARCINOGENICITY; CIGARETTE SMOKING; DOSE RESPONSE; GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE; HEALTH HAZARD; HUMAN; INHALATION; MORTALITY; PACKAGING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUBLIC HEALTH; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SAFETY; STANDARDIZATION; TOBACCO INDUSTRY;

EID: 0037351890     PISSN: 09237534     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdg103     Document Type: Review

References (41)

1. Thun MJ, Burns DM. Health impact of 'reduced yield' cigarettes: a critical assessment of the epidemiological evidence. Tob Control 2001; 10 (Suppl 1): 11-14.
2. Wayne GF, Connolly GN. How cigarette design can affect youth initiation into smoking: Camel cigarettes 1983-93. Tob Control 2002; 11 (Suppl 1): I32-I39.
3. Kozlowski LT, O'Connor RJ. Cigarette filter ventilation is a defective design because of misleading taste, bigger puffs, and blocked vents. Tob Control 2002; 11 (Suppl 1): I40-I50.
4. Hoffmann D, Hoffmann I. The changing cigarette: chemical studies and bioassays. In Anonymous: Risks Associated with Smoking Cigarettes with Low Machine-Measured Yields of Tar and Nicotine. Bethesda, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute 2001; 159-191.
5. Gray N, Zaridze D, Robertson C et al. Variation within global cigarette brands in tar, nicotine, and certain nitrosamines: analytic study. Tob Control 2000; 9: 351.
6. Gray N, Boyle P. Regulation of cigarette emissions. Ann Oncol 2002; 13: 19-21.
7. US Congress. 8-23-1967. Committee on Commerce, Consumer Sub-committee. Washington, MD: US Congress.
8. Doll R, Hill AB. Smoking and carcinoma of the lung. Br Med J 1950; 2: 739-748.
9. Wynder EL, Graham EA. Tobacco smoking as a possible etiologic factor in bronchiogenic carcinoma. J Am Med Assoc 1950; 143: 336-338.
10. Wynder EL, Graham EA, Croninger AG. Experimental production of carcinoma with cigarette tar. Cancer Res 1953; 13: 855-864.
11. Kozlowski LT, Strasser AA, Giovino GA et al. Applying the risk/use equilibrium: use medicinal nicotine now for harm reduction. Tob Control 2001; 10: 201-203.
12. Cox JD, Yesner RA. Adenocarcinoma of the lung: recent results from the Veterans Administration Lung Group. Am Rev Respir Dis 1979; 120: 1025-1029.
13. El-Torky M, el-Zeky F, Hall JC. Significant changes in the distribution of histologic types of lung cancer. A review of 4928 cases. Cancer 1990; 65: 2361-2367.
14. Johnson WW. Histologic and cytologic patterns of lung cancer in 2580 men and women over a 15-year period. Acta Cytol 1988; 32: 162-168.
15. Rimington J. The effect of filters on the incidence of lung cancer in cigarette smokers. Environ Res 1981; 24: 162-166.
16. Stellman SD, Muscat JE, Thompson S et al. Risk of squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the lung in relation to lifetime filter cigarette smoking. Cancer 1997; 80: 382-388.
17. Stellman SD, Muscat JE, Hoffmann D, Wynder EL. Impact of filter cigarette smoking on lung cancer histology. Prev Med 1997; 26: 451-456.
18. Bross ID, Gibson R. Risks of lung cancer in smokers who switch to filter cigarettes. Am J Public Health Nations Health 1968; 58: 1396-1403.
19. Hammond EC, Garfinkel L, Seidman H, Lew EA. 'Tar' and nicotine content of cigarette smoke in relation to death rates. Environ Res 1976; 12: 263-274.
20. Hawthorne VM, Fry JS. Smoking and health: the association between smoking behaviour, total mortality, and cardiorespiratory disease in west central Scotland. J Epidemiol Community Health 1978; 32: 260-266.
21. Lubin JH. Modifying risk of developing lung cancer by changing habits of cigarette smoking. Br Med J 1984; 289: 921-924.
22. Stellman SD. Cigarette yield and cancer risk. In Zaridze DGPR (ed.): Tobacco: a Major International Health Hazard. Lyon, France: IARC 1986; 197-210.
23. Stellman SD, Garfinkel L. Lung cancer risk is proportional to cigarette tar yield: evidence from a prospective study. Prev Med 1989; 18: 518-525.
24. Wynder EL, Mabuchi K, Beattie EJJ. The epidemiology of lung cancer. Recent trends. J Am Med Assoc 1970; 213: 2221-2228.
25. Wynder EL, Stellman SD. Impact of long-term filter cigarette usage on lung and larynx cancer risk: a case-control study. J Natl Cancer Inst 1979; 62: 471-477.
26. Peto R, Darby S, Deo H et al. Smoking, smoking cessation, and lung cancer in the UK since 1950: combination of national statistics with two case-control studies. Br Med J 2000; 321: 323-329.
27. Hecht SS. Tobacco smoke carcinogens and lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999; 91: 1194-1210.
28. Benowitz NL, Hall SM, Herning RI et al. Smokers of low-yield cigarettes do not consume less nicotine. N Engl J Med 1983; 309: 139-142.
29. Russell MA, Wilson C, Patel UA et al. Plasma nicotine levels after smoking cigarettes with high, medium, and low nicotine yields. Br Med J 1975; 2: 414-416.
30. Jarvis MJ, Boreham R, Primatesta P et al. Nicotine yield from machine-smoked cigarettes and nicotine intakes in smokers: evidence from a representative population survey. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001; 93: 134-138.
31. Kozlowski LT, Mehta NY, Sweeney CT et al. Filter ventilation and nicotine content of tobacco in cigarettes from Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Tob Control 1998; 7: 369-375.
32. Kozlowski LT, O'Connor RJ, Sweeney CT. Cigarette design. In Anonymous: Risks Associated with Smoking Cigarettes with Low Machine-Measured Yields of Tar and Nicotine. Bethesda, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute 2001; 13-37.
33. Bates C, Connolly GN, Jarvis M. Tobacco Additives - Cigarette Engineering and Nicotine Addiction. London, UK: Action on Smoking and Health 2002.
34. Kessler DA, Witt AM, Barnett PS et al. The Food and Drug Administration's regulation of tobacco products. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 988-994.
35. Philip Morris USA. FDA Regulation. 2002.http://www.philipmorrisusa.com/
36. Gourlay SG, Benowitz NL. Arteriovenous differences in plasma concentration of nicotine and catecholamines and related cardiovascular effects after smoking, nicotine nasal spray, and intravenous nicotine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997; 62: 453-463.
37. Kozlowski LT, O'Connor RJ. Official cigarette tar tests are misleading: use a two-stage, compensating test. Lancet 2000; 355: 2159-2161.
38. Borgerding MF, Bodnar JA, Wingate DE. The 1999 Massachusetts Benchmark Study - the Final Report. Conducted for the Massachusetts Department of Public Health by the Tobacco Industry. Boston, MA: Massachusetts Department of Public Health 2000.
39. Benowitz NL, Henningfield JE. Establishing a nicotine threshold for addiction. The implications for tobacco regulation. N Engl J Med 1994; 331:123-125.
40. Council of the European Union. Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Approximation of the Laws, Regulations and Administrative Provisions of the Member States Concerning the Manufacture, Presentation and Sale of Tobacco Products (recast). Brussels, Belgium: European Union 2000.
41. Wakefield M, Morley C, Horan JK, Cummings KM. The cigarette pack as image: new evidence from tobacco industry documents. Tob Control 2002; 11 (Suppl 1): I73-I80.