Pomegranates in eastern Mediterranean contexts during the late Bronze Age

World Archaeology

Volumn 34, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 529-541

  Ward, Cheryl ^a  

^a FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Archaeobotany; Bronze Age; Luxury goods; Pomegranate; Uluburun shipwreck

Indexed keywords

ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE; BRONZE AGE; FOOD; GOODS EXCHANGE;

MEDITERRANEAN REGION;

EID: 0037331172     PISSN: 00438243     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/0043824021000026495     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Anon. 1992. The pomegranate sceptre head - from the Temple of the Lord or from a temple of Asherah? Biblical Archaeology Review, 18(3): 42-5.
2. Artzy, M. 1991. Pomegranate scepters and incense stand with pomegranates found in a priest's grave. Biblical Archaeology Review, 16(1): 49-51.
3. Artzy, M. 1994. Incense, camels and collared rim jars: desert trade routes and maritime outlets in the second millennium. Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 13(2): 121-47.
4. Artzy, M. 1995. Nami: a second millennium international maritime trading center in the Mediterranean. In Recent Excavations in Israel: A View to the West (ed. S. Gitin), Archaeological Institute of America Colloquia & Conference Papers. 1, pp. 17-40.
5. Avigad, N. 1994. The inscribed pomegranate from the 'House of the Lord'. Israel Museum Journal, 8: 7-16.
6. Bass, G. 1986. A Bronze Age shipwreck at Ulu Burun (Kaş): 1984 campaign. American Journal of Archaeology, 90: 269-96.
7. Bass, G. F., Pulak, C., Collon, D. and Weinstein, J. 1989. The Bronze Age shipwreck at Ulu Burun: 1986 campaign. American Journal of Archaeology, 93: 1-29.
8. Buchholz, H. G. and Karageorghis, Y. 1973. Prehistoric Greece and Cyprus. New York: Phaidon.
9. Carter, H. and Mace, A. C. 1933. The Tomb of Tutankhamen. Amen, Vol. 3. London: Cassell.
10. Cartwright, C. R. 1997. Interim report on the archaeobotanical material from the 1996 season of excavations of the Early Bronze Age complex at Tell es-Sa'idiyeh, Jordan. Palestine Exploration Quarterly, 129: 72-5.
11. Charles, M. and Bogaard, A. 1998. Palaeobotany. In Excavations at Tell Brak, Vol. 1, The Mitanni and Old Babylonian periods (eds D. Oates, J. Oates, and H. McDonald). London: British School of Archaeology in Iraq, pp. 128-30.
12. Cline, E. H. 1994. Sailing the Wine-Dark Sea: International Trade and the Late Bronze Age Aegean. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports BAR International Series 591.
13. Courtois, J.-C., Lagarce, J. and Lagarce, E. 1986. Enkomi et le bronze recent à Chypre. Nicosia: A. G. Leventis.
14. Davies, N. de G. 1936. Ancient Egyptian Paintings, Vol. 1. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
15. Davis, P. H. 1972. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean islands, Vol. 4. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press.
16. Du Boulay, J. 1974. Portrait of a Greek Mountain Village. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
17. Evans, Sir A. J. 1921. Palace of Minos, Vol. 1. London: Macmillan.
18. Eyüboǧlu, Ü., Okaygün, I. and Yara, F. 1983. Dogal boyalarla yün boyama. Istanbul: Uyugulamali Egitim Vakfi.
19. Foster, J. L. (trans.) 1992. Love Songs of the New Kingdom. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
20. Germer, R. 1989. Die Gartenpflanzen im alten Agypten: Agyptologische Studien/Ludwig Keimer. Hildesheim: Olms.
21. Gjerstad, E., Lindros, J., Sjoqvist, E. and Westholm, A. 1934. The Swedish Cyprus Expedition: Finds and Results of the Excavations in Cyprus 1927-1931. Stockholm: Cyprus Expedition.
22. Goldstein, S. M. 1979. Pre-Roman and Early Roman Glass in the Corning Museum of Glass. Corning: Corning Museum of Glass.
23. Haldane, C. [Ward] 1990. Shipwrecked plant remains. Biblical Archaeologist, 53: 55-60.
24. Haldane, C. [Ward] 1991. Recovery and analysis of plant remains from some Mediterranean shipwreck sites. In New Light on Ancient Farming (ed. J. Renfrew). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 214-23.
25. Haldane, C. [Ward] 1993. Direct evidence for organic cargoes in the Late Bronze Age. World Archaeology, 24: 348-60.
26. Harden, D. B. 1981. Catalogue of Greek and Roman Glass in the British Museum. Vol. 1. London: British Museum.
27. Hepper, F. N. 1990. Pharoah's Flowers: The Botanical Treasures of Tutankhamun. London: HMSO.
28. Hjelmqvist, H. 1979. Some economic plants and weeds from the Bronze Age of Cyprus. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology, 45(5): 110-33.
29. Hopf, M. 1969. Plant remains and early farming in Jericho. In The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals (eds P. J. Ucko and C. W. Dimbleby). London: Duckworth, pp. 355-9
30. Hopf, M. 1978. Plant remains, Strata V-I. In Early Arad, Vol. 1 (ed. R. Amiran). Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, pp. 64-82.
31. Immerwahr, S.A. 1989. The pomegranate vase: its origins and continuity. Hesperia, 58: 397-410.
32. Kanawati, N. 1977. The Egyptian Administration in the Old Kingdom: Evidence on its Economic Decline. Warminster: Aris & Phillips.
33. Kenyon, K. 1960. Jericho I. Jerusalem: British School of Archaeology.
34. Kislev, M. 1993. Food remains. In Shiloh: The Archaeology of a Biblical Site (ed. I. Finkelstein). Tel Aviv: Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University, pp. 354-61.
35. Knapp, A. B. 1991. Spice, drugs, grain and grog: organic goods in Bronze Age east Mediterranean trade. In Bronze Age Trade in the Mediterranean (ed. N. H. Gale), Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 90. Jonsered: Paul Aströms Förlag, pp. 21-68.
36. Kroll, H. 1982. Kulturpflanzen von Tiryns. Archäologischer Anzeiger, 32: 467-85.
37. Layard, A. H. 1854. A popular account of discoveries at Nineveh. New York: J. C. Derby.
38. Levi, D. 1976. Festòs e la civiltà Minoica, Vol. 1. Rome: Edizioni dell'Ateneo.
39. Lipschitz, N. 1989. Plant economy and diet in the Early Bronze Age in Israel: a summary of present research. In L'urbanisation de la Palestine à l'age du Bronze ancien (ed. P. de Miroschedji). Oxford: British Archaeological Reports International Series 527, pp. 269-77.
40. Loret, V. 1892. La flore pharaonique d'apres les documents hiéroglyphiques et les speciments découverts dans les tombes. Paris: Ernest Leroux.
41. Manniche, L. 1989. An Ancient Egyptian Herbal. London: British Museum.
42. Mecquenem, R. de, Contenau, G., Pfister, R. and Belaiew, N. 1943. Mission de Susiane, Memoires de la Mission Archéologique en Iran, 29. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
43. Merrillees, R. S. 1962. Opium trade in the Bronze Age Levant. Antiquity, 36: 287-92, pls 12-13.
44. Modi, J. J. 1922. The Religious Ceremonies and Customs of the Parsees. New York: Garland, 1979.
45. Murray, A. S., Smith, A. H. and Walters, H. B. 1990[1969]. Excavations in Cyprus. London: British Museum. British Museum reprint 1969.
46. Murray, M. A. 2000. Fruits, vegetables, pulses and condiments. In Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology (eds P. T. Nicholson and I. Shaw). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 609-55.
47. Muthmann, F. 1982. Der Granatäpfel: Symbol des Lebens in der alten Welt. Fribourg: Abegg-Stiftung Bern.
48. Peltenberg, E. 1991. Greeting gifts and luxury faience: a context for orientalising trends in Late Mycenaean Greece. In Bronze Age Trade in the Mediterranean (ed. N. H. Gale), Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology, 90. Jonsered: Paul Aströms Förlag, pp. 162-79.
49. Polunin, O. 1969. Flowers of Europe. London: Oxford University Press.
50. Prashanth, D., Asha, M. K. and Amit, A. 2001. Antibacterial activity of Punica granatum. Fitoterapia, 72: 171-3.
51. Pulak, C. 1988. The Bronze Age shipwreck at Ulu Burun, Turkey: 1985 campaign. American Journal of Archaeology, 92: 1-38.
52. Pulak, C. 1994. 1994 Excavation at Uluburun: the final campaign. INA Quarterly, 21(4): 8-16.
53. Pulak, C. 1998. The Uluburun shipwreck: an overview. The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 27: 188-224.
54. Riis, P. J. 1948. Hama: Fouilles et recherches 1931-1938 II, iii, Les cimetières à cremation. Copenhagen: Fondation Carlsberg.
55. Schaeffer, C. F. A. 1939. Ugaritica I: Études relatives aux decouvertes de Ras Shamra. Paris: Paul Guenther.
56. Schaeffer, C. F. A. 1949. Ugaritica II: Nouvelles études relatives aux decouvertes de Ras Shamra. Paris: Paul Guenther.
57. Schubert, S. Y., Lansky, E. P. and Neeman, I. 1999. Antioxidant and eicosanoid cnzyme inhibition properties of pomegranate seed oil and fermented juice flavonoids. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 66: 11-17.
58. Sherratt, A. and Sherratt, E. S. 1991. From luxuries to commodities: the nature of the Mediterranean Bronze Age trading systems. In Bronze Age Trade in the Mediterranean (ed. N. H. Gale), Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology. 90. Jonsered: Paul Aströms Förlag, pp. 351-84.
59. Thanheiser, U. in press. Über den Ackerbau in dynastischer Zeit. Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen von Pflanzenresten aus Tell el-Dab'a. In Tell el-Dab'a. Vol. 8. Interdisziplinaere Studien (eds M. Bietak, J. Dorner, J. Boessneck, A. Van den Driesch, H. Egger and U. Thanheiser). Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences.
60. Tufnell, O., Inge, C. H. and Harding, L. 1940. Lachish II: The Fosse Temple. London: Oxford University Press.
61. Veen, M. van der 2001. The botanical evidence. In Survey and Excavations at Mons Claudianus 1987-1993, Vol. 2, The Excavations: Part I, Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale du Caire: Documents de Fouilles, 43 (eds V. A. Maxfield and D. P. S. Peacock). Cairo: Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale du Caire, pp. 174-247.
62. Wachter-Sarkady, C. 1995. Ebla e le condizioni materiali della produzione agricola nell'antico Oriente. In Ebla: Alle origini della civiltà urbana (eds P. Matthiae, F. Pinnock and G. S. Matthiae). Milan: Electa, pp. 242-51.
63. Wallerstein, M. 1974. The Modern World-System. New York: Academic Press.
64. Zaccagnini, C. 1987. Aspects of ceremonial exchange in the Near East during the late second millennium BC. In Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World (eds M. Rowlands, M. Larsen and K. Kristiansen). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 57-65.
65. Zohary, D. and Hopf, M. 1988. Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe and the Nile Valley. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
66. Zohary, D. and Spiegel-Roy, P. 1975. Beginnings of fruit growing in the Old World. Science, 187: 319-27.