Prokaryotic development: Emerging insights

Journal of Bacteriology

Volumn 185, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 1128-1146

  Kroos, Lee ^a   Maddock, Janine R ^b  

^a Michigan State University   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE; ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE; ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE; DNA; MEMBRANE PROTEIN; RECEPTOR PROTEIN; RNA POLYMERASE; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR;

BACILLUS SUBTILIS; BACTERIAL CELL; CELL CYCLE; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL DIVISION; DNA MICROARRAY; DNA REPLICATION; ESCHERICHIA COLI; GENE EXPRESSION; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; MORPHOGENESIS; MYXOCOCCUS XANTHUS; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROKARYOTE; PROMOTER REGION; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; SALMONELLA ENTERICA; SHORT SURVEY; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STREPTOMYCES COELICOLOR; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION;

BACTERIA; BACTERIAL PROTEINS; CELL CYCLE; CELL DIVISION; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, BACTERIAL; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

BACILLUS SUBTILIS; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); ESCHERICHIA COLI; MYXOCOCCUS XANTHUS; PROKARYOTA; SALMONELLA; SALMONELLA ENTERICA; STREPTOMYCES; STREPTOMYCES COELICOLOR;

EID: 0037312793     PISSN: 00219193     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/JB.185.4.1128-1146.2003     Document Type: Short Survey

References (138)

1. Adams, D. G. 2000. Heterocyst formation in cyanobacteria. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 3:618-624.
2. Aldridge, P., and K. T. Hughes. 2002. Regulation of flagellar assembly. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 5:160-165.
3. Alley, M. R., J. R. Maddock, and L. Shapiro. 1993. Requirement of the carboxyl terminus of a bacterial chemoreceptor for its targeted proteolysis. Science 259:1754-1757.
4. Auvray, F., A. J. Ozin, L. Claret, and C. Hughes. 2002. Intrinsic membrane targeting of the flagellar export ATPase Flil: Interaction with acidic phospholipids and FliH. J. Mol. Biol. 318:941-950.
5. Auvray, F., J. Thomas, G. M. Fraser, and C. Hughes. 2001. Flagellin polymerization control by a cytosolic export chaperone. J. Mol. Biol. 308:221-229.
6. Bentley, S. D., K. F. Chater, A. M. Cerdeno-Tarraga, G. L. Challis, N. R. Thomson, K. D. James, D. E. Harris, M. A. Quail, H. Kieser, D. Harper, A. Bateman, S. Brown, G. Chandra, C. W. Chen, M. Collins, A. Cronin, A. Fraser, A. Goble, J. Hidalgo, T. Hornsby, S. Howarth, C. H. Huang, T. Kieser, L. Larke, L. Murphy, K. Oliver, S. O'Neil, E. Rabbinowitsch, M. A. Rajandream, K. Rutherford, S. Rutter, K. Seeger, D. Saunders, S. Sharp, R. Squares, S. Squares, K. Taylor, T. Warren, A. Wietzorrek, J. Woodward, B. G. Barrell, J. Parkhill, and D. A. Hopwood. 2002. Complete genome sequence of the model actinomycete Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Nature 417:141-147.
7. Ben-Yehuda, S., and R. Losick. 2002. Asymmetric cell division in B. subtilis involves a spiral-like intermediate of the cytokinetic protein FtsZ. Cell 109:257-266.
8. Ben-Yehuda, S., D. Rudner, and R. Losick. RacA, a bacterial protein that anchors chromosomes to the cell poles. Science, in press. (First published 19 December 2002; http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/1079914v1.)
9. Bi, E., and J. Lutkenhaus. 1993. Cell division inhibitors SulA and MinCD prevent formation of the FtsZ ring. J. Bacteriol. 175:1118-1125.
10. BldN, an extracytoplasmic function RNA polymerase σ factor required for aerial mycelium formation in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). J. Bacteriol. 182:4606-4616.
11. Bomchil, N., P. Watnick, and R. Kolter. 2003. Identification and characterization of a Vibrio cholerae gene, mbaA, involved in maintenance of biofilm architecture. J. Bacteriol. 185:1384.
12. Bork, P., C. Sander, and A. Valencia. 1992. An ATPase domain common to prokaryotic cell cycle proteins, sugar kinases, actin, and hsp70 heat shock proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:7290-7294.
13. Branda, S. S., J. E. Gonzalez-Pastor, S. Ben-Yehuda, R. Losick, and R. Kolter. 2001. Fruiting body formation by Bacillus subtilis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:11621-11626.
14. Brun, Y. V., and L. Shapiro. 1992. A temporally controlled σ factor is required for polar morphogenesis and normal cell division in Caulobacter. Genes Dev. 6:2395-2408.
15. Burkholder, W. F., I. Kurtser, and A. D. Grossman. 2001. Replication initiation proteins regulate a developmental checkpoint in Bacillus subtilis. Cell 104:269-279.
16. Chapman, M. R., L. S. Robinson, J. S. Pinkner, R. Roth, J. Heuser, M. Hammar, S. Normark, and S. J. Hultgren. 2002. Role of Escherichia coli curli operons in directing amyloid fiber formation. Science 295:851-855.
17. Chater, K. 1998. Taking a genetic scalpel to the Streptomyces colony. Microbiology 144:1465-1478.
18. Chen, X., S. Schauder, N. Potier, A. Van Dorsselaer, I. Pelczer, B. L. Bassler, and F. M. Hughson. 2002. Structural identification of a bacterial quorum-sensing signal containing boron. Nature 415:545-549.
19. Claessen, D., H. A. Wosten, G. van Keulen, O. G. Faber, A. M. Alves, W. G. Meijer, and L. Dijkhuizen. 2002. Two novel homologous proteins of Streptomyces coelicolor and Streptomyces lividans are involved in the formation of the rodlet layer and mediate attachment to a hydrophobic surface. Mol. Microbiol. 44:1483-1492.
20. Cutting, S., V. Oke, A. Driks, R. Losick, S. Lu, and L. Kroos. 1990. A forespore checkpoint for mother-cell gene expression during development in Bacillus subtilis. Cell 62:239-250.
21. Domian, I. J., K. C. Quon, and L. Shapiro. 1997. Cell type-specific phosphorylation and proteolysis of a transcriptional regulator controls the G1-to-S transition in a bacterial cell cycle. Cell 90:415-424.
22. Dworkin, J., and R. Losick. 2001. Differential gene expression governed by chromosomal spatial asymmetry. Cell 107:339-346.
23. Dworkin, M. 1999. Fibrils as extracellular appendages of bacteria: their role in contact-mediated cell-cell interactions in Myxococcus xanthus. Bioessays 21:590-595.
24. Edwards, D. H., and J. Errington. 1997. The Bacillus subtilis DivIVA protein targets to the division septum and controls the site specificity of cell division. Mol. Microbiol. 24:905-915.
25. Ellehauge, E., M. Norregaard-Madsen, and L. Sogaard-Andersen. 1998. The FruA signal transduction protein provides a checkpoint for the temporal co-ordination of intercellular signals in Myxococcus xanthus development. Mol. Microbiol. 30:807-817.
26. Feucht, A., L. Abbotts, and J. Errington. 2002. The cell differentiation protein SpoIIE contains a regulatory site that controls its phosphatase activity in response to asymmetric septation. Mol. Microbiol. 45:1119-1130.
27. Feucht, A., R. A. Daniel, and J. Errington. 1999. Characterization of a morphological checkpoint coupling cell-specific transcription to septation in Bacillus subtilis. Mol. Microbiol. 33:1015-1026.
28. Frandsen, N., I. Barak, C. Karmazyn-Campelli, and P. Stragier. 1999. Transient gene asymmetry during sporulation and establishment of cell specificity in Bacillus subtilis. Genes Dev. 13:394-399.
29. Fraser, G. M., J. C. Bennett, and C. Hughes. 1999. Substrate-specific binding of hook-associated proteins by FlgN and FliT, putative chaperones for flagellum assembly. Mol. Microbiol 32:569-580.
30. E in Bacillus subtilis. Mol. Microbiol. 43:27-38.
31. Galperin, M. Y., A. N. Nikolskaya, and E. V. Koonin. 2001. Novel domains of the prokaryotic two-component signal transduction systems. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 203:11-21.
32. Gonzalez-Pedrajo, B., G. M. Fraser, T. Minamino, and R. M. Macnab. 2002. Molecular dissection of Salmonella FliH, a regulator of the ATPase FliI and the type III flagellar protein export pathway. Mol. Microbiol. 45:967-982.
33. Gorbatyuk, B., and G. T. Marczynski. 2001. Physiological consequences of blocked Caulobacter crescentus dnaA expression, an essential DNA replication gene. Mol. Microbiol. 40:485-497.
34. Gronewold, T. M., and D. Kaiser. 2001. The act operon controls the level and time of C-signal production for Myxococcus xanthus development. Mol. Microbiol. 40:744-756.
35. Guillet, V., N. Ohta, S. Cabantous, A. Newton, and J. P. Samama. 2002. Crystallographic and biochemical studies of DivK reveal novel features of an essential response regulator in Caulobacter crescentus. J. Biol. Chem. 277:42003-42010. (First published 10 August 2002; http://www.jbc.org/cgi/content/abstract/M204789200v1.)
36. Guo, D., Y. Wu, and H. B. Kaplan. 2000. Identification and characterization of genes required for early Myxococcus xanthus developmental gene expression. J. Bacteriol. 182:4564-4571.
37. Hale, C. A., H. Meinhardt, and P. A. de Boer. 2001. Dynamic localization cycle of the cell division regulator MinE in Escherichia coli. EMBO J. 20:1563-1572.
38. Hartzell, P. L. 1997. Complementation of sporulation and motility defects in a prokaryote by a eukaryotic GTPase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:9881-9886.
39. Hecht, G. B., T. Lane, N. Ohta, J. M. Sommer, and A. Newton. 1995. An essential single domain response regulator required for normal cell division and differentiation in Caulobacter crescentus. EMBO J. 14:3915-3924.
40. Hinz, A. J., D. E. Larson, C. S. Smith, and Y. V. Brun. The Caulobacter crescentus polar organelle development protein PodJ is differentially localized and is required for polar targeting of the PleC development regulator. Mol. Microbiol., in press.
41. Hofmeister, A. E. M., A. Londono-Vallejo, E. Harry, P. Stragier, and R. Losick. 1995. Extracellular signal protein triggering the proteolytic activation of a developmental transcription factor in B. subtilis. Cell 83:219-226.
42. Howard, M., A. D. Rutenberg, and S. de Vet. 2001. Dynamic compartmentalization of bacteria: accurate division in E. coli. Phys. Rev. Lett. 87:278102.
43. Hu, Z., E. P. Gogol, and J. Lutkenhaus. 2002. Dynamic assembly of MinD on phospholipid vesicles regulated by ATP and MinE. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:6761-6766.
44. Hu, Z., and J. Lutkenhaus. 1999. Topological regulation of cell division in Escherichia coli involves rapid pole to pole oscillation of the division inhibitor MinC under the control of MinD and MinE. Mol. Microbiol. 34:82-90.
45. Hudson, M. E., D. Zhang, and J. R. Nodwell. 2002. Membrane association and kinase-like motifs of the RamC protein of Streptomyces coelicolor. J. Bacteriol. 184:4920-4924.
46. Igoshin, O. A., A. Mogilner, R. D. Welch, D. Kaiser, and G. Oster. 2001. Pattern formation and traveling waves in myxobacteria: theory and modeling. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:14913-14918.
47. Ishikawa, S., L. Core, and M. Perego. 2002. Biochemical characterization of aspartyl phosphate phosphatase interaction with a phosphorylated response regulator and its inhibition by a pentapeptide. J. Biol. Chem. 277:20483-20489.
48. Iwasaki, H., S. B. Williams, Y. Kitayama, M. Ishiura, S. S. Golden, and T. Kondo. 2000. A kaiC-interacting sensory histidine kinase, SasA, necessary to sustain robust circadian oscillation in cyanobacteria. Cell 101:223-233.
49. Jacobs, C., I. J. Domian, J. R. Maddock, and L. Shapiro. 1999. Cell cycle-dependent polar localization of an essential bacterial histidine kinase that controls DNA replication and cell division. Cell 97:111-120.
50. Jacobs, C., D. Hung, and L. Shapiro. 2001. Dynamic localization of a cytoplasmic signal transduction response regulator controls morphogenesis during the Caulobacter cell cycle. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:4095-4100.
51. Jelsbak, L., and L. Sogaard-Andersen. 1999. The cell surface-associated intercellular C-signal induces behavioral changes in individual Myxococcus xanthus cells during fruiting body morphogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:5031-5036.
52. Jensen, R. B., S. C. Wang, and L. Shapiro. 2001. A moving DNA replication factory in Caulobacter crescentus. EMBO J. 20:4952-4963.
53. Jiang, M., W. Shao, M. Perego, and J. A. Hoch. 2000. Multiple histidine kinases regulate entry into stationary phase and sporulation in Bacillus subtilis. Mol. Microbiol. 38:535-542.
54. Jiang, Z. Y., H. Gest, and C. E. Bauer. 1997. Chemosensory and photosensory perception in purple photosynthetic bacteria utilize common signal transduction components. J. Bacteriol. 179:5720-5727.
55. Johnson, C. H., and S. S. Golden. 1999. Circadian programs in cyanobacteria: adaptiveness and mechanism. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 53:389-409.
56. Jones, L. J., R. Carballido-Lopez, and J. Errington. 2001. Control of cell shape in bacteria: helical, actin-like filaments in Bacillus subtilis. Cell 104:913-922.
57. E fusion protein localizes to the forespore septum and fails to be processed when synthesized in the forespore. J. Bacteriol. 179:4888-4893.
58. Ju, J., T. Mitchell, H. Peters III, and W. G. Haldenwang. 1999. Sigma factor displacement from RNA polymerase during Bacillus subtilis sporulation. J. Bacteriol. 181:4969-4977.
59. Julien, B., A. D. Kaiser, and A. Garza. 2000. Spatial control of cell differentiation in Myxococcus xanthus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:9098-9103.
60. F during sporulation in Bacillus subtilis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:2012-2016.
61. Katayama, M., T. Kondo, J. Xiong, and S. Golden. 2003. ldpA encodes an iron-sulfur protein involved in light-dependent modulation of the circadian period in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC7942. J. Bacteriol. 185:1415.
62. Kearns, D. B., P. J. Bonner, D. R. Smith, and L. J. Shimkets. 2002. An extracellular matrix-associated zinc metalloprotease is required for dilauroyl phosphatidylethanolamine chemotactic excitation in Myxococcus xanthus. J. Bacteriol. 184:1678-1684.
63. Kearns, D. B., and L. J. Shimkets. 2001. Lipid chemotaxis and signal transduction in Myxococcus xanthus. Trends Microbiol. 9:126-129.
64. Kellner, E. M., A. Decatur, and C. P. Moran. 1996. Two-stage regulation of an anti-sigma factor determines developmental fate during bacterial endospore formation. Mol. Microbiol. 21:913-924.
65. Kim, S. K., and D. Kaiser. 1990. C-factor: a cell-cell signaling protein required for fruiting body morphogenesis of M. xanthus. Cell 61:19-26.
66. King, G. F., Y. L. Shih, M. W. Maciejewski, N. P. Bains, B. Pan, S. L. Rowland, G. P. Mullen, and L. I. Rothfield. 2000. Structural basis for the topological specificity function of MinE. Nat. Struct. Biol. 7:1013-1017.
67. F during sporulation in Bacillus subtilis. Genes Dev. 13:1156-1167.
68. K processing during Bacillus subtilis sporulation despite the loss of SpoIVFA upon translational arrest. J. Bacteriol. 184:5393-5401.
69. Kroos, L., B. Zhang, H. Ichikawa, and Y.-T. N. Yu. 1999. Control of σ factor activity during Bacillus subtilis sporulation. Mol. Microbiol. 31:1285-1294.
70. Kruse, K. 2002. A dynamic model for determining the middle of Escherichia coli. Biophys. J. 82:618-627.
71. Kuner, J. M., and D. Kaiser. 1982. Fruiting body morphogenesis in submerged cultures of Myxococcus xanthus. J. Bacteriol. 151:458-461.
72. K is generated by excision of a dispensable DNA element containing a sporulation recombinase gene. Genes Dev. 4:525-535.
73. Laub, M. T., S. L. Chen, L. Shapiro, and H. H. McAdams. 2002. Genes directly controlled by CtrA, a master regulator of the Caulobacter cell cycle. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:4632-4637.
74. Laub, M. T., H. H. McAdams, T. Feldblyum, C. M. Fraser, and L. Shapiro. 2000. Global analysis of the genetic network controlling a bacterial cell cycle. Science 290:2144-2148.
75. +-containing protein. Genes Dev. 9:2964-2973.
76. Lemon, K. P., and A. D. Grossman. 2000. Movement of replicating DNA through a stationary replisome. Mol. Cell 6:1321-1330.
77. Li, S.-F., B. Lee, and L. J. Shimkets. 1992. csgA expression entrains Myxococcus xanthus development. Genes Dev. 6:401-410.
78. Londono-Vallejo, J. A., and P. Stragier. 1995. Cell-cell signaling pathway activating a developmental transcription factor in Bacillus subtilis. Genes Dev. 9:503-508.
79. Meinhardt, H., and P. A. de Boer. 2001. Pattern formation in Escherichia coli: a model for the pole-to-pole oscillations of Min proteins and the localization of the division site. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:14202-14207.
80. Molle, V., and M. J. Buttner. 2000. Different alleles of the response regulator gene bldM arrest Streptomyces coelicolor development at distinct stages. Mol. Microbiol. 36:1265-1278.
81. Moller-Jensen, J., R. B. Jensen, J. Lowe, and K. Gerdes. 2002. Prokaryotic DNA segregation by an actin-like filament. EMBO J. 21:3119-3127.
82. Muir, R. E., and J. W. Gober. 2001. Regulation of late flagellar gene transcription and cell division by flagellum assembly in Caulobacter crescentus. Mol. Microbiol. 41:117-130.
83. Muir, R. E., and J. W. Gober. 2002. Mutations in FlbD that relieve the dependency on flagellum assembly alter the temporal and spatial pattern of developmental transcription in Caulobacter crescentus. Mol. Microbiol. 43:597-615.
84. Muir, R. E., T. M. O'Brien, and J. W. Gober. 2001. The Caulobacter crescentus flagellar gene, fliX, encodes a novel trans-acting factor that couples flagellar assembly to transcription. Mol. Microbiol. 39:1623-1637.
85. Nair, U., J. L. Ditty, H. Min, and S. S. Golden. 2002. Roles for sigma factors in global circadian regulation of the cyanobacterial genome. J. Bacteriol. 184:3530-3538.
86. O'Connor, T. J., P. Kanellis, and J. R. Nodwell. 2002. The ramC gene is required for morphogenesis in Streptomyces coelicolor and expressed in a cell type-specific manner under the direct control of RamR. Mol. Microbiol. 45:45-57.
87. Ohnishi, Y., S. Kameyama, H. Onaka, and S. Horinouchi. 1999. The A-factor regulatory cascade leading to streptomycin biosynthesis in Streptomyces griseus: identification of a target gene of the A-factor receptor. Mol. Microbiol. 34:102-111.
88. Oke, V., and S. R. Long. 1999. Bacterial genes induced within the nodule during the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis. Mol. Microbiol. 32:837-849.
89. Onaka, H., T. Nakagawa, and S. Horinouchi. 1998. Involvement of two A-factor receptor homologues in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) in the regulation of secondary metabolism and morphogenesis. Mol. Microbiol. 28:743-753.
90. O'Toole, G., H. B. Kaplan, and R. Kolter. 2000. Biofilm formation as microbial development. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 54:49-79.
91. 2+-dipicolinate. J. Bacteriol. 183:4886-4893.
92. Pan, Q., D. A. Garsin, and R. Losick. 2001. Self-reinforcing activation of a cell-specific transcription factor by proteolysis of an anti-sigma factor in B. subtilis. Mol. Cell 8:873-883.
93. Partridge, S. R., and J. Errington. 1993. Importance of morphological events and intercellular interactions in the regulation of prespore-specific gene expression during sporulation in Bacillus subtilis. Mol. Microbiol. 8:945-955.
94. Perego, M., and J. A. Brannigan. 2001. Pentapeptide regulation of aspartyl-phosphate phosphatases. Peptides 22:1541-1547.
95. Perego, M., and J. A. Hoch. 1996. Protein aspartate phosphatases control the output of two-component signal transduction systems. Trends Genet. 12:97-101.
96. Pichoff, S., and J. Lutkenhaus. 2001. Escherichia coli division inhibitor MinCD blocks septation by preventing Z-ring formation. J. Bacteriol. 183:6630-6635.
97. Popham, D. L., D. Szeto, J. Keener, and S. Kustu. 1989. Function of a bacterial activator protein that binds to transcriptional enhancers. Science 243:629-635.
98. Quon, K. C., B. Yang, I. J. Domian, L. Shapiro, and G. T. Marczynski. 1998. Negative control of bacterial DNA replication by a cell cycle regulatory protein that binds at the chromosome origin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:120-125.
99. Raivio, T. L., and T. J. Silhavy. 2001. Periplasmic stress and ECF sigma factors. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 55:591-624.
100. Ramirez-Arcos, S., J. Szeto, T. Beveridge, C. Victor, F. Francis, and J. Dillon. 2001. Deletion of the cell division inhibitor MinC results in lysis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Microbiology 147:225-237.
101. Raskin, D. M., and P. A. de Boer. 1999. MinDE-dependent pole-to-pole oscillation of division inhibitor MinC in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 181:6419-6424.
102. Raskin, D. M., and P. A. de Boer. 1999. Rapid pole-to-pole oscillation of a protein required for directing division to the middle of Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:4971-4976.
103. Rudner, D., P. Fawcett, and R. Losick. 1999. A family of membrane-embedded metalloproteases involved in regulated proteolysis of membrane-associated transcription factors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:14765-14770.
104. Rudner, D. Z., and R. Losick. 2001. Morphological coupling in development: lessons from prokaryotes. Dev. Cell 1:733-742.
105. K processing enzyme to its inhibitor and dictates its subcellular localization. Genes Dev. 16:1007-1018.
106. Rudner, D. Z., Q. Pan, and R. M. Losick. 2002. Evidence that subcellular localization of a bacterial membrane protein is achieved by diffusion and capture. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:8701-8706.
107. Ruiz, T., N. R. Francis, D. G. Morgan, and D. J. DeRosier. 1993. Size of the export channel in the flagellar filament of Salmonella typhimurium. Ultramicroscopy 49:417-425.
108. Schmitz, O., M. Katayama, S. B. Williams, T. Kondo, and S. S. Golden. 2000. CikA, a bacteriophytochrome that resets the cyanobacterial circadian clock. Science 289:765-768.
109. Spormann, A. M., and D. Kaiser. 1999. Gliding mutants of Myxococcus xanthus with high reversal frequencies and small displacements. J. Bacteriol. 181:2593-2601.
110. Szeto, J., S. Ramirez-Arcos, C. Raymond, L. D. Hicks, C. M. Kay, and J. A. Dillon. 2001. Gonococcal MinD affects cell division in Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Escherichia coli and exhibits a novel self-interaction. J. Bacteriol. 183:6253-6264.
111. Takano, E., R. Chakraburtty, T. Nihira, Y. Yamada, and M. J. Bibb. 2001. A complex role for the γ-butyrolactone SCB1 in regulating antibiotic production in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Mol. Microbiol. 41:1015-1028.
112. Thomaides, H. B., M. Freeman, M. El Karoui, and J. Errington. 2001. Division site selection protein DivIVA of Bacillus subtilis has a second distinct function in chromosome segregation during sporulation. Genes Dev. 15:1662-1673.
113. Thomasson, B., J. Link, A. Stassinopoulos, N. Burke, L. Plamann, and P. Hartzell. 2002. MglA, a small GTPase, interacts with a tyrosine kinase to control type IV pili-mediated motility and development of Myxococcus xanthus. Mol. Microbiol. 46:1399-1413.
114. Tillotson, R. D., H. A. Wosten, M. Richter, and J. M. Willey. 1998. A surface active protein involved in aerial hyphae formation in the filamentous fungus Schizophillum commune restores the capacity of a bald mutant of the filamentous bacterium Streptomyces coelicolor to erect aerial structures. Mol. Microbiol. 30:595-602.
115. Tomomori, C., T. Tanaka, R. Dutta, H. Park, S. K. Saha, Y. Zhu, R. Ishima, D. Liu, K. I. Tong, H. Kurokawa, H. Qian, M. Inouye, and M. Ikura. 1999. Solution structure of the homodimeric core domain of Escherichia coli histidine kinase EnvZ. Nat. Struct. Biol. 6:729-739.
116. Urban, S., and M. Freeman. 2002. Intramembrane proteolysis controls diverse signalling pathways throughout evolution. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 12:512.
117. Velicer, G. J., L. Kroos, and R. E. Lenski. 1998. Loss of social behaviors by Myxococcus xanthus during evolution in an unstructured habitat. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:12376-12380.
118. Viollier, P. H., N. Sternheim, and L. Shapiro. 2002. A dynamically localized histidine kinase controls the asymmetric distribution of polar pili proteins. EMBO J. 21:4420-4428.
119. Viswanathan, P., and L. Kroos. 2003. cis elements necessary for developmental expression of a Myxococcus xanthus gene that depends on C signaling. J. Bacteriol. 185:1405.
120. Ward, M. J., and D. R. Zusman. 1999. Motility in Myxococcus xanthus and its role in developmental aggregation. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 2:624-629.
121. Welch, R., and D. Kaiser. 2001. Cell behavior in traveling wave patterns of myxobacteria. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:14907-14912.
122. Wheeler, R. T., and L. Shapiro. 1999. Differential localization of two histidine kinases controlling bacterial cell differentiation. Mol. Cell 4:683-694.
123. Willey, J., J. Schwedock, and R. Losick. 1993. Multiple extracellular signals govern the production of a morphogenetic protein involved in aerial mycelium formation by Streptomyces coelicolor. Genes Dev. 7:895-903.
124. Winans, S. C., and B. L. Bassler. 2002. Mob psychology. J. Bacteriol. 184:873-883.
125. Wolgemuth, C., E. Hoiczyk, D. Kaiser, and G. Oster. 2002. How myxobacteria glide. Curr. Biol. 12:369-377.
126. Wu, J., N. Ohta, and A. Newton. 1998. An essential, multicomponent signal transduction pathway required for cell cycle regulation in Caulobacter. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:1443-1448.
127. Wu, J., N. Ohta, J. L. Zhao, and A. Newton. 1999. A novel bacterial tyrosine kinase essential for cell division and differentiation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:13068-13073.
128. Wu, L. J., and J. Errington. 1998. Use of asymmetric cell division and spoIIIE mutants to probe chromosome orientation and organization in Bacillus subtilis. Mol. Microbiol. 27:777-786.
129. Wu, L. J., and J. Errington. 2002. A large dispersed chromosomal region required for chromosome segregation in sporulating cells of Bacillus subtilis. EMBO J. 21:4001-4011.
130. Xu, D., C. Yang, and H. B. Kaplan. 1998. Myxococcus xanthus sasN encodes a regulator that prevents developmental gene expression during growth. J. Bacteriol. 180:6215-6223.
131. Yang, C., and H. B. Kaplan. 1997. Myxococcus xanthus sasS encodes a sensor histidine kinase required for early developmental gene expression. J. Bacteriol. 179:7759-7767.
132. Yang, Z., X. Ma, L. Tong, H. B. Kaplan, L. J. Shimkets, and W. Shi. 2000. Myxococcus xanthus dif genes are required for biogenesis of cell surface fibrils essential for social gliding motility. J. Bacteriol. 182:5793-5798.
133. Yoon, H. S., and J. W. Golden. 1998. Heterocyst pattern formation controlled by a diffusible peptide. Science 282:935-938.
134. Yoon, H. S., and J. W. Golden. 2001. PatS and products of nitrogen fixation control heterocyst pattern. J. Bacteriol. 183:2605-2613.
135. Yu, Y.-T. N., and L. Kroos. 2000. Evidence that SpoIVFB is a novel type of membrane metalloprotease governing intercompartmental communication during Bacillus subtilis sporulation. J. Bacteriol. 182:3305-3309.
136. K promotes membrane association and inhibits RNA polymerase core binding. J. Bacteriol. 180:2434-2441.
137. K can negatively regulate sigE expression by two different mechanisms during sporulation of Bacillus subtilis. J. Bacteriol. 181:4081-4088.
138. Zhu, K., B. Gonzalez-Pedrajo, and R. M. Macnab. 2002. Interactions among membrane and soluble components of the flagellar export apparatus of Salmonella. Biochemistry 41:9516-9524.