Seasonal changes in UV-B absorption in beech leaves (Fagus sylvatica L.) along an elevation gradient;Jahreszeitliche Veränderung der UV-B Absorption in Buchenblättern entlang eines Höhengradienten

Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt

Volumn 122, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 1-21

  Neitzke, Mechthild ^a   Therburg, Almut ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TRIER   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CUYO   (Argentina)

Author keywords

Elevation gradient; Fagus sylvatica; Shade leaves; Sun leaves; UV index; UV B absorption

Indexed keywords

ADSORPTION; ELEVATION; SEASONAL VARIATION; ULTRAVIOLET B RADIATION;

GERMANY; HUNSRUCK; RHINELAND-PALATINATE;

FAGUS; FAGUS SYLVATICA;

EID: 0037304706     PISSN: 00158003     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0337.2003.02042.x     Document Type: Article

References (160)

1. ADAMSE, P., BRITZ, S.J., 1996: Rapid fluence-dependent responses to ultraviolet-B radiation in cucumber leaves: The role of UV-absorbing pigments in damage protection, J. Plant. Physiol. 148, 57-62.
2. ADAMSE, P., BRITZ, S.J. CALDWELL, C.R., 1994; Amelioration of UV-B damage under high irradiance. II. role of blue light photoreceptors. Photochem. Photobiol. 60, 110-115.
3. ANTONELLI, F., BUSSOTTI, F., GRIFONI, D., GROSSONI, P., MORI, B., TANI, C., ZIPOLI, G., 1998: Oak (Quercus robur L.) seedlings responses to a realistic increase in UV-B radiation under open space conditions. Chemosphere 36, 841-845.
4. BACHEREAU, F., MRIGO, G., ASTA, J., 1998: Effect of solar radiation (UV and visible) at high altitude on CAM-Cycling and phenolic compound biosynthesis in Sedum album. Physiol. Plant. 104, 203-210.
5. BARNES, P.W., BALLAE, C.L., CALDWELL, M.M., 1996: Photomorphogenetic effects of UV-B radiation on plants: Consequences for light competition. J. Plant Physiol. 148, 15-20.
6. BEGGS, C.J., SCHNEIDER-ZIEBERT, U., WELLMANN, E., 1986: UV-B radiation and adaptive mechanisms in plants. In: WORREST, R.C., CALDWELL, M.M. (eds), Stratospheric ozone reduction, solar ultraviolet radiation and plant life, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 235-250.
7. BEGGS, C.J., KUHN, K., BÖCKER, R., WELLMANN, E., 1987: Phytochrome-induced flavonoid biosynthesis in mustard (Sinapis alba L.) cotyledons. Enzymic control and differential regulation of anthocyanin and quercetin formation. Planta 172; 121-126.
8. nd ed. Kluwer, Amsterdam, 733-751.
9. BEGGS, C.J., WELLMANN, E., 1995: Analysis of light-controlled anthocyanin formation in coleoptiles of Zea mays L.: The role of UV-B, blue, red and far-red light. Photochem. Photobiol. 41, 481-486.
10. BJORN, L.O., CALLAGHAN, T.V., GEHRKE, C., GUNNARSSON, T., HOLMGREN, B., JOHANSON, U., SNOGERUP, S., SONESSON, M., STERNER, O., YU, S.-G., 1997: Effects of subarctic vegetation of enhanced UV-B radiation. In: LUMSDEN, P. (ed), Plants and UV-B, Cambridge University Press, New York, 233-246.
11. BLUME, D.E., MCCLURE, J.W., 1979: Developmental changes in flavonoids and enzyme activities of primary leaves from field-grown barley. Z. Pflanzenphysiol. 95, 121-128.
12. BLUMTHALER, M., AMBACH, W, ELLINGER, R., 1997: Increase in solar UV radiation with altitude, Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biology 39, 130-134.
13. BOGENRIEDER, A., KLEIN, R., 1982: Does solar UV influence the competitive relationship in higher plants? in: CALKINS, J. (ed), The Role of Solar Ultraviolet Radiation in Marine Ecosystems, Plenum, New York, 641-649.
14. BOHM, B., 1987: Intraspecific flavonoid variation. Bot. Rev. 53, 197-279.
15. BOJKOV, R.D., FIOLETOV, V.E., 1995: The relationship between solar UV irradiance and total ozone from observations over southern Argentins. Geophys. Res. Lett. 22, 1249-1252.
16. BORNMAN, J.F., 1989: Target sites of UV-B radiation in photosynthesis of higher plants, Photochem. Photobiol. 4, 145-158.
17. BORNMAN, J.F., VOGELMANN, T.C., 1988: Penetration of blue and UV radiation measured by fiber optics in spruce and fir needles. Physiol. Plant. 72, 699-705.
18. BORNMAN, J.F., VOGELMANN, T.C. 1991: Effect of UV-B radiation on leaf optical properties measured with fibre optics. J. Exp. Bot. 42, 547-554.
19. BORNMAN, J.F., TERAMURA, T.C., 1993: Effects of ultraviolet-B radiation on terrestrial plants.. In: YOUNG, A., BJÖRN, L.O., MOAN, J., NULTSCH, W. (eds), Environmental UV Photobiology,. Plenum Press, New York, 427-471.
20. BROSCHÉ, M., FANT, C., BERGKVIST, S.W., STRID, H., SVENSK, A., OLSSON, O., STRID, A., 1999: Molecular markets for UV-B stress in plants: alteration of the expression of four classes of genes in Pisum sativum and the formation of high molecular mass RNA adducts. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1447, 185-198.
21. BROWN, M.J., PARKER, G.G., POSNER, N.E., 1994: A survey of ultraviolet-B radiation in forests. J. Ecol. 82, 843-854.
22. BURCHARD, P., 2001: Lösliche Phenylpropane im Primärblatt von Gerste (Hordeum vulgare L.) und ihre Bedeurung als UV-B Schutzsubstanzen für die Photosynthese. Diss. Univ. Köln.
23. CAASI-LIT, M., WHITECROSS, M.I., NAYUDU, M. U., TANNER, G.J., 1997: UV-B irradiaiton induces differential leaf damage, ultrastructural changes and accumulation of specific phenolic compounds in rice cultivars. Aust. J. Plant. Physiol. 24, 261-274.
24. CALDWELL, M., 1981: Plant responses to solar ultraviolet radiation. In: LANGE, O.L., NOBEL, P.S., OSMOND, C.B., ZIEGLER, H. (eds), Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, Physiological Plant Ecology I. Responses to the Physical Environment. Vol. 12A 169-198, Springer Verlag, Berlin.
25. CALDWELL, M.M., ROBBERECHT, R., FLINT, S.D., 1983: Internal filters: prospects for UV-acclimation in higher plants, Physiol. Plant 58, 445-450.
26. CALDWELL, M.M., TERAMURA, A., TEVINI, M., 1989: The changing solar ultraviolet climate and the ecological consequences for higher plants. Trends Ecol. Evol. 4, 363-367.
27. CALDWELL, M.M., FLINT, S.D., 1994: Stratospheric ozone reduction, solar UV-B radiation and terrestrial ecosystems. Clim. Change 28, 375-394.
28. CALDWELL, M.M., TEARAMURA, A.H., TEVINI, M., BORNMAN, J.F., BJÖRN, L.O. KULANDAIVELU, G., 1995: Effects of increased solar ultraviolet radiation on terrestrial plants. Ambio 24, 166-173.
29. CEN, Y.-P., BORNMAN, J.F., 1990: The responses of bean plants to UV-B radiation under different irradiances of background visible light. J. Exp. Bot. 41, 1489-1495.
30. CEN, Y.-P., BORNMAN, J.F., 1993: The effect of exposure to enhanced UV-B radiation on the penetration of monochromatic and polychromatic UV-B radiation in leaves of Brassica napus. Physiol. Plant. 87, 249-255.
31. CHAPPELL, J., HAHLBROCK, K., 1984: Transcription of plant defence genes in response to UV light or fungal elicitor. Nature 31, 76-78.
32. CHAVES, N., ESCUDERO, J.C., GUTIERREZ-MERINO, C., 1997: Role of ecological variables in the seasonal variation of flavonoid content of Cistus ladanifer exudate. J. Chem. Ecol. 23, 579-603.
33. CUADRAND P, HARBORNE, J.B., 1996: Changes in epicuticular flavonoids and photosynthetic pigments as a plant response to UV-B radiation. Z. Nat. forsch. 51c, 671-680.
34. CROOKS, J.E., 1978: The Spectrum in Chemistry. Academic Press, New York and London.
35. DAY, T.A., 1993: Relating UV-B radiation screening effectiveness of foliage to absorbing-compound concentration and anatomical characteristics in a diverse group of plants. Oecologia 95, 542-50.
36. DAY, T.A., VOGELMANN, T.C., DELUCIA , E.H., 1992: Are some plant live forms more effective than others in screening out ultraviolet-B radiation? Oecologia 95, 542-550.
37. DAY, T.A., MARTIN, G.U., VOGELMANN, T.C., 1993: Penetration of UV-B radiation in foliage: Evidence that the epidermis behaves as a non uniform filter. Plant Cell Environ. 16, 753-741.
38. DAY, T.A., HOWELLS, B.W, RICE, W.J., 1994: Ultraviolet absorption and epidermal transmittance spectra in foliage. Physiol. Plant. 92, 207-218.
39. DAY, T.A., HOWELLS, B.W, RUHLAND, C.T., 1996: Changes in growth and pigment concentrations with leaf age in pea under modulated UV-B radiation field treatments, Plant Cell Environ. 19, 101-106.
40. DECKMYN, G., IMPENS, I., 1997: Combined effects of enhanced UV-B radiation and nitrogen deficiency on the growth, composition and photosynthesis of rye (Secale cereale). Plant Ecol. 128, 235-240.
41. DELUCIA, E.H., DAY, T.A., VOGELMAN, T.C., 1992: Ultraviolet B and visible light penetration into needles of two species of subalpine conifers during foliar development. Plant Cell Environ. 15, 921.
42. DELUCIA, E.H., NAIDU, S.L., CHEN, J., 1994: Effects of simulated stratospheric ozone depletion on seedling growth of several species of hardwood trees. Erigenia 13: 132-140.
43. DILLENBURG, L.R., SULLIVAN, J.H., TERAMURA, A. H., 1995: Leaf expansion and development of photosynthetic capacity and pigments in Liquidambar styraciflua (Hamamelidaceae)-Effects of UV-B radiation. Am. J. Bot. 82, 878-885.
44. DIXON, R.A., PAIVA, N.L., 1995: Stress-induced phenylpropanoid metabolism. Plant Cell 7, 1085-1097.
45. ESTIARTE, M., PENUELAS, J., KIMBALL., B., HENDRIX, D.L., PINTER, P.J., WALL, G.W LAMORTE, R.L., HUNSAKER, D.J., 1999: Free-air CO2 enrichment of wheat: leaf flavonoid concentration throughout the growth cycle. Physiol. Plant. 105, 423-433.
46. FERNBACH, E., MOHR, H., 1992: Photoreactivation of the UV light effects on growth of Scots pine (Pinus,sylvestris L.) seedlings. Trees Struc. Funct. 6, 232-235.
47. FISCHBACH, R.J., KOSSMANN, B., PANTEN, H., STEINBRECHER, R., HELLER, W, SEIDLITZ, H.K., SANDERMANN, H., HERTKORN, N., SCHNITZLER, J.-P., 1999: Seasonal accumulation of ultraviolet -B screening pigments in needles of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Plant Cell Environ. 22, 27-37.
48. Fiscus, E.L., BOOKER, F.L., 1995: Is increased UV-B a threat to crop photosynthesis and productivity? Photosynth. Res. 43, 81-92.
49. FLINT, S.D., JORDAN, P.W., CALDWELL, M.M., 1985: Plant protective response to enhanced UV-B radiation under field conditions: Leaf optical properties and photosynthesis. Photochem. Photobiol. 41, 95-99.
50. FREY-WYSSLING, A., 1976: The Plant Cell Wall. Gebrüder Bornträger, Berlin.
51. FROHNMEYER, H., EHMANN, B., LRETSCH, T, ROCHOLL, M., HARTER, K., NAGATANI, A., FURUJA, M., BARTSCHAUER, A., HAHLBROCK, K., SCHAFER, E., 1992: Differential usage of photoreceptors during plant development for chalcone synthase expression. Plant J. 2, 899-906.
52. GOLD, W.D., CALDWELL, M.M., 1983: The effects of ultraviolet-B radiation on plant competition in terrestrial ecosystems. Physiol. Plant, 58, 435-444.
53. GRAMMATIKOPOULOS, G., PETROPOULOU, Y, MANETAS, Y, 1999: Site-dependent differences in transmittance and UV-B absorbing capacity of isolated leaf epidermis and mesophyll in Urginea maritima (L.) Baker. J. Exp. Bot. 50, 517-521.
54. HARBORNE, J.B., 1967: Comparative biochemistry of the flavonoids. Academic Press, New York and London.
55. HARRIS, N.R.P., ANCELLET, G., BISHOP, L.H.D.J., KERR, J.B., MC PETERS, R.D., PRENDEZ, M., RANDEL, W.J., STAHELIN, J., SUBBARAYA, B.H., VOLZ-THOMAS, A., ZAWODNY, J., ZEREFOS, C.S., 1997: Trends in stratrospheric and topospheric ozone. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 1570-1590.
56. HAUSSÜHL, K., ROHDE, W, WEISSENBÖCK, G., 1996: Expression of chalcone synthase genes in coleoptiles and primary leaves of Secale cereale L. after induction by UV radiation: evidence for a UV-protective role of the coleoptile. Botanica Acta 109, 229-238.
57. HE, J. HUANG, L.-K., WHITECROSS, M.I., 1994: Chloroplast ultrastructure changes in Pisum sativum associated with supplementary ultraviolet (UV-B) radiation. Plant Cell Environ. 17, 771-775.
58. HELLER, W., ROTHENBURGER, J., SANDERMANN, H., 1998: Einfluß von UV-B-Strahlung auf die Schirmpigmente der Buche (Fagus sylvatica L.). Abschlußbericht zum Projekt "U 11". GSF Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit GmbH, BayFORKLIM, 1998.
59. HERMAN, J.R., BHARTIA, P.K., ZIEMKE, J., AHMAD, Z., LRKO, D., 1996: UV-B increases (1979-1992) from decreases in total ozone.' Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 2117-2120.
60. HUSAIN, S.R., GILLARD, J., GILLARD, P., 1987: Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of flavonoids. Phytochemistry 26, 2489-2491.
61. HUTZLER, P., FISCHBACH, R., HELLER, W, JUNGBLUT T.P., REUBER, S., SCHMITZ, R., VEIT, M., WEIISSENBÖCK, G., SCHNITZLER, J.-P, 1998: Tissue localization of phenolic compounds in plants by confocal laser scanning microscopy. J. Exp. But. 49, 953-965.
62. JANSEN, M., GABA, V, GREENBERG, B.M., 1998: Higher plants and UV-B radiation: Balancing damage, repair and acclimation. Trends Plant Sci. 3, 131-135.
63. JENDRITZKY, G., STAIGER, H., BUCHER, K., 1997: UV-Index-Definition und Ziele, Derm 3 (1997), 164-170.
64. JENKINS, G.I., 1997: UV and blue light signal transduction in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Environ. 20, 773-778.
65. JORDAN, B.R., 1996: The effects of ultraviolet-B radiation on plants: a molecular perspective. In: CALLOW, J.A., Advances in Botanical Research Incorporating Advances in Plant Pathology, Academic press, New York.
66. KALBIN, G., OHLSSON, A., BERGLUND, T, RYDSTRÖM, J., STRID, A., 1997: Ultraviolet-B-radiation.induced changes in nicotinamide and glutathione metabolism and gene expression in plants. Eur. J. Biochem. 249, 465-472.
67. KARABOURNIOTIS, G., KOTSABASSIDIS, D., MANETAS., Y, 1995: Trichome density and its protective potential against ultraviolet-B radiation damage during leaf development. Can. J. Bot. 73, 376-383.
68. KAUFMANN, M.R., 1978: The effect of ultraviolet (UV-B) radiation on Engelmann spruce and lodgepole pine seedlings. UV-B Biological and.Climatic Effects Research (BACER). Final Report EPA-IAGD-0168, EPA, Washington,DC.
69. KERR, J.B., MCELROY, C.T., 1993: Evidence for large upward trends of ultraviolet-B radiation linked to ozone depletion. Science 262, 1032-1034.
70. KOSSUTH, S.V, BIGGS, R.H., 1981: Ultraviolet-B radiation effects on early seedling growth of Pinaceae species. Can. J. For. Res. 11, 243-248.
71. KRAUSS, P, MARKSTADTER, C., RIEDERER, M., 1997: Attenuation of UV radiation by plant cuticules from woody species. Plant Cell Environ. 20, 1070-1085.
72. KRIZEK, D.T, MIRECKI, R.M., BRITZ, S.J., 1997: Inhibitory effects of ambient levels of solar UV-A and UV-B radiation on growth of cucumber. Physiol. Plant. 100, 886-893.
73. KUBASEK, W.L., SHIRLEY, B.W, MCKILLOP, A., GOODMAN, H.M., BRIGGS, W, AUSUBEL, F.M., 1992: Regulation of flavonoid biosynthetic genes in germinating Arabidopsis seedlings. Plant Cell 4, 1229-1236.
74. 2, secondary plant metabolism, plant herbivore interactions and litter decomposition. Theoretical considerations, Vegetatio 104/105, 263-271.
75. LAVOLA, A., 1998: Accumulation of flavonoids and related compounds in birch induced by UV-B irradiance. Tree Physiol. 18, 53-58.
76. LAVOLA, A., JULKUNEN-TIITTO, R., 1994: The effect of elevated carbon dioxide and fertilization on primary and secondary metabolites in birch, Betula pendula (Roth.). Oecologia 99, 315-321.
77. LAPOST, R., VERES, S., MILE, O., MESZÁROS, I., 2002: Photosynthesis-ecophysiological properties of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) under the exclusion of ambient UV-B radiation. Acta Biol. Szegediensis 46, 243 - 245.
78. LARCHER, W, 1984: Ökologie der Pflanzen. 4. Aufl., Ulmer, Stuttgart.
79. Li, J.Y., OULEE, T.M., RABA, R., AMUNDSON, R.G., LAST, R.L., 1993: Arabidopsis flavonoid mutants are hypersensitive to UV-B irradiation. Plant Cell 5, 171-179.
80. LIAKOURA, V., STEFANOU, M., MANETAS, Y., CHOLEVAS, C., KRABOURNIOTIS G., 1997: Trichome density and its UV-B protective potential are affected by shading and leaf position in the canopy. Environ. Exp. Bot. 38, 223-229.
81. LIEGL, I., 1999: UV-B induzierte Genexpression bei der Buche Fagus sylvatica, (L). Diss. Univ. München.
82. LINDOO, S.J., CALDWELL, M.M., 1978: Ulraviolet-B radiation induced inhibition of leaf expansion and promotion of anthocyanin production. Plant Physiol. 61, 278-282.
83. LIU, L., GITZ, D.C., MCCLURE J.W., 1995: Effects of UV-B on flavonoids, ferulic acid, growth and photosynthesis in barley primary leaves. Physiol. Plant. 93, 725-733.
84. LOIS, R., 1994: Accumulation of UV-absorbing flavonoids induced by UV-B radiation in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.). Planta 194:498 - 503.
85. LOIS, R., BUCHANAN, B., 1994: Severe sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation in an Arabidopsis mutant deficient in flavonoid accumulation. Planta 194, 504-509.
86. LOVELOCK, C.E., CLOUGH, B.F., WOODROW, I.E., 1992: Distribution and accumulation of ultraviolet-radiation-absorbing compounds in leaves of tropical mangroves. Planta 188, 143-154.
87. MADRONICH, S., MCKENZIE, R.L., BJÖRN, L.O., CALDWELL, M.M., 1998: Changes in biologically active ultraviolet radiation reaching the earth's surface, in: Environmental Effects of ozone depletion - 1998 Assessment, UNEP 1998.
88. MARKHAM, K.R., FRANKE, A., GIVEN, D.R., BROWNSEY, P., 1990: Historical Antarctic ozone level trends from herbarium specimen flavonoids. Bulletin de Liaison Groupe Polyphenols XV Conference Proceedings, 230-235.
89. MARTIN, F.W, 1970: The ultraviolet absorption profile of stigmatic extracts. New Phytol. 69, 425-430.
90. MAZZA, C.A., BOCCALANDRO, H.E., GIORDANO, C.V, BATTISTA, D., SCOPEL, A. L., BLLARÉ, C.L., 2000: Functional significance and induction by solar radiation of ultraviolet-absorbing sunscreens in field-grown soybean crops, Plant Physiol. 122, 117-125.
91. MCCLURE, J.W, 1976: Secondary metabolism and coevolution. Nova Acta Leopoldina, Suppl. 7, 463-496.
92. MCDOUGAL, K.M., PARKS, C.R., 1986: Environmental and genetic components of flavonoid variation in red oak, Quercus rubra. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 14, 291-298.
93. MCLEOD, A.R., NEWSHAM, K.K, 1997: Impacts of elevated UV-B on forest ecosystems, In: LUMSDEN, P., Plants and UV-B, University Press, Cambridge, 247-281.
94. MIKKELSEN, T.N., HEIDE-JORGENSEN, H.S., 1996: Acceleration of leaf senescence in Fagus sylvatica L. by low levels of tropospheric ozone demonstrated by leaf colour, chlorophyll fluorescence and chloroplast ultrastructure. Trees 10, 145-156.
95. MIDDLETON, E.M., TERAMURA, A.H., 1993: The role of flavanol glycosides and carotinoids in protecting soybean from ultraviolet-B damage. Plant Physiol. 103, 741-752.
96. MIRECKI, R.M., TERAMURA, A.H., 1984: Effects of ultraviolet-B irradiance on soybean. V. The dependence of plant sensitivity on the photosynthetic photon flux density during and after leaf expansion. Plant Physiol. 74, 475-480.
97. MOLE, S., JOERN, A., 1993: Foliar phenolics of Nebraska sandhill prairie graminoids: between-years, seasonal, and interspecific variation. J. Chem. Ecol. 19, 1861-1874.
98. NAGEL, L.M., BASSMAN, J.H., EDWARDS, G.E., ROBBERECHT, R., FRANCESHI, V.R., 1998: Leaf anatomical changes in Populus trichocarpa, Quercus rubra, Pseudotsuga menziesii and Pinus ponderosa exposed to enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation. Physiol. Plant. 104, 385-396.
99. NAIDU, S.L., SULLIVAN, J.H., TERAMURA, A.H., DELUCIA, E.H., 1993: The effect of ultraviolet-B radiation on photosynthesis of different aged needles in field-grown loblolly pine, Tree Physiol. 12, 151-162.
100. NEITZKE, M., THERBURG, A., 2000: Veränderung der Konzentration von UV-B-Strahlung absorbierenden Substanzen in den Blättern der Buche (Fagus sylvatica L.) entlang eines Höhengradienten. Flora 195, 236-244.
101. NIKOLOPOULOS, D., PETROPOULOU, Y., KYPARISSIS, A., MANETAS, Y., 1995: Effects of enhanced UV-B radiation on the drought semi-deciduous Mediterranean shrub Phlomis fruticosa under field conditions are season-specific. Austr. J. Plant Physiol. 22, 737-745.
102. OBERDORFER, E., 1983: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflorand Ulmer, Stuttgart.
103. OHL, S., HAHLBROCK, K., SCHÄFER, E., 1989: A stable blue light-derived signal modulates UV light-induced chalcone synthase gene activation in cultured parsley cells. Planta 177, 228-236.
104. OLSSON, L.C., VEIT, M., BORNMANN, J., 1999: Epidermal transmittance and phenolic composition in leaves of atrazine-tolerant and atrazine-sensitive cultivars of Bassica napus grown under enhanced UV-B radiation. Physiol. Plant. 107, 259-266.
105. ORMROD, D.P, SCHMIDT, A., LIVINGSTON, N.J., 1997: Effect of UV-B radiation on the shoot dry matter production and stable carbon isotope composition of two Arabidopsis thaliana genotypes. Physiol. Plant, 101, 497-502.
106. PAOLETTI, E., 1998: UV-B and acid rain effects on beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and holm oak (Quercus i1ex L.) leaves. Chemosphere 36, 835-840.
107. PANTEN, H., SCHNITZLER, J.-P., STEINBERGER, R., 1996: Wirkung von Ultraviolettstrahlung auf Pflanzen. Nat.wiss. Rundsch. 49, 343-349.
108. PETERS, A., 1987: Differenzierung und Dynamik des Flavonoidstoffwechsles während der Primärblattentwicklung von Secale cereale L, und Hordeum, vulgare L. - Enzymatische, immunologische und spektroskopische Untersuchungen. Diss. Univ. Köln.
109. POPOVICI, G., WEISSENBÖCK, G., 1976: Änderungen des Flavonoidmusters während der Ontogenese von Avena sativa (L.). Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 89, 483-489.
110. RABOTTI, G., BALLARIN-DENTI, A., 1998: Biochemical responses to abiotic stress in beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) leaves. Chemosphere 36, 871-875.
111. RAU, W., 1999: UV-B und terrestrische Ökosysteme. In: BayFORKLIM (Hrsg.): Klimaänderungen in Bayern und ihre Auswirkungen. Abschlußbericht des Bayerischen Klimaforschungsverbundes,' 39-54.
112. REUBER, S., 1991: Untersuchungen zum Einfluß von UV-B- und Weißlicht auf die Stimulation der Flavonoidbiosynthese während der Primärblattentwicklung bei Gerste (Hordeum vulgare L.). Diplomarbeit Univ. Köln.
113. RICHTER, G., 1996: Biochemie der Pflanzen. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart.
114. ROBBERECHT, R., CALDWELL, M.M., BILLINGS, W.D., 1980: Leaf ultraviolet optical properties along a latitudinal gradient in the arctic-alpine life zone. Ecology 61, 612-619.
115. ROBBERECHT, R., CALDWELL, M.M., 1983: Protective mechanisms and acclimation to solar ultraviolet-B radiation in Oenothera strictand. Plant Cell Environ. 6, 477-485.
116. ROZEMA, J., CHARDONNENS, AND, TOSSERAMS, M., HALKENSCHEID, R., BRUIJNZEEL, S., 1997: Leaf thickness and UV-B absorbing pigments in relation to an elevational gradient along the Blue Mountains, Jamaica. Plant Ecology 128, 150-159.
117. ROZEMA, J., VAN DE STAAIJ, J., BJÖRN, L.O., CALDWELL, M., 1997: UV-B as an environmental factor in plant life: Stress and regulation. Tree 12, 22-28.
118. RUFTY, T.W., HUBER, S.C., VOLK, R.J., 1988: Alterations in leaf carbohydrate metabolism in response to nitrogen stress. Plant Physiol. 88, 725-730.
119. RUHLAND, C.T., DAY, T.A., 1996: Changes in UV-B radiation screening effectiveness with leaf age in Rhododendron maximum. Plant Cell Environ. 19, 740-746.
120. SACHS, L., 1984: Angewandte Statistik. Anwendung statistischer Methoden. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg.
121. SCHMELZER, E., JAHNEN, W, HAHLBROCK, K., 1988: In situ localization of light-induced chalcone synthase mRNA, chalcone synthase, and flavonoid products in epidermal cells of parsley leaves. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 85, 2989-2993.
122. SCHMUTZ, A., BUCHALA, A., JENNY, T., RYSER, U., 1994: The phenols in the wax and in the suberin of green cotton fibres and their function. Acta Hortic. 381, 269-275.
123. SCHNABL, H., WEISSENBÖCK, G., SCHARF, H., 1986: In vivo microspectrophotometric characterization of flavonol glycosides in Vicia faba guard and epidermal cells. J. Esp. Bot. 37, 61-72.
124. SCHNITZLER, J., JUNGBLUT, T.P., HELLER, W., HUTZLER, P., HEINZMANN, U., SCHMELZER, R., ERNST, D., LANGEBARTELS, C., SANDERMANN, H. JR., 1996: Tissue localization of UV-B screening pigments and chalcone synthase mRNA in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) needles. New Phtytol. 132, 247-258.
125. SCHNITZLER, J., JUNGBLUT, T.P., FEICHT, C., KÖFFERELIN, M., LANGEBARTELS, C., HELLER, W. U., SANDERMANN, H.JR., 1997: UV-B induction of flavonoid biosynthesis in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings. Tree Struct. Funct. 11, 162-168.
126. SCHUMAKER, M.M., BASSMAN, J.H., ROBBERECHT, R., RADAMAKER, G.K., 1997: Growth, leaf anatomy, and physiology of Populus clones in response to solar ultraviolet radiation. Tree Physiol. 17, 617-626.
127. SECKMEYER, G.B., MAYER, B., ERB, R., BERNHARD, G., 1994: UV-B in Germany higher in 1993 than in 1992. Geophys. Res. Lett. 21, 577-580.
128. SHINDELL, D.T, RIND, D., LONERGAN, P., 1998: Increased polar stratospheric ozone losses and delayed eventual recovery owing to increasing greenhouse-gas concentrations. Nature 392, 589-592.
129. SISSON, W.B., CALDWELL, M.M., 1976: Photosynthesis, dark respiration, and growth of Rumex patientia L. exposed to ultraviolet irradiance (290 to 315 nanometers) simulating a reduced atmospheric ozone column. Plant Physiol. 58, 563-568.
130. SISSON, W.B., CALDWELL, M.M., 1977: Atmospheric ozone depletion: Reduction of photosynthesis and growth of a sensitive higher plant exposed to enhanced UV-B radiation. J. Exp. Bot. 28, 691-705.
131. STAPLETON, A., WALBOT, V, 1994) Flavonoids can protect maize DNA from the induction of ultraviolet radiation damage. Plant Physiol. 105, 881 - 889.
132. STEWART, J.D., HODDINOTT, J., 1993: Photosynthetic acclimation to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide and UV irradiation in Pinus banksiana Physiol. Plant. 88, 493-500.
133. STRACK, D., HEILEMANN, J., MÖMKEN, M., WRAY, V, 1988: Cell wall-conjugated phenolics from coniferae leaves. Phytochemistry 2, 3517- 3521.
134. STRACK, D., HEILEMANN, J., WRAY, V, DIRKS, H., 1989: Structures and accumulation patterns of soluble and insoluble phenolics from Norway spruce needles. Phytochemistry 28, 2071-2078.
135. 2, 177-282.
136. STRID, A., 1993: Alteration in expression of defence genes in Pisum sativum after exposure to supplementary ultraviolet-B radiation. Plant Cell Physiology 34, 949-953.
137. SULLIVAN, J.H., TERAMURA, A.H., 1988: Effects of ultraviolet-B radiation on seedling growth in the Pinaceae. Am J. Bot. 75, 225-230.
138. SULLIVAN, J.H., TERAMURA, A.H., 1989: The effects of ultraviolet-B radiation on lobolly pine.I. Growth, photosynthesis and pigment production in greenhouse-grown seedlings. Physiol. Plant. 77, 202 -207.
139. SULLIVAN, J.H., TERAMURA, A.H., 1990: Field Study of the interaction between solar ultraviolet-B radiation and drought on photosynthesis and growth in soybean. Plant Physiol. 92, 141 - 146.
140. SULLIVAN, J.H., TERAMURA, A.H., 1992: The effects of ultraviolet-B radiation on lobolly pine. II. Growth of field-grown seedlings. Trees Struct. Funct. 6, 115-120.
141. SULLIVAN, J.H., TERAMURA, A.H., DILLENBURG, L.R., 1994: Growth and photosynthetic responses of fieldgrown sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua; Hamamelidaceae) seedlings to UV-B radiation. Am. J. Bot. 81, 826-832.
142. SULLIVAN, J.H., HOWELLS, B.W, RUHLAND, C.T. DAY, T.A., 1996: Changes in leaf expansion and epidermal screening effectiveness in Liquidambar styraciflua and Pinus taeda in response to UV- B radiation. Physiol. Plant. 98, 349 - 357.
143. TAALAS, P, KUROLA, J., KYLLING, A., 2000: The impact of greenhouse gases and halogenated species on the future solar UV radiation doses. Geophys. Res. Lett. 27, 1127-1130.
144. TANNER, V., ELLER, B.M., 1986: Veränderungen der spektralen Eigenschaften der Blätter der Buche (Fagus sylvatica L.) von Laubaustrieb bis Laubfall. Allg. Forst- und J. Ztg. 157, 108-117.
145. TERAMURA, A.H., CALDWELL, M.M.,1981: Effects of ultraviolet-B irradiances on soybean. IV. Leaf ontogeny as a factor in evaluating ultraviolet-B irradiance effects on net photosynthesis. Am. J. Bot. 68, 934-941.
146. TERAMURA, A.H., SULLIVAN, J.H., LYDON, J., 1990: The effectiveness of UV radiation in altering soybean yield: a six-year study Physiol. Plant. 80, 5-11.
147. TEVINI, M., TERAMURA, A.H., 1989: UV-B effects on terrestrial plants. Photochem. Photobiol. 50, 479-487.
148. VOGT, T, GÜLZ, P.G., 1996: Accumulation of flavonoids during leaf development in Cistus laurifolius. Phytochemistry 36, 591-597.
149. WAND, S.J.E., 1995: Concentration of ultraviolet-B radiation absorbing compounds of leaves of a range of fynbos species. Vegetatio 116, 51-61.
150. WARNER, C.W, CALDWELL, M.M., 1983: Influence of photon flux density in the 400 - 700 nm waveband on inhibition of photosynthesis by UV-B (280 - 320 nm) irradiation in soybean leaves: separation of indirect and immediate effects. Photochem. Photobiol. 38, 344-346.
151. WEISSENBÖCK, G., HEDRICH, R., SACHS, G., 1986: Secondary phenolic products in isolated guard cell, epidermal cell and mesophyll cell protoplasts - distribution and determination. Protoplasma 134, 141-148.
152. WELLMANN, E., 1985: UV-B-Signal/Response-Beziehungen unter natürlichen und artifiziellen Lichtbedingungen. Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 98, 99-104.
153. WILDI, B., LÜTZ, C., 1996:Antioxidant composition of selected high alpine plant species from differnt altitudes. Plant Cell Environ. 19, 138-146.
154. WILSON, M.I., GREENBERG, B.M., 1993: Protection of the D1 photosystem II reaction center protein from degradation in ultraviolet following adaption of Brassica napus L. to growth in ultraviolet B. Photochem. Photobiol. 57, 556 - 563.
155. WU, S.-C., HAHLBROCK, K., 1992: In situ localization of phenylpropanoid-related gene expression in different tissues of light-grown and dark-grown parsley seedlings. Z. Nat.forsch. 47c, 591 - 600.
156. WUHRMANN-MEYER, K., WUHRMANN-MEYER, M., 1941: Untersuchungen über die Absorption ultravioletter Strahlen durch die Kutikular- und Wachsschichten von Blättern I. Planta 32, 43-50.
157. YANG, X., HEISLER, G.M., MONTGOMERY; M.E., SULLIVAN, J.H., WHEREAT, E.B., MILLER, D.R.,1995: Radiative properties of hardwood leaves to ultraviolet irradiation. Intern. J. Biomet. 38, 60-66.
158. ZEREFOS, C.S., BAIS, A.F., MELETI, C., ZIOMAS, I.C., 1995: A note on the recent increase of solar UV-B radiation over northern middle latitudes. Geophys. Res. Lett. 22, 1245-1247.
159. ZEREFOS, C.S., BALIS, D.S., BAIS, A.F., GILLOTAY, D., SIMON, P. C., MAYER, B., SECKMERYER, G., 1997: Variability of UV-B at four stations in Europe. Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 1363-1366.
160. ZEUTHEN, J., MIKKELSEN, T.N., PALUDAN-MÜLLER, G., RO-POULSEN, H., 1997: Effects of increased UV-B radiation and elevated levels of tropospheric ozone on physiological processes in European beech (Fagus sylvatica). Physiol. Plant.100, 281-290.