The Orthoplastic Approach for Management of the Severely Traumatized Foot and Ankle

Journal of Trauma

Volumn 54, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 379-390

  Heitmann, Christoph ^a   Levin, L Scott ^a  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANKLE INJURY; CLINICAL EXAMINATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; FOOT INJURY; GRACILIS MUSCLE; HUMAN; LATISSIMUS DORSI FLAP; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; MUSCLE FLAP; PLASTIC SURGERY; POSTOPERATIVE CARE; PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECTUS ABDOMINIS MUSCLE; REVIEW; TREATMENT PLANNING;

ADULT; ANKLE INJURIES; DEBRIDEMENT; FOOT INJURIES; FRACTURES, BONE; HUMANS; MIDDLE AGED; ORTHOPEDIC PROCEDURES; SURGICAL FLAPS;

EID: 0037300560     PISSN: 00225282     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.TA.0000028859.26504.7C     Document Type: Review

References (63)

1. Francel TJ, Vander Kolk CA, Hoopes JE, Manson PN, Yaremchuk MJ. Microvascular soft tissue transplantation for reconstruction of acute open tibia fractures: timing of coverage and long term functional results. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1992; 89: 478-487.
2. Greene TL, Beatty ME. Soft tissue coverage for lower extremity trauma: current practice and techniques. J Orthop Trauma. 1988; 2: 158-173.
3. Heller L, Levis LS. Bone and soft tissue reconstruction. In: Bucholz RW, Heckman JD, eds. Rockwood and Green’s Fractures in Adults. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Wilkins & Wilkins; 2001: 415-462.
4. Gopal S, Majumder S, Batchelor AG, Knight AL, De Boer P, Smith RM. Fix and flap: the radical orthopaedic and plastic treatment of severe open fractures of the tibia. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2000; 82: 959-966.
5. Green AR. The courage to co-operate: the team approach to open fractures of the lower limb. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1994; 76: 365-366.
6. Gustilo RB, Merkow RL, Templeman D. Current concepts review: the management of open fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1990; 72: 299-304.
7. American College of Surgeons, Committee on Trauma. Resources for Optimal Care of the Injured Patient. Chicago, IL: American College of Surgeons; 1990.
8. Newey ML, Ricketts D, Roberts L. The AO classification of long bone fractures: an early study of its use in clinical practice. Injury. 1993; 24: 309-312.
9. Tscherne H, Oestern HJ. A new classification of soft tissue damage in open and closed fractures. Unfallheilkunde. 1982; 85: 11-15.
10. Gustilo RB, Mendoza RM, Williams DN. Problems in the management of type III (severe) open fractures: a new classification of type III open fractures. J Trauma. 1984; 24: 742-746.
11. Gregory RT, Gould RJ, Peclet M, et al. The mangled extremity syndrome (M.E.S.): a severity grading system for multisystem injury of the extremity. J Trauma. 1985; 25: 1147-1150.
12. Howe HR, Poole GV, Hansen KJ, et al. Salvage of lower extremities following combined orthopaedic and vascular trauma: a predictive salvage index. Am Surg. 1987; 53: 205-208.
13. Russel WL, Sailor DM, Whittle TB, Fisher DF, Burns RP. Limb salvage versus traumatic amputation: a decision based on a seven part predictive index. Ann Surg. 1991; 213: 473-481.
14. Helfert DL, Howey T, Sanders R, Johanson K. Limb salvage versus amputation: preliminary results of the Mangled Extremity Severity Score. Clin Orthop. 1990; 256: 80-86.
15. Johanson K, Daines M, Howey T, Helfert D, Hansen ST. Objective criteria accurately predict amputation following lower extremity trauma. J Trauma. 1990; 30: 568-573.
16. McNamara MG, Heckman JD, Corley EG. Severe open fracture of the lower extremity: a retrospective evaluation of the Mangled Extremity Severity Score. J Orthop Trauma. 1994; 8: 81-87.
17. Bosse MJ, MacKenzie EJ, Kellam JF, et al. A prospective evaluation of the clinical utility of lower extremity injury severity scores. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001; 83: 3-14.
18. Gupta A, Shatford RA, Wolff TW, Tsai TM, Scheker LR, Levin LS. Treatment of severely injured upper extremity. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1999; 81: 1628-1651.
19. Kuentscher M, Erdmann D, Homann HH, Steinau HU, Levin LS, Germann G. The concept of fillet flaps: classification, indications, and analysis of their clinical value. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001; 108: 885-896.
20. Weinberg A, Mosheiff R, Liebergall M, Berlatzky Y, Aner H, Neuman RA. Amputated lower limbs as a bank of organs for other organ salvage. Injury. 1999; 30: 34-38.
21. Fairhurst MJ. The function of below knee amputee versus the patient with salvaged grade III tibial fracture. Clin Orthop. 1994; 301: 227-232.
22. Georgiadis GM, Behrens FF, Joyce MJ, Earle S, Simmons AL. Open tibial fractures with severe soft tissue loss: limb salvage compared with below knee amputation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1993; 75: 1431-1441.
23. Hansen ST. The type IIIC tibial fracture: salvage or amputation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1987; 69: 799-800.
24. Tornetta P, Olson SA. Amputation versus limb salvage. Instr Course Lect. 1997; 46: 511-518.
25. Tomaino MM, Bowen CW. Unsatisfactory outcome after lower limb salvage: decision making pitfalls. Am J Orthop. 1998; 27: 526-529.
26. Lange RH. Limb reconstruction versus amputation decision making in massive lower extremity trauma. Clin Orthop. 1989; 243: 92-99.
27. Francel TJ. Improving re-employment rates after limb salvage of acute severe tibia fractures by microvascular soft tissue reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1994; 93: 1028-1034.
28. Lambert CN, Hamilton RC, Pellicore RJ. The juvenile amputee program: its social economic value—a follow up study after the age of twenty one. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1968; 5: 1135-1138.
29. Seilor JG, Richardson JD. Amputation after extremity injury. Am J Surg. 1986; 152: 260-264.
30. Byrd HS, Spicer TE, Cierney GD. Management of open tibial fractures. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1985; 76: 719-730.
31. Fischer MD, Gustilo RB, Varecka TF. The timing of flap coverage, bone grafting, and intramedullary nailing in patients who have a fracture of the tibial shaft with extensive soft tissue injury. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1991; 73: 1316-1322.
32. Hertel R, Lambert SM, Muller S. On the timing of soft tissue reconstruction for open fractures of the lower leg. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1999; 119: 7-12.
33. Godina M. Earl microsurgical reconstruction of complex trauma of the extremities. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1986; 78: 285-292.
34. Court-Brown CM, McQueen MM, Quaba AA, Chrisvie J. Locked intramedullary nailing of open tibia fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1991; 73: 959-964.
35. Sinclair JS, McNally MA, Small JO, Yeates HA. Primary free-flap cover of open tibial fractures. Injury. 1997; 28: 581-587.
36. Tornetta P, Bergmann M, Watnik N, Berkowitz G, Steuer J. Treatment of grade IIIB open tibial fractures: a prospective randomised comparison of external fixation and non-reamed locked nailing. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1994; 76: 13-19.
37. Heller L, Levin LS. Lower extremity microsurgical reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001; 108: 1029-1041.
38. Neale HW, Stern PJ, Kreilein JG, Gregory RO, Webster KL. Complications of muscle flap transposition for traumatic defects of the leg. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1983; 72: 512-517.
39. Hallock GG. Utility of both muscle and fascia flaps in severe lower extremity trauma. J Trauma. 2000; 48: 913-917.
40. Chircarilli ZN, Price GJ. Complete plantar foot coverage with the free neurosensory radial forearm flap. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1986; 78: 94-101.
41. May JW, Rohrich RJ. Foot reconstruction using free microvascular muscle flaps with skin grafts. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1986; 13: 681-689.
42. Levin LS, Serafin D. Plantar skin coverage. In: Serafin D, ed. Problems in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott; 1991: 156-184.
43. Harpf C, Papp C, Ninkovic M, Anderl H, Hussl H. The lateral arm flap: review of 72 cases and technical refinements. J Reconstr Microsurg. 1998; 14: 39-48.
44. Katsaros J, Schusterman M, Beppu M. The lateral upper arm flap: anatomical and clinical applications. Ann Plast Surg. 1984; 12: 489-500.
45. Song R, Gao Y, Song Y, Yu Y, Song Y. The forearm flap. Clin Plast Surg. 1982; 9: 21-26.
46. Yang G, Chen B, Gao Y. Forearm free skin flap transplantation. Natl Med J China. 1981; 61: 139-141.
47. Timmons MJ. The vascular basis of the radial forearm flap. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1986; 77: 80-92.
48. Swanson E, Boyd JB, Mulholland RS. The radial forearm flap: a biomechanical study of the osteotomized radius. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1990; 85: 267-272.
49. Chen D, Jupiter JB, Lipton HA, Li SQ. The parascapular flap for treatment of lower extremity disorders. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1989; 84: 108-116.
50. Barwick WJ, Goodkindt DJ, Serafin D. The free scapular flap. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1982; 69: 779-787.
51. Sekiguchi J, Kobayashi S, Ohmori K. Use of the osteocutaneous free scapular flap on the lower extremities. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1993; 91: 103-112.
52. Pribaz JJ, Orgil DP, Epstein MD, Sampson CE, Hergrueter CA. Anterolateral thigh free flap. Ann Plast Surg. 1995; 34: 585-592.
53. Koshima I, Fukuda H, Yamamoto H, Moriguchi T, Soeda S, Ohta S. Free anterolateral thigh flaps for reconstruction of head and neck defects. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1993; 93: 421-428.
54. Lassen M, Krag C, Nielson IM. The latissimus dorsi flap: an overview. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg. 1985; 19: 41-51.
55. Russel RC, Pribaz JJ, Zook EG, Leighton WD, Erikson E, Smith CJ. Functional evaluation of the latissimus dorsi donor site. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1986; 78: 336-344.
56. Serafin D, Sabatier RE, Morris RL, Georgiade NG. Reconstruction of the lower extremity with vascularized composite tissue: improved tissue survival and specific indications. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1980; 66: 230-241.
57. Bunkis J, Walton RL, Mathes SJ. The rectus abdominis free flap for lower extremity reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg. 1983; 11: 373-380.
58. Musharafieh R, Macari G, Havek S, El Hassan B, Ativek B. Rectus abdominis free tissue transfer in lower extremity reconstruction: a review of 40 cases. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2000; 16: 341-345.
59. Reath DB, Taylor JW. Free rectus abdominis muscle flap: advantages in lower extremity reconstruction. South Med J. 1989; 82: 1143-1146.
60. Giordano PA, Abbes M, Pequignot JP. Gracilis blood supply: anatomical and clinical re-evaluation. Br J Plast Surg. 1990; 43: 266-272.
61. Redett RJ, Robertson BC, Chang B, Girotto J, Vaughan T. Limb salvage of lower extremity wounds using free gracilis muscle reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000; 106: 1507-1513.
62. Jupiter JB, Gerhard JG, Guerrero J, Nunley JA, Levin SL. Treatment of segmental defects of the radius with the use of the vascularized osteoseptocutaneous fibular autogenous graft. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1997; 79: 542-550.
63. Siegel HJ, Patzakis MJ, Holtom PD, Sherman R, Lane S. Limb salvage for chronic tibial osteomyelitis: an outcome study. J Trauma. 2000; 48: 484-489.