An interpretation of the nitrogen deficiency in comets

Icarus

Volumn 161, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 511-532

  Iro, Nicolas ^a   Gautier, Daniel ^a   Hersant, Franck ^a   Bockelée Morvan, Dominique ^a   Lunine, Jonathan I ^b  

^a UNIVERSITÉ PARIS DIDEROT   (France)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA   (United States)

Author keywords

Clathrates; Comets; Solar nebula

Indexed keywords

EID: 0037295940     PISSN: 00191035     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0019-1035(02)00038-6     Document Type: Review

References (93)

1. Allamandola, L.J., Bernstein, M.P., Sandford, S.A., Walker, R.L., 1999. Evolution of interstellar ices. Space Sci. Rev. 90, 219-232.
2. + ions in the coma of Comet P/Halley. Astron. Astrophys. 290, 318-323.
3. Anders, E., Grevesse, N., 1989. Abundances of the elements-meteoritic and solar. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 53, 197-214.
4. Barber, R.M., Edge, A.V.I., 1967. Gas hydrates containing argon, krypton and xenon: kinetics and energetics of formation and equilibria. Proc. R. Soc. London A 300, 1-24.
5. Bar-Nun, A., Herman, G., Laufer, D., Rappaport, M.L., 1985. Trapping and release of gases by water ice and implications for icy bodies. Icarus 63, 317-332.
6. Bar-Nun, A., Dror, J., Kochavi, E., Laufer, D., Kovetz, D., Owen, T., 1986. Trapping and release of gases by water ice and implications for icy bodies. Origins Life 16, 220.
7. Bar-Nun, A., Kleinfeld, I., Kochavi, E., 1988. Trapping of gas mixtures by amorphous water ice. Phys. Rev. B 38, 7749-7754.
8. Beckwith, S.V.W., Henning, T., Nakagawa, Y., 2000. Dust properties and assembly of large particles in protoplanetary disks, in: Mannings, V., Boss, A.P., Russell, S.S. (Eds.), Protostars and Planets IV, Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 533-558.
9. Bell, K.R., Cassen, P.M., Wasson, J.T., Woolum, D.S., 2000. The FU Orionis phenomenon and solar nebula material, in: Mannings, V., Boss, A.P., Russell, S.S. (Eds.), Protostars and Planets IV, Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 897-926.
10. Bird, M.K., Janardban, P., Wilson, T.L., Huchtmeier, W.K., Gensheimer, P., Lemme, C., 1997. K-band radio observations of Comet Hale-Bopp: detections of ammonia and (possibly) water. Earth Moon Planets 78, 21-28.
11. Biver, N., 1997. Molecules cométaires: observations et modelisations, Ph.D. thesis. Université de Paris 7.
12. Biver, N., Bockelée-Morvan, D., Crovisier, J., Davies, J.K., Matthews, H.E., Wink, J.E., Rauer, H., Colom, P., Dent, W.R.F., Despois, D., Moreno, R., Paubert, G., Jewitt, D., Senay, M., 1999. Spectroscopic monitoring of Comet C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake) with the JCMT and IRAM radio telescopes. Astron. J. 118, 1850-1872.
13. Biver, N., Bockelée-Morvan, D., Crovisier, J., Henry, F., Davies, J.K., Matthews, H.E., Colom, P., Gérard, E., Lis, D.C., Phillips, T.G., Rantakyrö, F., Haikala, L., Weaver, H.A., 2000. Spectroscopic observations of Comet C/1999 H1 (Lee) with the SEST, JCMT, CSO, IRAM, and Nançay radio telescopes. Astron. J. 120, 1554-1570.
14. Blake, D., Allamandola, L., Sandford, S., Hudgins, D., Freund, F., 1991. Clathrate hydrate formation in amorphous cometary ice analogs in vacuum. Science 254, 548-551.
15. Bockelée-Morvan, D., Gautier, D., Hersant, F., Huré, J.M., Robert, F., 2002. Turbulent radial mixing in the solar nebula as the source of crystalline silicates in comets. Astron. Astrophys. 384, 1107-1118.
16. Bockelée-Morvan, D., Biver, N., Moreno, R., Colom, P., Crovisier, J., Gérard, E., Henry, F., Lis, D.C., Matthews, H., Weaver, H.A., Womack, M., Festou, M.C., 2001. Outgassing behavior and composition of Comet C/1999 S4 (LINEAR) during its disruption. Science 292, 1339-1343.
17. Bockelée-Morvan, D., Lis, D.C., Wink, J.E., Despois, D., Crovisier, J., Bachiller, R., Benford, D.J., Biver, N., Colom, P., Davies, J.K., Gérard, E., Germain, B., Houde, M., Mehringer, D., Moreno, R., Paubert, G., Phillips, T.G., Rauer, H., 2000. New molecules found in Comet C/1995 O1 (HaleBopp). Investigating the link between cometary and interstellar material. Astron. Astrophys. 353, 1101-1114.
18. Brooke, T.Y., Tokunaga, A.T., Weaver, H.A., Chin, G., Geballe, T.R., 1991. A sensitive upper limit on the methane abundance in Comet Levy (1990c). Astrophys. J. 372, L113-L116.
19. Calvet, N., Hartmann, L., Strom, S.E., 2000. Evolution of disk accretion, in: Mannings, V., Boss, A.P., Russell, S.S. (Eds.), Protostars and Planets IV, Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 1159-1200.
20. Cassen, P., 1994. Utilitarian models of the solar nebula. Icarus 112, 405-429.
21. Charnley, S.B., Rodgers, S.D., 2002. The end of interstellar chemistry as the origin of nitrogen in comets and meteorites. Astrophys. J. 569, L133-L137.
22. + in spectra of Comet C/2002 C1 (Ikeya-Zhang). Astrophys. J. 576, L165-L168.
23. + in Comets 122P/1995 S1 (deVico) and C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp). Icarus 146, 583-593.
24. Crovisier, J., Bockelée-Morvan, D., 1999. Remote observations of the composition of cometary volatiles. Space Sci. Rev. 90, 19-32.
25. Crovisier, J., Bockelée-Morvan, D., Colom, P., Despois, D., Paubert, G., 1991. Microwave observations of hydrogen sulfide and searches for other sulfur compounds in Comets Austin (1989c1) and Levy (1990c). Icarus 93, 246-258.
26. Crovisier, J., Biver, N., Moreno, R., Lis, D.C., Bockelée-Morvan, D., Womack, M., Colom, P., Henry, F., Lecacheux, A., Paubert, G., Despois, D., Weaver, H.A., 2001. Spectroscopic investigation of Comets C/1999 T1 (McNaught-Hartley) and C/2001 A2 (LINEAR) at radio wavelengths: evidence for chemical diversity. Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 33, 4306.
27. Cyr, K.E., Sharp, C.M., Lunine, J.I., 1999. Effects of redistribution of water in the solar nebula chemistry. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 19003-19014.
28. Davidson, D.W., 1971. The motion of guest molecules in clathrate hydrates. Can. J. Chem. 49, 1224-1242.
29. Deloule, E., Doukhan, J.C., Robert, F., 1998. Interstellar hydroxyls in meteorite chondrules: implications for the origin of water in the inner Solar System. Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta. 62, 3367-3378.
30. Diaz Peña, M., Pando, C., Renuncio, J.A.R., 1982. Combination rules for intermolecular potential parameters. I. Rules based on approximation for the long-range dispersion energy. J. Chem. Phys. 76, 325-332.
31. DiSanti, M.A., Mumma, M.J., Dello Russo, N., Magee-Sauer, K., 2001. Carbon monoxide production and excitation in Comet C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp): isolation of native and distributed CO sources. Icarus 153, 361-390.
32. Dominik, C., Tielens, A.G.G.M., 1997. The physics of dust coagulation and the structure of dust aggregates in space. Astrophys. J. 480, 647-673.
33. Drouart, A., Dubrulle, B., Gautier, D., Robert, F., 1999. Structure and transport in the solar nebula from constraints on deuterium enrichment and giant planets formation. Icarus 140, 129-155.
34. Dubrulle, B., Morfill, G., Sterzik, M., 1995. The dust subdisk in the protoplanetary nebula. Icarus 114, 237-246.
35. 2 abundance in Comet P/Halley. Astron. Astrophys. 187, 481-484.
36. Eberhardt, P., Meier, R., Krankowsky, D., Hodges, R.R., 1994. Methanol and hydrogen sulfide in Comet P/Halley. Astron. Astrophys. 288, 315-329.
37. Feldman, P.D., Davidsen, A.F., Blair, W.P., Bowers, C.W., Dixon, W.V., Durrance, S.T., Ferguson, H.C., Henry, R.C., Kimble, R.A., Kriss, G.A., Kruk, J.W., Long, K.S., Moos, H.W., Vancura, O., Gull, T.R., 1991. Observations of Comet Levy (1990c) with the Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope. Astrophys. J. 379, L37-L40.
38. 2/CO abundance ratio in lP/Halley and several other comets observed by IUE and FIST. Astrophys. J. 475, 829-834.
39. Feldman, P.D., Fournier, K.B., Grinin, V.P., Zvereva, A.M., 1993. The abundance of ammonia in Comet P/Halley derived from ultraviolet spectrophotometry of NH by ASTRON and IUE. Astrophys. J. 404, 348-355.
40. Fromang, S., Turquem, C., Balbus, S.A., 2002. The ionization fraction in alpha models of protoplanetary discs. Mon. Nat. R. Astron. Soc. 329, 18-28.
41. Gail, H.-P., 1998. Chemical reactions in protoplanetary accretion disks. IV. Multicomponent dust mixture. Astron. Astrophys. 332, 1099-1122.
42. Gautier, D., Hersant, F., Mousis, O., Lunine, J.I., 2001a. Enrichments in volatiles in Jupiter: a new interpretation of the Galileo measurements. Astrophys. J. 550, L227-L230.
43. Gautier, D., Hersant, F., Mousis, O., Lunine, J.I., 2001b. Erratum: enrichments in volatiles in Jupiter: a new interpretation of the Galileo measurements. Astrophys. J. 559, L183-L183.
44. Geiss, J., Reeves, H., 1981. Deuterium in the Solar System. Astron. Astrophys. 93, 189-199.
45. Gibb, E.L., Whittet, D.C.B., Schutte, W.A., Boogert, A.C.A., Chiar, J.E., Ehrenfreund, P., Gerakines, P.A., Keane, J.V., Tielens, A.G.G.M., van Dishoeck, E.F., Kerkhof, O., 2000. An inventory of interstellar ices toward the embedded protostar W33A. Astrophys. J. 536, 347-356.
46. Haisch, K.E., Jr., Lada, E.A., Lada, C.J., 2001. Disk frequencies and lifetimes in young clusters. Astrophys. J. 553, L153-L156.
47. Hartmann, L., 2000. Observational constraints on transport (and mixing) in pre-main sequence disks. Space Sci. Reviews 92, 55-68.
48. Hartmann, L., Calvet, N., Gullbring, E., D'Alessio, P., 1998. Accretion and the evolution of T Tauri disks. Astrophys. J. 495, 385-400.
49. Hersant, F., Gautier, D., Huré, J.M., 2001. A two-dimensional model for the primordial nebula constrained by D/H measurements in the Solar System: implications for the formation of giant planets. Astrophys. J. 554, 391-407.
50. Huré, J.-M., 2000. On the transition to self-gravity in low mass AGN and YSO accretion discs. Astron. Astrophys. 358, 378-394.
51. Irvine, W.M., Schloerb, F.P., Crovisier, J., Fegley, B., Mumma, M.J., 2000. Comets: a link between interstellar and nebular chemistry, in: Mannings, V., Boss, A.P., Russell, S.S. (Eds.), Protostars and Planets IV, Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 1159-1200.
52. Jessberger, E.K., Kissel, J., 1991. Chemical properties of cometary dust and a note on carbon isotopes newblock, in: Newburn, R.L., Jr., Neugebauer, M., Rahe, J. (Eds.), Comets in the Post-Halley Era, pp. 1075-1092.
53. 2 and its parent molecule in the inner coma of Comet Hyakutake (C/1996 B2). Astrophys. J. 495, 946-950.
54. Kouchi, A., Yamamoto, T., Kozasa, T., Kuroda, T., Greenberg, J.M., 1994. Conditions for condensation and preservation of amorphous ice and crystallinity of astrophysical ices. Astron. Astrophys. 290, 1009-1018.
55. 2O. Icarus 140, 446-450.
56. Lunine, J.I., Stevenson, D.J., 1985. Thermodynamics of clathrate hydrate at low and high pressures with application to the outer solar system. Astrophys. J. Suppl. 58, 493-531.
57. Lutz, B.L., Womack, M., Wagner, R.M., 1993. Ion abundances and implications for photochemistry in Comets Halley (1986 III) and Bradfield (1987 XXIX). Astrophys. J. 407, 402-411.
58. Makalkin, A.B., Dorofeyeva, V.A., 1991. Temperatures in the protoplanetary disk: models, constraints and consequences for the planets. Izv. Earth Phys. 27, 650.
59. Malfait, K., Waelkens, C., Bouwman, J., de Koter, A., Waters, L.B.F.M., 1999. The ISO spectrum of the young star HD 142527. Astron. Astrophys. 345, 181-186.
60. McKoy, V., Sinanoǧlu, O., 1963. Theory of dissociation pressures of some gas hydrates. J. Chem. Phys. 38, 2946-2956.
61. McPhate, J.B., Feldman, P.D., Weaver, H.A., A'Hearn, M.F., Tozzi, G.-P., Festou, M.C., 1996. Ultraviolet CO emission in Comet C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake). Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 28, 1093-1094.
62. Meier, R., Eberhardt, P., Krankowsky, D., Hodges, R.R., 1994. Ammonia in Comet P/Halley. Astron. Astrophys. 287, 268-278.
63. Moore, M.H., Hudson, R.L., 1994. Far-infrared spectra of cosmic-type pure and mixed ices. Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser. 103, 45-56.
64. Morfill, G.E., Völk, H.J., 1984. Transport of dust and vapor and chemical fractionation in the early protosolar cloud. Astrophys. J. 287, 371-395.
65. O and HCN. Icarus 148, 513-525.
66. Mumma, M.J., DiSanti, M.A., dello Russo, N., Fomenkova, M., Magee-Sauer, K., Kaminski, C.D., Xie, D.X., 1996. Detection of abundant ethane and methane, along with carbon monoxide and water, in Comet C/1996 B2 Hyakutake: evidence for interstellar origin. Science 272, 1310-1314.
67. Mumma, M.J., Dello Russo, N., DiSanti, M.A., Magee-Sauer, K., Novak, R.E., Brittain, S., Rettig, T., McLean, I.S., Reuter, D.C., Xu, L., 2001a. Organic composition of C/1999 S4 (LINEAR): a comet formed near Jupiter? Science 292, 1334-1339.
68. Mumma, M.J., McLean, I.S., DiSanti, M.A., Larkin, J.E., Russo, N.D., Magee-Sauer, K., Becklin, E.E., Bida, T., Chaffee, F., Conrad, A.R., Figer, D.F., Gilbert, A.M., Graham, J.R., Levenson, N.A., Novak, R.E., Reuter, D.C., Teplitz, H.I., Wilcox, M.K., Xu, L., 2001b. A survey of organic volatile species in comet C/1999 H1 (Lee) using NIRSPEC at the Keck Observatory. Astrophys. J. 546, 1183-1193.
69. Natta, A., Grinin, V.P., Mannings, V., 2000. Properties and evolution of disks around pre-main-sequence stars of intermediate mass, in: Mannings, V., Boss, A.P., Russell, S.S (Eds.), Protostars and Planets IV, Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 559-588.
70. Owen, T., Bar-Nun, A., 1995. Comets, impacts and atmospheres. Icarus 116, 215-226.
71. Owen, T., Mahaffy, P., Niemann, H.B., Atreya, S., Donahue, T., Bar-Nun, A., de Pater, I., 1999. A low-temperature origin for the planetesimals that formed Jupiter. Nature 402, 269-270.
72. Pollack, J.B., Hubickyj, O., Bodenheimer, P., Lissauer, J.J., Podolak, M., Greenzweig, Y., 1996. Formation of the giant planets by concurrent accretion of solids and gas. Icarus 124, 62-85.
73. Robert, F., Gautier, D., Dubrulle, B., 2000. The Solar System D/H ratio: observations and theories. Space Sci. Rev. 92, 201-224.
74. Schmitt, B., 1986. Structure, Dynamique et Interactions. Implications Astrophysiques. Ph.D. Thesis, Université de Grenoble.
75. Shakura, N.I., Sunyaev, R.A., 1973. Black holes in binary systems. Observational appearance. Astron. Astrophys. 24, 337-355.
76. Shu, F.H., Tremaine, S., Adams, F.C., Ruden, P., 1990. Sling amplification and eccentric gravitational instabilities in gaseous disks. Astrophys. J. 258, 495-514.
77. Sloan, E.D., Jr., 1998. Clathrate Hydrates of Natural Gases. Dekker, New York.
78. Sparks, K.A., Tester, J.W., Cao, Z., Trout, B.L., 1999. Configuration properties of water clathrates: Monte Carlo and multidimensional integration versus Lennard-Jones and Devonshire approximation. J. Phys. Chem. B 103, 6300-6308.
79. Stepinski, T.F., Valageas, P., 1997. Global evolution of solid matter in turbulent protoplanetary disks. II. Development of icy planetesimals. Astron. Astrophys. 319, 1007-1019.
80. Stern, S.A., Slater, D.C., Festou, M.C., Parker, J.W., Gladstone, G.R., A'Hearn, M.F., Wilkinson, E., 2000. The discovery of argon in Comet C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp). Astrophys. J. 544, L169-L172.
81. Stevenson, D.J., Lunine, J.I., 1988. Rapid formation of Jupiter by diffuse redistribution of water vapor in the solar nebula. Icarus 75, 146-155.
82. Supulver, K.D., Lin, D.N.C., 2000. Formation of icy planetesimals in a turbulent solar nebula. Icarus 146, 525-540.
83. 1D) atoms in cometary comae. Astron. Astrophys. 330, 753-763.
84. Van der Waals, J.H., Platteuw, J.C., 1959. Clathrate solutions, in: Advances in Chemical Physics, Vol. 2, Interscience, New York, pp. 1-57.
85. Weaver, H.A., Brooke, T.Y., Chin, G., Kim, S.J., Bockelée-Morvan, D., Davies, J.K., 1997a. Infrared spectroscopy of Comet Hale-Bopp. Earth Moon Planets 78, 71-80.
86. Weaver, H.A., Brooke, T.Y., Disanti, M.A., Mumma, M.J., Tokunaga, A., Chin, G., A'Hearn, M.F., Owen, T.C., Lisse, C.M., 1997b. The methane abundance in Comet Hyakutake (C/1996 B2). Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 29, 3405.
87. Weaver, H.A., Feldman, P.D., Combi, M.R., Krasnopolsky, V., Lisse, C.M., Shemansky, D.E., 2002. A search for argon and O VI in three comets using the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer. Astrophys. J. 576, L95-L98.
88. Weidenschilling, S.J., 1997. The origin of comets in the solar nebula: a unified model. Icarus 127, 290-306.
89. Weidenschilling, S.J., Cuzzi, J.N., 1993. Formation of planetesimals in the solar nebula, in: Levy, E.H., Lunine, J.I. (Eds.), Protostars and Planets III, Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 1031-1060.
90. Woods, T.N., Feldman, P.D., Dymond, K.F., Sahnow, D.J., 1986. Rocket ultraviolet spectroscopy of Comet Halley and abundance of carbon monoxide and carbon. Nature 324, 436-438.
91. Wootten, A., Butler, B., Bockelée-Morvan, D., Crovisier, J., Despois, D., Palmer, P., Yeomans, D., 1996. Detection of ammonia in Comet C/1996 B2 Hyakutake, in: Asteroids, Comets, Meteors 1996, IAU Colloquium 10, Book of Abstracts, p. 39.
92. Wyckoff, S., Tegler, S.C., Engel, L., 1991 a. Nitrogen abundance in Comet Halley. Astrophys. J. 367, 641-648.
93. Wyckoff, S., Tegler, S.C., Engel, L., 1991b. Nitrogen abundance in Comet Halley. Astrophys. J. 368, 279-286.