Functional complexity of intermediate filament cytoskeletons: From structure to assembly to gene ablation

International Review of Cytology

Volumn 223, Issue , 2002, Pages 83-175

  Herrmann, Harald ^a   Hesse, Michael ^b   Reichenzeller, Michaela ^a   Aebi, Ueli ^c   Magin, Thomas M ^b  

^a GERMAN CANCER RESEARCH CENTER DKFZ   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BONN   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BASEL   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Diseases; IF assembly; Intermediate filaments; Multigene family

Indexed keywords

DESMIN; GLIAL FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN; INTERMEDIATE FILAMENT PROTEIN; KERATIN; LAMIN B; NUCLEAR PROTEIN; TETRAMER; VIMENTIN;

ANIMAL CELL; CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS; CELL NUCLEUS MEMBRANE; CELL PROTECTION; CYTOSKELETON; EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT; EPIDERMOLYSIS; EPITHELIUM; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE FUNCTION; GENE LOSS; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC ORGANIZATION; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; INTERMEDIATE FILAMENT; KNOCKOUT GENE; LENS; LIVER PROTECTION; MECHANICAL STRESS; MODEL; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; MULTIGENE FAMILY; NEUROFILAMENT; NONHUMAN; PANCREAS; PHYSICAL DISEASE; POINT MUTATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN AGGREGATION; PROTEIN ASSEMBLY; PROTEIN POLYMORPHISM; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SKIN; TISSUE REPAIR; TRANSGENIC ANIMAL; ULTRASTRUCTURE;

ANIMALIA; METAZOA;

EID: 0037282536     PISSN: 00747696     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0074-7696(05)23003-6     Document Type: Article

References (441)

1. Abe, M., and Oshima, R. G. (1990). A single human keratin 18 gene is expressed in diverse epithelial cells of transgenic mice. J. Cell Biol. 111, 1197-1206.
2. Abumuhor, I. A., Spencer, P. H., and Cohlberg, J. A. (1998). The pathway of assembly of intermediate filaments from recombinant α-internexin. J. Struct. Biol. 123, 187-198.
3. Aebi, U., Cohn, J., Buhle, L., and Gerace, L. (1986). The nuclear lamina is a meshwork of intermediate-type filaments. Nature 323, 560-564.
4. Agbulut, O., Li, Z., Perie, S., Ludosky, M. A., Paulin, D., Cartaud, J., and Butler-Browne, G. (2001). Lack of desmin results in abortive muscle regeneration and modifications in synaptic structure. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 49, 51-66.
5. Albers, K. M., Davis, F. E., Perrone, T. N., Lee, E. Y., Liu, Y., and Vore, M. (1995). Expression of an epidermal keratin protein in liver of transgenic mice causes structural and functional abnormalities. J. Cell Biol. 128, 157-169.
6. Al Chalabi, A., Andersen, P. M., Nilsson, P., Chioza, B., Andersson, J. L., Russ, C., Shaw, C. E., Powell, J. F., and Leigh, P. N. (1999). Deletions of the heavy neurofilament subunit tail in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Hum. Mol. Genet. 8, 157-164.
7. Ameen, N. A., Figueroa, Y., and Salas, P. J. (2001). Anomalous apical plasma membrane phenotype in CK8-deficient mice indicates a novel role for intermediate filaments in the polarization of simple epithelia. J. Cell. Sci. 114, 563-575.
8. Andrä, K., Lassmann, H., Bittner, R., Shorny, S., Fässler, R., Propst, R., and Wiche, G. (1997). Targeted inactivation of plectin reveals essential function in maintaining the integrity of skin, muscle and heart cytoarchitecture. Genes Dev. 11, 3143-3156.
9. Arin, M., Longley, M., Wang, X., and Roop, D. (2001). Focal activation of a mutant allele defines the role of stem cells in mosaic skin disorders. J. Cell Biol. 152, 645-650.
10. Arnold, I., and Watt, F. M. (2001). c-Myc activation in transgenic mouse epidermis results in mobilization of stem cells and differentiation of their progeny. Curr. Biol. 11, 558-568.
11. Askanas, V., Bornemann, A., and Engel, W. K. (1990). Immunocytochemical localization of desmin at human neuromuscular junctions. Neurology 40, 949-953.
12. Bader, B. L., and Franke, W. W. (1990). Cell type-specific and efficient synthesis of human cytokeratin 19 in transgenic mice. Differentiation. 45, 109-118.
13. Bader, B., Magin, T. M., Freudenmann, M., Stumpp, S., and Franke, W. W. (1991). Intermediate filaments formed de novo from tailless cytokerytin in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus. J. Cell Biol. 115, 1293-1307.
14. Baribault, H., Price, J., Miyai, K., and Oshima, R. G. (1993). Mid-gestational lethality in mice lacking keratin 8. Genes Dev. 7, 1191-1202.
15. Baribault, H., Penner, J., Iozzo, R. V., and Wilson, H. M. (1994). Colorectal hyperplasia and inflammation in keratin 8-deficient FVB/N mice. Genes Dev. 8, 2964-2973.
16. Bartnik, E., and Weber, K. (1989). Widespread occurrence of intermediate filaments in invertebrates; common principles and aspects of diversion. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 50, 17-33.
17. Batta, K., Rugg, E. L., Wilson, N. J., West, N., Goodyear, H., Lane, E. B., Gratian, M., Dopping-Hepenstal, P., Moss, C., and Eady, R. A. (2000). A keratin 14 'knockout' mutation in recessive epidermolysis bullosa simplex resulting in less severe disease. Br. J. Dermatol. 143, 621-627.
18. Bawden, C. S., McLaughlan, C., Nesci, A., and Rogers, G. (2001). A unique type I keratin intermediate filament gene family is abundantly expressed in the inner root sheaths of sheep and human hair follicles. J. Invest. Dermatol. 116, 157-166.
19. Beaulieu, J. M., Robertson, J., and Julien, J. P. (1999). Interactions between peripherin and neurofilaments in cultured cells: Disruption of peripherin assembly by the NF-M and NF-H subunits. Biochem. Cell Biol. 77, 41-45.
20. Beaulieu, J. M., Jacomy, H., and Julien, J. P. (2000). Formation of intermediate filament protein aggregates with disparate effects in two transgenic mouse models lacking the neurofilament light subunit. J. Neurosci. 20, 5321-5328.
21. Becker, B., Bellin, R. M., Sernett, S. W., Huiatt, T. W., and Robson, R. M. (1995). Synemin contains the rod domain of intermediate filaments. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 213, 796-802.
22. Bellin, R. M., Sernett, S. W., Becker, B., Ip, W., Huiatt, T. W., and Robson, R. M. (1999). Molecular characteristics and interactions of the intermediate filament protein synemin. Interactions with alpha-actinin may anchor synemin-containing heterofilaments. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 29493-29499.
23. Berton, T. R., Wang, X. J., Zhou, Z., Kellendonk, C., Schutz, G., Tsai, S., and Roop, D. R. (2000). Characterization of an inducible, epidermal-specific knockout system: Differential expression of lacZ in different Cre reporter mouse strains. Genesis 26, 160-161.
24. Bierkamp, C., Mclaughlin, K. J., Schwarz, H., Huber, O., and Kemler, R. (1996). Embryonic heart and skin defects in mice lacking plakoglobin. Dev. Biol. 180, 780-785.
25. Blessing, M., Rüther, U., and Franke, W. W. (1993). Ectopic synthesis of epidermal cytokeratins in pancreatic islet cells of transgenic mice interferes with cytoskeletal order and insulin production. J. Cell Biol 120, 743-755.
26. Blessing, M., Zentgraf, H., and Jorcano, J. L. (1987). Differentially expressed bovine cytokeratin genes. Analysis of gene linkage and evolutionary conservation of 5′-upstream sequences. EMBO J. 6, 567-575.
27. Blouin, R., Blouin, M. J., Royal, I., Grenier, A., Roop, D. R., Loranger, A., and Marceau, N. (1992). Cytokeratin 14 expression in rat liver cells in culture and localization in vivo. Differentiation 52, 45-54.
28. Blikstad, I., and Lazarides, E. (1983). Vimentin filaments are assembled from a soluble precursor in avian erythroid cells. J. Cell Biol. 96, 1803-1808.
29. Bonne, G., di Barletta, M. R., Varnous, S., Becane, H. M., Hammouda, E. H., Merlini, L., Muntoni, F., Greenberg, C. R., Gary, F., Urtizberea, J. A., Duboc, D., Fardeau, M., Toniolo, D., and Schwartz, K. (1999). Mutations in the gene encoding lamin A/C cause autosomal dominant Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy. Nat. Genet. 21, 285-288.
30. Boriek, A. M., Capetanaki, Y., Hwang, W., Officer, T., Badshah, M., Rodarte, J., and Tidball, J. G. (2001). Desmin integrates the three-dimensional mechanical properties of muscles. Am. J. Physiol Cell Physiol. 280, C46-C52.
31. Bork, P., and Copley, R. (2001). Genome speak. Nature 409(6822), 815.
32. Borrmann, C. M., Mertens, C., Schmidt, A., Langbein, L., Kuhn, C., and Franke, W. W. (2000). Molecular diversity of plaques of epithelial-adhering junctions. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 915, 144-150.
33. Bowden, P. E., Haley, J. L., Kansky, A., Rothnagel, J. A., Jones, D. O., and Turner, R. J. (1995). Mutation of a type II keratin gene (K6a) in pachyonychia congenita. Nat. Genet. 10, 363-365.
34. Bray, D. (2001). "Cell Movements. From Molecules to Motility," 2nd ed. Garland Publishing, New York.
35. Brenner, M., Johnson, A. B., Boespflug-Tanguy, O., Rodriguez, D., Goldman, J. E., and Messing, A. (2001). Mutations in GFAP, encoding glial fibrillary acidic protein, are associated with Alexander disease. Nat. Genet. 27, 117-120.
36. Bridger, J. M., Herrmann, H., Münkel, C., and Lichter, P. (1998). Identification of an interchromosomal compartment by polymerization of nuclear-targeted vimentin. J. Cell Sci. 111, 1241-1253.
37. Brock, J., McCluskey, J., Baribault, H., and Martin, P. (1996). Perfect wound healing in the keratin 8 deficient mouse embryo. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 35, 358-366.
38. Brown, M. J., Hallam, J. A., Colucci-Guyon, E., and Shaw, S. (2001a). Rigidity of circulating lymphocytes is primarily conferred by vimentin intermediate filaments. J. Immunol. 166, 6640-6646.
39. Brown, M. J., Hallam, J. A., Liu, Y., Yamada, K. M., and Shaw, S. (2001b). Cutting edge: Integration of human T lymphocyte cytoskeleton by the cytolinker plectin. J. Immunol. 167, 641-645.
40. Brulet, P., Babinet, C., Kemler, R., and Jacob, F. (1980). Monoclonal antibodies against trophectoderm-specific markers during mouse blastocyst formation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77, 4113-4117.
41. Burkhard, P., Meier, M., and Lustig, A. (2000). Design of a minimal protein oligomerization domain by a structural approach. Protein Sci. 9, 2294-2301.
42. Burkhard, P., Stetefeld, J., and Strelkov, S. V. (2001). Coiled coils: A highly versatile protein folding motif. Trends Cell Biol. 11, 82-88.
43. Candi, E., Tarcsa, E., Digiovanna, J. J., Compton, J. G., Elias, P. M., Marekov, L. N., and Steinert, P. M. (1998). A highly conserved lysine residue on the head domain of type II keratins is essential for the attachment of keratin intermediate filaments to the cornified cell envelope through isopeptide crosslinking by transglutaminases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 2067-2072.
44. Cao, T., Longley, M., Wang, X., and Roop, D. (2001). An inducible mouse model for epidermolysis bullosa simplex. Implications for gene therapy. J. Cell Biol. 152, 651-656.
45. Capetanaki, Y., and Milner, D. J. (1998). Desmin cytoskeleton in muscle integrity and function. Subcell. Biochem. 31, 463-495.
46. Carlsson, L., Li, Z. L., Paulin, D., Price, M. G., Breckler, J., Robson, R. M., Wiche, G., and Thornell, L. E. (2000). Differences in the distribution of synemin, paranemin, and plectin in skeletal muscles of wildtype and desmin knock-out mice. Histochem. Cell Biol. 114, 39-47.
47. Cartaud, A., Courvalin, J. C., Ludosky, M. A., and Cartaud, J. (1989). Presence of a protein immunologically related to lamin B in the postsynaptic membrane of Torpedo marmorata electrocyte. J. Cell Biol. 109, 1745-1752.
48. Carter, J., Gragerov, A., Konvicka, K., Elder, G., Weinstein, H., and Lazzarini, R. A. (1998). Neurofilament (NF) assembly; divergent characteristics of human and rodent NF-L subunits. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 5101-5108.
49. Carthew, R. W. (2001). Gene silencing by double-stranded RNA. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 13, 244-248.
50. Cary, R. B., and Klymkowsky, M. W. (1994a). Differential organization of desmin and vimentin in muscle is due to differences in their head domains. J. Cell Biol. 126, 445-456.
51. Cary, R. B., and Klymkowsky, M. W. (1994b). Desmin organization during the differentiation of the dorsal myotome in Xenopus laevis. Differentiation 56, 31-38.
52. Casanova, L., Bravo, A., Were, F., Ramirez, A., Jorcano, J. J., and Vidal, M. (1995). Tissue-specific and efficient expression of the human simple epithelial keratin 8 gene in transgenic mice. J. Cell Sci. 108, 811-820.
53. Casanova, M. L., Bravo, A., Ramirez, A., Morreale, D. E., Were, F., Merlino, G., Vidal, M., and Jorcano, J. L. (1999). Exocrine pancreatic disorders in transgenic mice expressing human keratin 8. J. Clin. Invest. 103, 1587-1595.
54. Cattaneo, E., Rigamonti, D., Goffredo, D., Zuccato, C., Squitieri, F., and Sipione, S. (2001). Loss of normal huntingtin function: New developments in Huntington's disease research. Trends Neurosci. 24, 182-188.
55. Caulin, C., Ware, C. F., Magin, T. M., and Oshima, R. G. (2000). Keratin-dependent, epithelial resistance to tumor necrosis factor-induced apoptosis. J. Cell Biol. 149, 17-22.
56. Celebi, J. T., Tanz, E. L., Yao, Y. J., Michael, E. J., and Peacocke, M. (1999). Mutation report: Identification of a germline mutation in keratin 17 in a family with pachyonychia congenita type 2. J. Invest. Dermatol. 113, 848-850.
57. Chan, Y., Anton, L. I., Yu, Q. C., Jackel, A., Zabel, B., Ernst, J. P., and Fuchs, E. (1994). A human keratin 14 "knockout": the absence of K14 leads to severe epidermolysis bullosa simplex and a function for an intermediate filament protein. Genes Dev. 8, 2574-2587.
58. Cheng, J., Syder, A. J., Yu, Q. C., Letai, A., Paller, A. S., and Fuchs, E. (1992). The genetic basis of epidermolytic hyperkeratosis: a disorder of differentiation-specific epidermal keratin genes. Cell 70, 811-819.
59. Ching, G. Y., and Liem, R. K. (1993). Assembly of type IV neuronal intermediate filaments in nonneuronal cells in the absence of preexisting cytoplasmic intermediate filaments. J. Cell Biol. 122, 1323-1335.
60. Chipev, C. C., Korge, B. P., Markova, N., Bale, S. J., Digiovanna, J. J., Compton, J. G., and Steinert, P. M. (1992). A leucine → proline mutation in the H1 subdomain of keratin 1 causes epidermolytic hyperkeratosis. Cell 70, 821-828.
61. Chu, Y. W., Runyan, R. B., Oshima, R. G., and Hendrix, M. J. (1993). Expression of complete keratin filaments in mouse L cells augments cell migration and invasion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 4261-4265.
62. Chu, Y. W., Seftor, E. A., Romer, L. H., and Hendrix, M. J. (1996). Experimental coexpression of vimentin and keratin intermediate filaments in human melanoma cells augments motility. Am. J. Pathol, 148, 63-69.
63. Cleveland, D. W. (1999). From Charcot to SOD1: Mechanisms of selective motor neuron death in ALS. Neuron 24, 515-520.
64. Cleveland, D. W., Bruijn, L. I., Wong, P. C., Marszalek, J. R., Vechio, J. D., Lee, M. K., Xu, X. S., Borchelt, D. R., Sisodia, S. S., and Price, D. L. (1996). Mechanisms of selective motor neuron death in transgenic mouse models of motor neuron disease. Neurology 47, S54-S61.
65. Clubb, B. H., Chou, Y.-H., Herrmann, H., Svitkina, T. M., Borisy, G. G., and Goldman, R. D. (2000). The 300-kDa intermediate filament-associated protein (IFAP300) is a hamster plectin ortholog. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 273, 183-187.
66. Cohen, M., Lee, K. K., Wilson, K. L., and Gruenbaum, Y. (2001). Transcriptional repression, apoptosis, human disease and the functional evolution of the nuclear lamina. Trends Biochem. Sci. 26, 41-47.
67. Cohlberg, J. A., Hajarian, H., Tran, T., Alipourjeddi, P., and Noveen, A. (1995). Neurofilament protein heterotetramers as assembly intermediates. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 9334-9339.
68. Collin, C., Ouhayoun, J. P., Grund, C., and Franke, W. W. (1992a). Suprabasal marker proteins distinguishing keratinizing squamous epithelia: Cytokeratin 2 polypeptides of oral masticatory epithelium and epidermis are different. Differentiation 51, 137-148.
69. Collin, C., Moll, R., Kubicka, S., Ouhayoun, J. P., and Franke, W. W. (1992b). Characterization of human cytokeratin 2, an epidermal cytoskeletal protein synthesized late during differentiation. Exp. Cell Res. 202, 132-141.
70. Colucci-Guyon, E., Portier, M. M., Dunia, I., Paulin, D., Pournin, S., and Babinet, C. (1994). Mice lacking vimentin develop and reproduce without an obvious phenotype. Cell 79, 679-694.
71. Colucci-Guyon, E., Gimenez, Y. R., Maurice, T., Babinet, C., and Privat, A. (1998). Cerebellar defect and impaired motor coordination in mice lacking vimentin. Glia 25, 33-43.
72. Conway, J. F., and Parry, D. A. D. (1988). Intermediate filament structure: 3. Analysis of sequence homologies. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 10, 79-88.
73. Corden, L. D., and McLean, W. H. (1996). Human keratin diseases: hereditary fragility of specific epithelial tissues. Exp. Dermatol. 5, 297-307.
74. Corden, L. D., Mellerio, J. E., Gratian, M. J., Eady, R. A., Harper, J. I., Lacour, M., Magee, G., Lane, E. B., McGrath, J. A., and McLean, W. H. (1998). Homozygous nonsense mutation in helix 2 of K14 causes severe recessive epidermolysis bullosa simplex. Hum. Mutat. 11, 279-285.
75. Cote, F., Collard, J. F., and Julien, J. P. (1993). Progressive neuronopathy in transgenic mice expressing the human neurofilament heavy gene: A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Cell 73, 35-46.
76. Couillard-Despres, S., Zhu, Q., Wong, P. C., Price, D. L., Cleveland, D. W., and Julien, J. P. (1998). Protective effect of neurofilament heavy gene overexpression in motor neuron disease induced by mutant superoxide dismutase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 9626-9630.
77. Coulombe, P. A., and Fuchs, E. (1990). Elucidating the early stages of keratin filament assembly. J. Cell Biol. 111, 153-169.
78. Coulombe, P. A., and Omary, M. B. (2002). 'Hard' and 'soft' principles defining the structure, function and regulation of keratin intermediate filaments. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 14, 110-122.
79. Covello, S. P., Smith, F. J., Sillevis Smitt, J. H., Paller, A. S., Munro, C. S., Jonkman, M. F., Uitto, J., and McLean, W. H. (1998). Keratin 17 mutations cause either steatocystoma multiplex or pachyonychia congenita type 2. Br. J. Dermatol. 139, 475-480.
80. Crick, F. H. C. (1953). The packing of a helices: Simple coiled-coils. Acta Crystallogr. 6, 689-697.
81. d'Albis, A., Couteaux, R., Janmot, C., Roulet, A., and Mira, J. C. (1988). Regeneration after cardiotoxin injury of innervated and denervated slow and fast muscles of mammals. Myosin isoform analysis. Eur. J. Biochem. 174, 103-110.
82. Dalpe, G., Mathieu, M., Comtois, A., Zhu, E., Wasiak, S., De Repentigny, Y., Leclerc, N., and Kothary, R. (1999). Dystonin-deficient mice exhibit an intrinsic muscle weakness and an instability of skeletal muscle cytoarchitecture. Dev. Biol. 210, 367-380.
83. De Jonghe, P., Mersivanova, I., Nelis, E. J., Del Favero, J., Martin, J. J., Van Broeckhoven, C., Evgrafov, O., and Timmerman, V. (2001). Further evidence that neurofilament light chain gene mutations can cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2E. Ann. Neurol. 49, 245-249.
84. Denk, H., Franke, W. W., Eckerstorfer, R, Schmid, E., and Kerjaschki, D. (1979). Formation and involution of Mallory bodies ("alcoholic hyalin") in murine and human liver revealed by immunofluorescence microscopy with antibodies to prekeratin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76, 4112-4116.
85. Dhe-Paganon S., Werner E. D., and Chi Y. I., Shoelson S. E. (2002). Structure of the globular tail of nuclear lamin. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 17381-17384.
86. Doring, V., and Stick, R. (1990). Gene structure of nuclear lamin LIII of Xenopus laevis; a model for the evolution of IF proteins from a lamin-like ancestor. EMBO J. 9, 4073-4081.
87. Dul, J. L., Davis, D. P., Williamson, E. K., Stevens, F. J., and Argon, Y. (2001). Hsp70 and antifibrillogenic peptides promote degradation and inhibit intracellular aggregation of amyloidogenic light chains. J. Cell Biol. 152, 705-716.
88. Dworetzky, S. I., Lanford, R. E., and Feldherr, C. M. (1988). The effects of variations in the number and sequence of targeting signals on nuclear uptake. J. Cell Biol. 107, 1279-1287.
89. Eckelt, A, Herrmann, H., and Franke, W. W. (1992). Assembly of a tail-less mutant of the intermediate filament protein, vimentin, in vitro and in vivo. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 58, 319-330.
90. Eckes, B., Colucci-Guyon, E., Smola, H., Nodder, S., Babinet, C., Krieg, T., and Martin, P. (2000). Impaired wound healing in embryonic and adult mice lacking vimentin. J. Cell Sci. 113, 2455-2462.
91. Eckes, B., Dogic, D., Colucci-Guyon, E., Wang, N., Maniotis, A., Ingber, D., Merckling, A., Langa, F., Aumailley, M., Delouvee, A., Koteliansky, V., Babinet, C., and Krieg, T. (1998). Impaired mechanical stability, migration and contractile capacity in vimentin-deficient fibroblasts. J. Cell Sci. 111, 1897-1907.
92. Eger, A., Stockinger, A., Wiche, G., and Foisner, R. (1997). Polarisation-dependent association of plectin with desmoplakin and the lateral submembrane skeleton in MDCK cells. J. Cell Sci. 110, 1307-1316.
93. Elbashir, S. M., Harborth, J., Lendeckel, W., Yalcin, A., Weber, K., and Tuschl, T. (2001). Duplexes of 21-nucleotide RNAs mediate RNA interference in cultured cells. Nature 411, 494-498.
94. Elder, G. A., Friedrich, V. L. Jr., Kang, C., Bosco, P., Gourov, A., Tu, P. H., Zhang, B., Lee, V. M., and Lazzarini, R. A. (1998a). Requirement of heavy neurofilament subunit in the development of axons with large calibers. J. Cell Biol. 143, 195-205.
95. Elder, G. A., Friedrich, V. L. Jr., Bosco, P., Kang, C., Gourov, A., Tu, P. H., Lee, V. M., and Lazzarini, R. A. (1998b). Absence of the mid-sized neurofilament subunit decreases axonal calibers, levels of light neurofilament (NF-L), and neurofilament content. J. Cell Biol. 141, 727-739.
96. Elliot, C. E., Becker, B., Oehler, S., Castanon, M. J., Hauptmann, R., and Wiche, G. (1997). Plectin transcript diversity: Identification and tissue distribution of variants with distinct first coding exons and rodless isoforms. Genomics 42, 115-125.
97. Erber, A., Riemer, D., Hofemeister, H., Bovenschulte, M., Stick, R., Panopoulou, G., Lehrach, H., and Weber, K. (1999). Characterization of the Hydra lamin and its gene: A molecular phylogeny of metazoan lamins. J. Mol. Evol. 49, 260-271.
98. Eyer, J., and Peterson, A. (1994). Neurofilament-deficient axons and perikaryal aggregates in viable transgenic mice expressing a neurofilament-beta-galactosidase fusion protein. Neuron 12, 389-405.
99. Famulok, M., and Mayer, G. (1999). Aptamers as tools in molecular biology and immunology. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 243, 123-136.
100. Fausto, N. (2000). Liver regeneration. J. Hepatol. 32, 19-31.
101. Ferrari, S., Battini, R., Kaczmarek, L., Rittling, S., Calabretta, B., de Riel, J. K., Philiponis, V., Wie, J. F., and Baserga, R. (1986). Coding sequence and growth regulation of the human vimentin gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6, 3614-3620.
102. Figlewicz, D. A., Krizus, A., Martinoli, M. G., Meininger, V., Dib, M., Rouleau, G. A., and Julien, J. P. (1994). Variants of the heavy neurofilament subunit are associated with the development of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Hum. Mol. Genet. 3, 1757-1761.
103. Fisk, H. A., and Yaffe, M. P. (1997). Mutational analysis of Mdm1p function in nuclear and mitochondrial inheritance. J. Cell Biol. 138, 485-494.
104. Foisner, R. (2001). Inner nuclear membrane proteins and the nuclear lamina. J. Cell Sci. 114, 3791-3792.
105. Foisner, R., Leichtfried, F. E., Herrmann, H., Small, J. V., Lawson, D., and Wiche, G. (1988). Cytoskeleton-associated plectin: in situ localization, in vitro reconstitution, and binding to immobilized intermediate filament proteins. J. Cell Biol. 106, 723-733.
106. Foisner, R., Malecz, N., Dressel, N., Stadler, C., and Wiche, G. (1996). M-phase-specific phosphorylation and structural rearrangement of the cytoplasmic cross-linking protein plectin involve p34cdc2 kinase. Mol. Biol. Cell 7, 273-288.
107. Franke, W. W. (1987). Nulcear lamins and cytoplasmic intermediate filament proteins: A growing multigene family. Cell 48, 3-4.
108. Franke, W. W., Zerban, H., Grund, C., and Schmid, E. (1981). Electron microscopy of vimentin filaments and associated whisker structures in thin sections and freeze-fractures. Biol. Cell 41, 173-178.
109. Franke, W. W., Grund, C., Kuhn, C., Jackson, B. W., and Illmensee, K. (1982a). Formation of cytoskeletal elements during mouse embryogenesis. III. Primary mesenchymal cells and the first appearance of vimentin filaments. Differentiation 23, 43-59.
110. Franke, W. W., Moll, R., Schiller, D. L., Schmid, E., Kartenbeck, J., and Müller, H. (1982b). Desmoplakins of epithelial and mycardial desmosomes are immunologically and biochemically related. Differentiation 23, 115-127.
111. Franke, W. W., Schiller, D. L., and Grund, C. (1982c). Protofilamentous and annular structures as intermediates during reconstitution of cytokeratin filaments in vitro. Biol. Cell 46, 257-268.
112. Franz, J. K., and Franke, W. W. (1986). Cloning of cDNA and amino acid sequence of a cytokeratin expressed in oocytes of Xenopus laevis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83, 6475-6479.
113. Frappier, T., Regnouf, F., and Pradel, L. A. (1987). Binding of brain spectrin to the 70-kDa neurofilament subunit protein. Eur. J. Biochem. 169, 651-657.
114. Fraser, A. G., Kamath, R. S., Zipperlen, P., Martinez-Campos, M., Sohrmann, M., and Ahringer, J. (2000). Functional genomic analysis of C. elegans chromosome I by systematic RNA interference. Nature 408, 325-330.
115. Freedberg, I. M., Tomic-Canic, M., Komine, M., and Blumenberg, M. (2001). Keratins and the keratinocyte activation cycle. J. Invest. Dermatol. 116, 633-640.
116. Fuchs, E. (1995). Keratins and the skin. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 11, 123-153.
117. Fuchs, E. (1996). The cytoskeleton and disease: Genetic disorders of intermediate filaments. Annu. Rev. Genet. 30, 197-231.
118. Fuchs, E., and Cleveland, D. W. (1998). A structural scaffolding of intermediate filaments in health and disease. Science 279, 514-519.
119. Fuchs, E., and Green, H. (1980). Changes in keratin gene expression during terminal differentiation of the keratinocyte. Cell 19, 1033-1042.
120. Fuchs, E., and Karakesisoglou, I. (2001). Bridging cytoskeletal intersections. Genes Dev. 15, 1-14.
121. Fuchs, E., and Weber, K. (1994). Intermediate filaments: Structure, dynamics, function, and disease. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 63, 345-382.
122. Fujimoto, W., Nakanishi, G., Hirakawa, S., Nakanishi, T., Shimo, T., Takigawa, M., and Arata, J. (1998). Pachyonychia congenita type 2: keratin 17 mutation in a Japanese case. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 38, 1007-1009.
123. Fujiwara, S., Takeo, N., Otani, Y., Parry, D. A., Kunimatsu, M., Lu, R., Sasaki, M., Matsuo, N., Khaleduzzaman, M., and Yoshioka, H. (2001). Epiplakin, a novel member of the plakin family originally identified as a 450-kDa human epidermal autoantigen. Structure and tissue localization. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 13340-13347.
124. Gallicano, G. I., Kouklis, P., Bauer, C., Yin, M., Vasioukhin, V., Degenstein, L., and Fuchs, E. (1998). Desmoplakin is required early in development for assembly of desmosomes and cytoskeletal linkage. J. Cell Biol. 143, 2009-2022.
125. Galou, M., Gao, J., Humbert, J., Mericskay, M., Li, Z., Paulin, D., and Vicart, P. (1997). The importance of intermediate filaments in the adaptation of tissues to mechanical stress: Evidence from gene knockout studies. Biol. Cell 89, 85-97.
126. Gant, T. M., and Wilson, K. L. (1997). Nuclear assembly. Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 13, 669-695.
127. Gard, A. L., White, F. P., and Dutton, G. R. (1985). Extra-neural glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity in perisinusoidal stellate cells of rat liver. J. Neuroimmunol. 8, 359-75.
128. Geerts, A., Lazou, J. M., Bleser, P. De, and Wisse, E. (1991). Tissue distribution, quantitation and proliferation kinetics of fat-storing cells in carbon tetrachloride-injured rat liver. Hepatology 13, 1193-1202.
129. Geerts, D., Fontao, L., Nievers, M. G., Schaapveld, R. Q., Purkis, P. E., Wheeler, G. N., Lane, E. B., Leigh, I. M., and Sonnenberg, A. (1999). Binding of integrin alpha6beta4 to plectin prevents plectin association with F-actin but does not interfere with intermediate filament binding. J. Cell Biol. 147, 417-434.
130. Geerts, A., Eliasson, C., Niki, T., Wielant, A., Vaeyens, F., and Pekny, M. (2001). Formation of normal desmin intermediate filaments in mouse hepatic stellate cells requires vimentin. Hepatology 33, 177-188.
131. Geisler, N., and Weber, K. (1981). Self-assembly in vitro of the 68,000 molecular weight component of the mammalian neurofilament triplet proteins into intermediate-sized filaments. J. Mol. Biol. 151, 565-571.
132. Geisler, N., and Weber, K. (1982). The amino acid sequence of chicken muscle desmin provides a common structural model for intermediate filament proteins. EMBO J. 1, 1649-1656.
133. Geisler, N., Heimburg, T, Schünemann, J., and Weber, K. (1993). Peptides from the conserved ends of the rod domain of desmin disassemble intermediate filaments and reveal unexpected structural features: A circular dichroism Fourier transform infrared, and electron microscopic study. J. Struct. Biol. 110, 205-214.
134. Geisler, N., Schünemann, J., Weber, K., Häner, M., and Aebi, U. (1998). Assembly and architecture of invetebrate cytoplasmic intermediate filaments reconcile features of vertebrate cytoplasmic and nuclear lamin-type intermediate filaments. J. Mol. Biol. 282, 601-617.
135. Georgatos, S. D., and Blobel, G. (1987a). Lamin B constitutes an intermediate filament attachment site at the nuclear envelope. J. Cell Biol. 105, 117-125.
136. Georgatos, S. D., and Blobel, G. (1987b). Two distinct attachment sites for vimentin along the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope in avian erythrocytes: A basis for a vectorial assembly of intermediate filaments, J. Cell Biol. 105, 105-115.
137. Georgatos, S. D., Weber, K., Geisler, N., and Blobel, G. (1987). Binding of two desmin derivatives to the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope of avian erythrocytes: Evidence for a conserved site-specificity in intermediate filament-membrane interactions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84, 6780-6784.
138. Gerhart, J., and Kirschner, M. (1997). "Cells, Embryology and Evolution. Toward a Cellular and Developmental Understanding of Phentoypic Variation and Evolutionary Adaptability." Blackwell Science, London.
139. Gilbert, S., Loranger, A., Daigle, N., and Marceau, N. (2001). Simple epithelium keratins 8 and 18 provide resistance to Fas-mediated apoptosis. The protection occurs through a receptor-targeting modulation. J. Cell Biol. 154, 763-773.
140. Gill, S. R., Wong, P. C., Monteiro, M. J., and Cleveland, D. W. (1990). Assembly properties of dominant and recessive mutations in the small mouse neurofilament (NF-L) subunit. J. Cell Biol. 111, 2005-2019.
141. Goldman, J. E., Yen, S. H., Chiu, F. C., and Peress, N. S. (1983). Lewy bodies of Parkinson's disease contain neurofilament antigens. Science 221, 1082-1084.
142. Goldman, R. D., Khoun, S., Chou, Y.-H., Opal, R., and Steinert, P. M. (1996). The function of intermediate filaments in cell shape and cytoskeletal integrity. J. Cell Biol. 134, 971-983.
143. Goldman, R. D., Gruenbaum, Y., Moir, R. D., Shumaker, D. K., and Spann, T. P. (2002). Nuclear lamins: Building blocks of nuclear architecture. Genes Dev. 16, 533-547.
144. Gomi, H., Yokoyama, T., Fujimoto, K., Ikeda, T., Katoh, A., Itoh, T., and Itohara, S. (1995). Mice devoid of the glial fibrillary acidic protein develop normally and are susceptible to scrapie prions. Neuron 14, 29-41.
145. Grant, S. G., and Husi, H. (2001). Proteomics of multiprotein complexes: Answering fundamental questions in neuroscience. Trends Biotechnol. 19, S49-S54.
146. Green, K. J., Stappenbeck, T. S., Parry, D. A., and Virata, M. L. (1992). Structure of desmoplakin and its association with intermediate filaments. J. Dermatol. 19, 765-769.
147. Gregory, S. L., and Brown, N. H. (1998). Kakapo, a gene required for adhesion between and within cell layers in Drosophila, encodes a large cytoskeletal linker protein related to plectin and dystrophin. J. Cell Biol. 143, 1271-1282.
148. Guo, L., Degenstein, L., Dowling, J., Yu, Q. C., Wollmann, R., Perman, B., and Fuchs, E. (1995). Gene targeting of BPAG1: Abnormalities in mechanical strength and cell migration in stratified epithelia and neurologic degeneration. Cell 81, 233-243.
149. Harborth, J., Elbashir, S. M., Bechert, K., Tuschl, T., and Weber, K. (2001). Identification of essential genes in cultured mammalian cells using small interfering RNAs. J. Cell Sci. 114, 4557-4565.
150. Hatzfeld, M., and Burba, M. (1994). Function of type I and type II keratin head domains: Their role in dimer, tetramer and filament formation. J. Cell Sci. 107, 1959-1972.
151. Hatzfeld, M., and Franke, W. W. (1985). Pair formation and promiscuity of cytokeratins: Formation in vitro of heterotypic complexes and intermediate-sized filaments by homologous and heterologous recombinations of purified polypeptides. J. Cell Biol. 101, 1826-1841.
152. Hatzfeld, M., and Weber, K. (1990). Tailless keratins assemble into regular intermediate filaments in vitro. J. Cell Sci. 97, 317-324.
153. Hatzfeld, M., and Weber, K. (1992). A synthetic peptide representing the consensus sequence motif at the carboxy-terminal end of the rod domain inhibits intermediate filament assembly and disassembles preformed filaments. J. Cell Biol. 116, 157-166.
154. Henrion, D., Terzi, F., Matrougui, K., Duriez, M., Boulanger, C. M., Colucci-Guyon, E., Babinet, C., Briand, P., Friedlander, G., Poitevin, P., and Levy, B. I. (1997). Impaired flow-induced dilation in mesenteric resistance arteries from mice lacking vimentin. J. Clin. Invest. 100, 2909-2914.
155. Herrmann, H., and Aebi, U. (1998a). Structure, assembly and dynamics of intermediate filaments. In "Intermediate Filaments: Subcellular Biochemistry" (H. Herrmann and J. R. Harris, Eds.), Vol. 13, pp. 319-362. Plenum New York.
156. Herrmann, H., and Aebi, U. (1998b). Intermediate filament assembly: Fibrillogenesis is driven by decisive dimer-dimer interactions. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 8, 177-185.
157. Herrmann, H., and Aebi, U. (1999a). Intermediate filament assembly: Temperature sensitivity and polymorphism. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 55, 1416-1431.
158. Herrmann, H., and Aebi, U. (1999b). Neurofilament triplet proteins. In" Guidebook to the Cytoskeletal and Motor Proteins" (T. Kreis and R. Vale, Eds.), pp. 313-317. Sambrook & Tooze Publishing Partnership, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
159. Herrmann, H., and Aebi, U. (2000). Intermediate filaments and their associates: Multi-talented structural elements specifying cytoarchitecture and cytodynamics. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 12, 79-90.
160. Herrmann, H., and Harris, J. R. (1998). "Intermediate Filaments. Subcellular Biochemistry," Vol. 31. Plenum Press, New York and London.
161. Herrmann, H., and Lichter, P. (1999). New ways to look at the interchromosomal-domain compartment. Protoplasma 209, 157-165.
162. Herrmann, H., and Wiche, G. (1983). Specific in situ phosphorylation of plectin in detergent-resistant cytoskeletons from cultured chinese hamster ovary cells. J. Biol. Chem. 258, 14610-14618.
163. Herrmann, H., and Wiche, G. (1987). Plectin and IFAP-300K are homologous proteins binding to microtubule-associated proteins 1 and 2 and to the 240-kilodalton subunit of spectrin. J. Biol. Chem. 262, 1320-1325.
164. Herrmann, H., Fouquet, B., and Franke, W. W. (1989). Expression of intermediate filament proteins during development of Xenopus laevis I. cDNA clones encoding different forms of vimentin. Development 105, 279-298.
165. Herrmann, H., Hofmann, I., and Franke, W. W. (1992). Identification of a nonapeptide motif in the vimentin head domain involved in intermediate filament assembly. J. Mol. Biol. 223, 637-650.
166. Herrmann, H., Eckelt, A., Brettel, M., Grund, C., and Franke, W. W. (1993). Temperature-sensitive intermediate filament assembly: Alternative structures of Xenopus laevis vimentin in vitro and in vivo. J. Mol. Biol. 234, 99-113.
167. Herrmann, H., Häner, M., Bretel, M., Müller, S. A., Goldie, K. N., Fedtke, B., Franke, W. W., and Aebi, U. (1996). Structure and assembly properties of the intermediate filament protein vimentin: The role of its head, rod and tail domains. J. Mol. Biol. 264, 933-953.
168. Herrmann, H., Häner, M., Bretel, M., Ku, N.-U., and Aebi, U. (1999). Characterization of distinct early assembly units of different intermediate filament proteins. J. Mol. Biol. 286, 1403-1420.
169. Herrmann, H., Strelkov, S. V., Feja, B., Rogers, K. R., Brettel, M., Lustig, A., Häner, M., Parry, D. A. D., Steinert, P. M., Burkhard, P., and Aebi, U. (2000). The intermediate filament protein consensus motif of helix 2B: Its atomic structure and contribution to assembly. J. Mol. Biol. 298, 817-832.
170. Herrmann, H., Wedig, T., Porter, R. M., Lane, E. B., and Aebi, U. (2002). Characterization of early assembly intermediates of recombinant human keratins. J. Struct. Biol. 137, 82-96.
171. Hirano, A. (1991). Cytopathology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Adv. Neurol. 56, 91-101.
172. Hesse, M., Franz, T., Tamai, Y., Taketo, M. M., and Magin, T. M. (2000). Targeted deletion of keratins 18 and 19 leads to trophoblast fragility and early embryonic lethality. EMBO J. 19, 5060-5070.
173. Hesse, M., Magin, T. M., and Weber, K. (2001). Genes for intermediate filament proteins and the draft sequence of the human genome: Novel keratin genes and a surprisingly high number of pseudogenes related to keratin genes 8 and 18. J. Cell Sci. 114, 2569-2575.
174. Hijikata, T., Murakami, T., Imamura, M., Fujimaki, N., and Ishikawa, H. (1999). Plectin is a linker of intermediate filaments to Z-discs in skeletal muscle fibers. J. Cell Sci. 112, 867-876.
175. Hirano, A. (1991). Cytopathology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Adv. Neurol. 56, 91-101.
176. Hirokawa, N., and Takeda, S. (1998). Gene targeting studies begin to reveal the function of neurofilament proteins. J. Cell Biol. 143, 1-4.
177. Hofemeister, H., Weber, K., and Stick, R. (2000). Association of prenylated proteins with the plasma membrane and the inner nuclear membrane is mediated by the same membrane-targeting motifs. Mol. Biol. Cell 11, 3233-3246.
178. Hofmann, I., and Herrmann, H. (1992). Interference of in vitro vimentin assembly by synthetic peptides derived from the vimentin head domain. J. Cell Sci. 101, 687-700.
179. Hofmann, I., Mertens, C., Brettel, M., Nimmrich, V., Schnölzer, M., and Herrmann, H. (2000). Interaction of plakophilins with desmoplakin and intermediate filament proteins: An in vitro analysis. J. Cell Sci. 113, 2471-2483.
180. Höger, T. H., Grund, C., Franke, W. W., and Krohne, G. (1991). Immunolocalization of lamins in the thick nuclear lamina of human synovial cells. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 54, 150-156.
181. Hovnanian, A., Pollack, E., Hilal, L., Rochat, A., Prost, C., Barrandon, Y., and Goossens, M. (1993). A missense mutation in the rod domain of keratin 14 associated with recessive epidermolysis bullosa simplex. Nat. Genet. 3, 327-332.
182. Huiatt, T. W., Robson, R. M., Arakawa, N., and Stomer, M. H. (1980). Desmin from avian smooth muscle. J. Biol. Chem. 255, 6981-6989.
183. Hume, W. J., and Potten, C. S. (1976). The ordered columnar structure of mouse filiform papillae. J. Cell Sci. 22, 149-160.
184. Hut, P. H., Vlies, P. M., Jonkman, F., Verlind, E., Shimizu, H., Buys, C. H., and Scheffer, H. (2000). Exempting homologous pseudogene sequences from polymerase chain reaction amplification allows genomic keratin 14 hotspot mutation analysis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 114, 616-619.
185. Hutchison, C. J., Alvarez-Reyes, M., and Vaughan, O. A. (2001). Lamins in disease: Why do ubiquitously expressed nuclear envelope proteins give rise to tissue-specific disease phenotypes? J. Cell Sci. 114, 9-19.
186. Hutton, E., Paladini, R. D., Yu, Q. C., Yen, M., Coulombe, P. A., and Fuchs, E. (1998). Functional differences between keratins of stratified and simple epithelia. J. Cell Biol. 143, 487-499.
187. Ikeda, A, Zheng, Q. Yin, Zuberi, A. R., Johnson, K. R., Naggert, J. K., and Nishina, P. M. (2002). Microtubule-associated protein 1A is a modifier of tubby hearing (moth). Nat. Genet. 30, 401-405.
188. Inada, H., Izawa, I., Nishizawa, M., Fujita, E., Kiyono, T., Takahashi, T., Momoi, T., and Inagaki, M. (2001). Keratin attenuates tumor necrosis factor-induced cytotoxicity through association with TRADD. J. Cell Biol. 155, 415-426.
189. Inagaki, M., Matsuoka, Y., Tsujimura, K., Ando, S., Tokui, T., Takahasi, T., and Inagaki, N. (1996). Dynamic property of intermediate filaments: Regulation by phosphorylation. Bioessays 18, 481-487.
190. International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium. (2001). Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature 409, 860-921.
191. Ip, W., Hartzer, M. K., Pang, Y.-Y. S., and Robson, R. M. (1985). Assembly of vimentin in vitro and its implications concerning the structure of intermediate filaments. J. Mol. Biol. 183, 365-375.
192. Irvine, A. D., and McLean, W. H. (1999). Human keratin diseases: The increasing spectrum of disease and subtlety of the phenotype-genotype correlation. Br. J. Dermatol. 140, 815-828.
193. Ishikawa, H., Bischoff, R., and Holtzer, H. (1968). Mitosis and intermediate-sized filaments in developing skeletal muscle. J. Cell Biol. 38, 538-555.
194. Jackson, B. W., Grund, C., Schmid, E., Burki, K., Franke, W. W., and Illmensee, K. (1980). Formation of cytoskeletal elements during mouse embryogenesis. Intermediate filaments of the cytokeratin type and desmosomes in preimplantation embryos. Differentiation 17, 161-179.
195. Jackson, B. W., Grund, C., Winter, S., Franke, W. W., and Illmensee, K. (1981). Formation of cytoskeletal elements during mouse embryogenesis. II. Epithelial differentiation and intermediate-sized filaments in early postimplantation embryos. Differentiation 20, 203-216.
196. Jacomy, H., Zhu, Q., Couillard-Despres, S., Beaulieu, J. M., and Julien, J. P. (1999). Disruption of type IV intermediate filament network in mice lacking the neurofilament medium and heavy subunits. J. Neurochem. 73, 972-984.
197. Jonkman, M. F., Heeres, K., Pas, H. H., van Luyn, M. J., Elema, J. D., Corden, L. D., Smith, F. J., McLean,W. H., Ramaekers,F. C., Burton, M., and Scheffer, H. (1996). Effects of keratin 14 ablation on the clinical and cellular phenotype in a kindred with recessive epidermolysis bullosa simplex. J. Invest. Dermatol. 107, 764-769.
198. Julien, J. P. (1999). Neurofilament functions in health and disease. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 9, 554-560.
199. Julien, J. P. (2001). Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Unfolding the toxicity of the misfolded. Cell 104, 581-591.
200. Julien, J. P., Meyer, D., Flavell, D., Hurst, J., and Grosveld, F. (1986). Cloning and developmental expression of the murine neurofilament gene family. Brain Res. 387, 243-250.
201. Kalinin, A., Marekov, L. N., and Steinert, P. M. (2001). Assembly of the epidermal cornified cell envelope. J. Cell Sci. 114, 3069-3070.
202. Karabinos, A., Schmidt, H., Harborth, J., Schnabel, R., and Weber, K. (2001). Essential roles for four cytoplasmic intermediate filament proteins in Caenorhabditis elegans development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 7863-7868.
203. Kartenbeck, J., Schwechheimer, K., Moll, R., and Franke, W. W. (1983). Specific attachment of desmin filaments to desmosomal plaques in cardiac myocytes. EMBO J. 2, 735-742.
204. Kartenbeck, J., Schwechheimer, K., Moll, R., and Franke, W. W. (1984). Attachment of vimentin filaments to desmosomal plaques in human meningiomal cells and arachnoidal tissue. J. Cell Biol. 98, 1072-1081.
205. Kaufman, S. J., and Foster, R. F. (1988). Replicating myoblasts express a muscle-specific phenotype. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85, 9606-9610.
206. Kay, L., Li, Z., Mericskay, M., Olivares, J., Tranqui, L., Fontaine, E., Tiivel, T., Sikk, P., Kaambre, T., Samuel, J. L., Rappaport, L., Usson, Y., Leverve, X., Paulin, D., and Saks, V. A. (1997). Study of regulation of mitochondrial respiration in vivo. An analysis of influence of ADP diffusion and possible role of cytoskeleton. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1322, 41-59.
207. Kirfel, J., Grund, C., Reifenberg, K., and Magin, T. M. (2002). Expression of desmin in the basal epidermis of transgenic mice: A therapy for keratin deficiency syndromes? Differentiation 70, 56-68.
208. Klapper, M., Exner, K., Kempf, A., Gehrig, C., Stuurman, N., Fisher, P. A., and Krohne, G. (1997). Assembly of A- and B-type lamins studied in vivo with the baculovirus system. J. Cell Sci. 110, 2519-2532.
209. Kofron, M., Spagnuolo, A., Klymkowsky, M., Wylie, C., and Heasman, J. (1997). The roles of maternal alpha-catenin and plakoglobin in the early Xenopus embryo. Development 124, 1553-1560.
210. Kopito, R. R., and Sitia, R. (2000). Aggresomes and Russell bodies. Symptoms of cellular indigestion? EMBO Rep. 11, 225-231.
211. Kordeli, E., Cartaud, J., Nghiem, H. O., Pradel, L. A., Dubreuil, C., Paulin, D., and Changeux, J. P. (1986). Evidence for a polarity in the distribution of proteins from the cytoskeleton in Torpedo marmorata electrocytes. J. Cell Biol. 102, 748-761.
212. Kordeli, E., Ludosky, M. A., Deprette, C., Frappier, T., and Cartaud, J. (1998). AnkyrinG is associated with the postsynaptic membrane and the sarcoplasmic reticulum in the skeletal muscle fiber. J. Cell Sci. 111, 2197-2207.
213. Korge, B. P., Gan, S. Q., McBride, O. W., Mischke, D., and Steinert, P. M. (1992). Extensive size polymorphism of the human keratin 10 chain resides in the C-terminal V2 subdomain due to variable numbers and sizes of glycine loops. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 910-914.
214. 6). Eur J. Cell Biol. 38, 149-156.
215. Kouklis, P. D., Hatzfeld, M., Brunkener, M., Weber, K., and Georgatos, S. D. (1993). In vitro assembly properties of vimentin mutagenized at the beta-site tail motif. J. Cell Sci. 106, 919-928.
216. Kouklis, P. D., Hutton, E., and Fuchs, E. (1994). Making a connection: direct binding between keratin intermediate filaments and desmosomal proteins. J. Cell Biol. 127, 1049-1060.
217. Kowalczyk, A. P., Bornslaeger, E. A., Norvell, S. M., Palka, H. L., and Green, K. J. (1999). Desmosomes: Intercellular adhesive junctions specialized for attachment of intermediate filaments. Int. Rev. Cytol. 185, 237-302.
218. Kreis, T., Geiger, B., Schmid, E., Jorcano, J. L., and Franke, W. W. (1983). De novo synthesis and specific assembly of keratin filaments in nonepithelial cells after microinjection of mRNA for epidermal keratin. Cell 32, 1125-1137.
219. Ku, N. O., Michie, S., Oshima, R. G., and Omary, M. B. (1995). Chronic hepatitis, hepatocyte fragility, and increased soluble phosphoglycokeratins in transgenic mice expressing a keratin 18 conserved arginnie mutant. J. Cell Biol. 131, 1303-1314.
220. Ku, N. O., Wright, T. L., Terrault, N. A., Gish, R., and Omary, M. B. (1997). Mutation of human keratin 18 in association with cryptogenic cirrhosis. J. Clin. Invest. 99, 19-23.
221. Ku, N. O., Liao, J., and Omary, M. B. (1998a). Phosphorylation of human keratin 18 serine 33 regulates binding to 14-3-3 proteins. EMBO J. 17, 1892-1906.
222. Ku, N. O., Michie, S. A., Soetikno, R. M., Resurreccion, E. Z., Broome, R. L., and Omary, M. B. (1998b). Mutation of a major keratin phosphorylation site predisposes to hepatotoxic injury in transgenic mice. J. Cell Biol. 143, 2023-2032.
223. Ku, N. O., Zhou, X., Toivola, D. M., and Omary, M. B. (1999). The cytoskeleton of digestive epithelia in health and disease. Am. J Physiol. 277, G1108-G1137.
224. Ku, N. O., Gish, R., Wright, T. L., and Omary, M. B. (2001). Keratin 8 mutations in patients with cryptogenic liver disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 344, 1580-1587.
225. Kulesh, D. A., and Oshima, R. G. (1988). Cloning of the human keratin 18 gene and its expression in nonepithelial mouse cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8, 1540-1550.
226. Kupriyanov, S., and Baribault, H. (1998). Genetic control of extraembryonic cell lineages studied with tetraploid-diploid chimeric concepti. Biochem. Cell Biol. 76, 1017-1027.
227. Lacour, J. P., Dubois, D., Pisani, A., and Ortonne, J. P. (1991). Anatomical mapping of Merkel cells in normal human adult epidermis. Br J. Dermatol. 125, 535-542.
228. Lampe, P. D., Nguyen, B. P., Gil, S., Usui, M., Olerud, J., Takada, Y., and Carter, W. G. (1998). Cellular interaction of integrin alpha3beta1 with laminin 5 promotes gap junctional communication. J. Cell Biol. 143, 1735-1747.
229. Lane, E. B., Hogan, B. L., Kurkinen, M., and Garrels, J. I. (1983). Co-expression of vimentin and cytokeratins in parietal endoderm cells of early mouse embryo. Nature 303, 701-704.
230. Lane, E. B., Rugg, E. L., Navsaria, H. I., Leigh, M., Heagerty, A. H., Ishida, Y. A., and Eady, R. A. (1992). A mutation in the conserved helix termination peptide of keratin 5 in hereditary skin blistering. Nature 356, 244-246.
231. Langbein, L., Rogers, M. A., Winter, H., Praetzel, S., Beckhaus, U., Rackwitz, H. R., and Schweizer, J. (1999). The catalog of human hair keratins. I. Expression of the nine type I members in the hair follicle. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 19874-19884.
232. Langbein, L., Rogers, M. A., Winter, H., Praetzel, S., and Schweizer, J. (2001). The catalog of human hair keratins. II. Expression of the six type II members in the hair follicle and the combined catalog of human type I and II keratins. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 35123-35132.
233. Langley, R. C., Jr., and Cohen, C. M. (1986). Association of spectrin with desmin intermediate filaments. J. Cell. Biochem. 30, 101-109.
234. Langley, R. C., Jr., and Cohen, C. M. (1987). Cell type-specific association between two types of spectrin and two types of intermediate filaments. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 8, 165-173.
235. Lazarides, E. (1980). Intermediate filaments as mechanical integrators of cellular space. Nature 293, 249-256.
236. Lazarides, E. (1982). Intermediate filaments: A chemically heterogeneous, developmentally regulated class of proteins. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 51, 219-250.
237. Lazarides, E., and Hubbard, B. D. (1976). Immunological characterization of the subunit of the 100 A filaments from muscle cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73, 4344-4348.
238. Lee, M. K., and Cleveland, D. W. (1996). Neuronal intermediate filaments. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 19, 187-217.
239. Lee, M. K., Xu, Z., Wong, P. C., and Cleveland, D. W. (1993). Neurofilaments are obligate heteropolymers in vivo. J. Cell Biol. 122, 1337-1350.
240. Lee, M. K., Marszalek, J. R., and Cleveland, D. W. (1994). A mutant neurofilament subunit causes massive, selective motor neuron death: Implications for the pathogenesis of human motor neuron disease. Neuron 13, 975-988.
241. Lee, V. M., Otvos, L., Jr., Schmidt, M. L., and Trojanowski, J. Q. (1988). Alzheimer disease tangles share immunological similarities with multiphosphorylation repeats in the two large neurofilament proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85, 7384-7388.
242. Lenz-Bohme, B., Wismar, J., Fuchs, S., Reifegerste, R., Buchner, E., Betz, H., and Schmitt, B. (1997). Insertional mutation of the Drosophila nuclear lamin Dmo gene results in defective nuclear envelopes, clustering of nuclear pore cpmplexes, and accumulation of annulate lamellae. J. Cell Biol. 137, 1001-1016.
243. Leube, R. E., Bader, B. L., Bosch, F. X., Zimbelmann, R., Achtstaetter, T., and Franke, W. W. (1988). Molecular characterization and expression of the stratification-related cytokeratins 4 and 15. J. Cell Biol. 106, 1249-1261.
244. Leung, C. L., Liem, R. K. H., Parry, D. A. D., and Green, K. A. (2001). The plakin family. J. Cell Sci. 114, 3409-3410.
245. Li, D., Tapscoft, T., Gonzalez, O., Burch, P. E., Quinones, M. A., Zoghbi, W. A., Hill, R., Bachinski, L. L., Mann, D. L., and Roberts, R. (1999). Desmin mutation responsible for idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation 100, 461-464.
246. Li, Z., Colucci, G. E., Pincon, R. M., Mericskay, M., Pournin, S., Paulin, D., and Babinet, C. (1996). Cardiovascular lesions and skeletal myopathy in mice lacking desmin. Dev. Biol. 175, 362-366.
247. Liedtke, W., Edelmann, W., Bieri, P. L., Chiu, N. J., Cowan, F. C., Kucherlapati, R., and Raine, C. S. (1996). GFAP is necessary for the integrity of CNS white matter architecture and long-term maintenance of myelination. Neuron 17, 607-615.
248. Lieska, N., Yang, H. Y., and Goldman, R. D. (1985). Purification of the 300K intermediate filament-associated protein and its in vitro recombination with intermediate filaments. J. Cell Biol. 101, 802-813.
249. Liu, J., Ben Shahar, T. R., Riemer, D., Treinin, M., Spann, P., Weber, K., Fire, A., and Gruenbaum, Y. (2000). Essential roles for Caenorhabditis elegans lamin gene in nuclear organization, cell cycle progression, and spatial organization of nuclear pore complexes. Mol. Biol. Cell 11, 3937-3947.
250. Livingston, R. J., Sybert, V. P., Smith, L. T., Dale, B. A., Presland, R. B., and Stephens, K. (2001). Expression of a truncated keratin 5 may contribute to severe palmar-plantar hyperkeratosis in epidermolysis bullosa simplex patients. J. Invest. Dermatol. 116, 970-974.
251. Lloyd, C., Yu, Q. C., Cheng, J., Turksen, K., Degenstein, L., Hutton, E., and Fuchs, E. (1995). The basal keratin network of stratified squamous epithelia: Defining K15 function in the absence of K14. J. Cell Biol. 129, 1329-1344.
252. Loranger, A., Duclos, S., Grenier, A., Price, J., Wilson, H. M., Baribault, H., and Marceau, N. (1997). Simple epithelium keratins are required for maintenance of hepatocyte integrity. Am. J. Pathol. 151, 1673-1683.
253. Lotsch, D. (2000). Untersuchungen zur Filamentbildung von rekombinantem humanem Lamin B1. Diploma thesis, University of Heidelberg.
254. Machesney, M., Tidman, N., Waseem, A., Kirby, L., and Leigh, I. (1998). Activated keratinocytes in the epidermis of hypertrophic scars. Am. J. Pathol. 152, 1133-1141.
255. Mack, J. W., Steven, A. C., and Steinert, P. M. (1993). The mechanism of interaction of filaggrin with intermediate filaments. The ionic zipper hypothesis. J. Mol. Biol. 232, 50-66.
256. Magin, T. M., Bader, B., Freudenmann, M., and Franke, W. W. (1990). De novo formation of cytokeratin filaments in calf lens cells and cytoplasts after transfection with cDNAs or microinjection with mRNAs encoding human cytokeratins. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 53, 333-348.
257. Magin, T. M., Schroder, R., Leitgeb, S., Wanninger, F., Zatloukal, K., Grund, C., and Melton, D. W. (1998). Lessons from keratin 18 knockout mice: Formation of novel keratin filaments, secondary loss of keratin 7 and accumulation of liver-specific keratin 8-positive aggregates. J. Cell Biol. 140, 1441-1451.
258. Magin, T. M., Kaiser, H. W., Leitgeb, S., Grund, C., Leigh, I. M., Morely, S. M., and Lane, E. B. (2000a). Supplementation of a mutant keratin by stable expression of desmin in cultured human EBS keratinocytes. J. Cell Sci. 113, 4231-4239.
259. Magin, T. M., Hesse, M., and Schroder, R. (2000b). Novel insights into intermediate filament function from studies of transgenic and knockout mice. Protoplasma 211, 140-150.
260. Magro, C. M., Baden, L. A., Crowson, A. N., Bowden, P. E., and Baden, H. P. (1997). A novel nonepidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma: A clinical and histopathologic study of six cases. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 37, 27-33.
261. Makino, T., Takaishi, M., Morohashi, M., and Huh, N. H. (2001). Homerin, a novel profilaggrin-like protein and differentiation-specific marker isolated from mouse skin. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 47445-47452.
262. Martys, J. L., Ho, C. L., Liem, R. K., and Gundersen, G. G. (1999). Intermediate filaments in motion: Observations of intermediate filaments in cells using green fluorescent protein-vimentin. Mol. Biol. Cell 10, 1289-1295.
263. Marx, A., Pless, J., Mandelkow, E.-M., and Mandelkow, E. (2000). On the rigidity of the cytoskeleton: Are MAPs crosslinkers or spacers of microtubules? Cell. Mol. Biol. 46, 949-965.
264. McCall, M. A., Gregg, R. G., Behringer, R. R., Brenner, M., Delaney, C. L., Galbreath, E. J., Zhang, C. L., Pearce, R. A., Chiu, S. Y., and Messing, A. (1996). Targeted deletion in astrocyte intermediate filament (GFAP) alters neuronal physiology. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 6361-6366.
265. McGowan, K., and Coulombe, P. A. (1998). The wound repair-associated keratins 6, 16, and 17. Insights into the role of intermediate filaments in specifying keratinocyte cytoarchitecture. Subcell. Biochem. 31, 173-204.
266. McGowan, K. M., and Coulombe, P. A. (2000). Keratin 17 expression in the hard epithelial context of the hair and nail, and its relevance for the pachyonychia congenita phenotype. J. Invest. Dermatol. 114, 1101-1107.
267. McGrath, J. A., McMillan, J. R., Shemanko, C. S., Runswick, S. K., Leigh, I. M., Lane, E. B., Garrod, D. R., and Eady, R. A. (1997). Mutations in the plakophilin 1 gene result in ectodermal dysplasia/skin fragility syndrome. Nat. Genet. 17, 240-244.
268. McLean, W. H., and Lane, E. B. (1995). Intermediate filaments in disease. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 7, 118-125.
269. Menet, V., Gimenez, Y. R., Sandillon, F., and Privat, A. (2000). GFAP null astrocytes are a favorable substrate for neuronal survival and neurite growth. Glia 31, 267-272.
270. Meng, J. J., Bornslaeger, E. A., Green, K. J., Steinert, P. M., and Ip, W. (1997). Two-hybrid analysis reveals fundamental differences in direct interactions between desmoplakin and cell type-specific intermediate filaments. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 21495-21503.
271. Mersiyanova, I. V., Perepelov, A. V., Polyakov, A. V., Sitnikov, V. F., Dadali, E. L., Oparin, R. B., Petrin, A. N., and Evgrafov, O. V. (2000). A new variant of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2 is probably the result of a mutation in the neurofilament-light gene. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 67, 37-46.
272. Mertens, C., Kuhn, C., Moll, R., Schwetlick, I., and Franke, W. W. (1999). Desmosomal plakophilin 2 as a differentiation marker in normal and malignant tissues. Differentiation 64, 277-290.
273. Messing, A., Head, M. W., Galles, K., Galbreath, E. J., Goldman, J. E., and Brenner, M. (1998). Fatal encephalopathy with astrocyte inclusions in GFAP transgenic mice. Am. J. Pathol. 152, 391-398.
274. Michalopoulos, G. K., and DeFrances, M. C. (1997). Liver regeneration. Science 276, 60-66.
275. Michel, M., Torok, N., Godbout, M. J., Lussier, M., Gaudreau, P., Royal, A., and Germain, L, (1996). Keratin 19 as a biochemical marker of skin stem cells in vivo and in vitro: Keratin 19 expressing cells are differentially localized in function of anatomic sites, and their number varies with donor age and culture stage. J. Cell Sci. 109, 1017-1028.
276. Mills, G. B., Bast, R. C., Jr., and Srivastava, S. (2001). Future for ovarian cancer screening: Novel markers from emerging technologies of transcriptional profiling and proteomics. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 93, 1437-1439.
277. Mills, J. C., and Gordon, J. I. (2001). The intestinal stem cell niche: There grows the neighborhood. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 12334-12336.
278. Milner, D. J., Mavroidis, M., Weisleder, N., and Capetanaki, Y. (2000). Desmin cytoskeleton linked to muscle mitochondrial distribution and respiratory function. J. Cell Biol. 150, 1283-1298.
279. Milner, D. J., Weitzer, G., Tran, D., Bradley, A., and Capetanaki, Y. (1996). Disruption of muscle architecture and myocardial degeneration in mice lacking desmin. J. Cell Biol. 134, 1255-1270.
280. Ming, M. E., Daryanani, H. A., Roberts, L. P., Baden, H. P., and Kvedar, J. C. (1994). Binding of keratin intermediate filaments (K10) to the cornified envelope in mouse epidermis: implications for barrier function. J. Invest. Dermatol. 103, 780-784.
281. Mischke, D., and Wild, G. (1987). Polymorphic keratins in human epidermis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 88, 191-197.
282. Mizuno, Y., Puca, A. A., O'Brien, K. F., Beggs, A. H., and Kunkel, L. M. (2001a). Genomic organization and single-nucleotide polymorphism map of desmuslin, a novel intermediate filament protein on chromosome 15q26.3. BMC Genet. 2, 8.
283. Mizuno, Y., Thompson, T. G., Guyon, J. R., Lidov, H. G., Brosius, M., Imamura, M., Ozawa, E., Watkins, S. C., and Kunkel, L. M. (2001b). Desmuslin, an intermediate filament protein that interacts with alpha-dystrobrevin and desmin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 6156-6161.
284. Moll, R. (1998). Cytokeratins as markers of differentiation in the diagnosis of epithelial tumors. In "Intermediate Filaments: Subcellular Biochemistry" (H. Herrmann and J. R. Harris, Eds.), Vol. 31, pp. 205-262. Plenum, New York.
285. Moll, R., Franke, W. W., Schiller, D. L., Geiger, B., and Krepler, R. (1982). The catalog of human cytokeratins: Patterns of expression in normal epithelia, tumors and cultured cells. Cell 31, 11-24.
286. Moll, I., Bohnert, E., Treib, U., and Jung, E. G. (1994). Effects of ultraviolet B radiation on cytoskeletal and adhesion molecules in human epidermis. Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed. 10, 26-32.
287. Müller, H., and Franke, W. W. (1983). Biochemical and immunological characterization of desmoplakins I and II, the major polypeptides of the desmosomal plaque. J. Mol. Biol. 163, 647-671.
288. Navarro, J. M., Casatorres, J., and Jorcano, J. L. (1995). Elements controlling the expression and induction of the skin hyperproliferation-associated keratin K6. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 21362-21367.
289. Newey, S. E., Howman, E. V., Ponting, C. P., Benson, M. A., Nawrotzki, R., Loh, N. Y., Davies, K. E., and Blake, D. J. (2001). Syncoilin, a novel member of the intermediate filament superfamily that interacts with alpha-dystrobrevin in skeletal muscle. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 6645-6655.
290. Ngai, J., Coleman, T. R., and Lazarides, E. (1990). Localization of newly synthesized vimentin subunits reveals a novel mechanism of intermediate filament assembly. Cell 60, 415-427.
291. Nguyen, M. D., Lariviere, R. C., and Julien, J. P. (2001). Deregulation of Cdk5 in a mouse model of ALS: Toxicity alleviated by perikaryal neurofilament inclusions. Neuron 30, 135-147.
292. Niki, T., Pekny, M., Hellemans, K., Bleser, P. D., Berg, K. V., Vaeyens, F., Quartier, E., Schuit, F., and Geerts, A. (1999). Class VI intermediate filament protein nestin is induced during activation of rat hepatic stellate cells. Hepatology 29, 520-527.
293. Osborn, M., and Weber, K. (1989). Keratin, transglutaminase, and mallory bodies - The really insoluble stuff. Lab. Invest. 61, 585-587.
294. O'Shea, J. M., Robson, R. M., Huiatt, T. W., Hartzer, M. K., and Stomer, M. H. (1979). Purified desmin from adult mammalian skeletal muscle: A peptide mapping comparison with desmins from adult mammalian and avian smooth muscle. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 89, 972-980.
295. Oshima, H., Rochat, A., Kedzia, C., Kobayashi, K., and Barrandon, Y. (2001). Morphogenesis and renewal of hair follicles from adult multipotent stem cells. Cell 104, 233-245.
296. Oshima, R. G., Howe, W. E., Klier, F. G., Adamson, E. D., and Shevinsky, L. H. (1983). Intermediate filament protein synthesis in preimplantation murine embryos. Dev. Biol. 99, 447-455.
297. Paladini, R. D., Takahashi, K., Bravo, N. S., and Coulombe, P. A. (1996). Onset of reepithelialization after skin injury correlates with a reorganization of keratin filaments in wound edge keratinocytes: defining a potential role for keratin 16. J. Cell Biol. 132, 381-397.
298. Paladini, R. D., and Coulombe, P. A. (1999). Directed expression of keratin 16 to the progenitor basal cells of transgenic mouse skin delays skin maturation. J. Cell Biol. 142, 1035-1051.
299. Paladini, R. D., and Coulombe, P. A. (1999). The functional diversity of epidermal keratins revealed by the partial rescue of the keratin 14 null phenotype by keratin 16. J. Cell Biol. 146, 1185-1201.
300. Paramio, J. M., Casanova, M. L., Segrelles, C., Mittnacht, S., Lane, E. B., and Jorcano, J. L. (1999). Modulation of cell proliferation by cytokeratins K10 and K16. Mol. Cell Biol. 19, 3086-3094.
301. Paramio, J. M., Segrelles, C., Ruiz, S., and Jorcano, J. L. (2001). Inhibition of protein kinase B (PKB) and PKCζ mediates keratin K10-induced cell cycle arrest. Mol. Cell. Biol. 21, 7449-7459.
302. Parry, D. A. D. (1999). Structural features of IF proteins. In "Guidebook to the Cytoskeletal and Motor Proteins" (T. Kreis and R. Vale, Eds.), pp. 285-291. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
303. Parry, D. A. D., and Steinert, P. M. (1995). "Intermediate Filament Structure." R. G. Landes Company, Austin,TX.
304. Patrick, G. N., Zukerberg, L., Nikolic, M., de la Monte, S., Dikkes, P., and Tsai, L. H. (1999). Conversion of p35 to p25 deregulates Cdk5 activity and promotes neurodegeneration. Nature 402, 615-622.
305. Paulin, D., Babinet, C., Weber, K., and Osborn, M. (1980). Antibodies as probes of cellular differentiation and cytoskeletal organization in the mouse blastocyst. Exp. Cell Res. 130, 297-304.
306. Paulson, R. B., Hayes, T. G., and Sucheston, M. E. (1985). Scanning electron microscope study of tongue development in the CD-1 mouse fetus. J. Craniofac. Genet. Dev. Biol. 5, 59-73.
307. Pekny, M. (2001). Astrocytic intermediate filaments: Lessons from GFAP and vimentin knock-out mice. Prog. Brain Res. 132, 23-30.
308. Pekny, M., Leveen, P., Pekna, M., Eliasson, C., Berthold, C. H., Westermark, B., and Betsholtz, C. (1995). Mice lacking glial fibrillary acidic protein display astrocytes devoid of intermediate filaments but develop and reproduce normally. EMBO J. 14, 1590-1598.
309. Peters, B., Kirfel, J., Bussow, H., Vidal, M., and Magin, T. M. (2001). Complete cytolysis and neonatal lethality in keratin 5 knockout mice reveal its fundamental role in skin integrity and in epidermolysis bullosa simplex. Mol. Biol. Cell 12, 1775-1789.
310. Pollanen, M. S., Bergeron, C., and Weyer, L. (1994). Characterization of a shared epitope in cortical Lewy body fibrils and Alzheimer paired helical filaments. Acta Neuropathol., (Berl.) 88, 1-6.
311. Porter, R. M., Hutcheson, A. M., Rugg, E. L., Quinlan, R. A., and Lane, E. B. (1998a). cDNA cloning, expression, and assembly characteristics of mouse keratin 16. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 32265-32272.
312. Porter, R. M., Leitgeb, S., Melton, D. W., Swensson, O., Eady, R. A., and Magin, T. M. (1996). Gene targeting at the mouse cytokeratin 10 locus: severe skin fragility and changes of cytokeratin expression in the epidermis. J. Cell Biol. 132, 925-936.
313. Porter, R. M., Reichelt, J., Lunny, D. P., Magin, T. M., and Lane, E. B. (1998b). The relationship between hyperproliferation and epidermal thickening in a mouse model for BCIE. J. Invest. Dermatol. 110, 951-957.
314. Porter, R. M., Lunny, D. P., Ogden, P. H., Morley, S. M., McLean, W. H., Evans, A., Harrison, D. L., Rugg, E. L., and Lane, E. B. (2000). K15 expression implies lateral differentiation within stratified epithelial basal cells. Lab. Invest. 80, 1701-1710.
315. Potten, C. S., and Loeffler, M. (1987). Epidermal cell proliferation. I. Changes with time in the proportion of isolated, paired and clustered labelled cells in sheets of murine epidermis. Virchows Arch. B Cell Pathol. Incl. Mol. Pathol. 53, 279-285.
316. Prahlad, V., Yoon, M., Moir, R. D., Vale, R. D., and Goldman, R. D. (1998). Rapid movements of vimentin on microtubule tracks: kinesin-dependent assembly of intermediate filament networks. J. Cell Biol. 143, 159-170.
317. Price, M. G. (1987). Skelemins: cytoskeletal proteins located at the periphery of M-discs in mammalian striated muscle. J. Cell Biol. 104, 1325-1336.
318. Pytela, R., Pierschbacher, M. D., and Ruoslahti, E. (1985). Identification and isolation of a 140 kd cell surface glycoprotein with properties expected of a fibronectin receptor. Cell 40, 191-198.
319. Pytela, R., and Wiche, G. (1980). High molecular weight polypeptides (270,000-340,000) from cultured cells are related to hog brain microtubule-associated proteins but copurify with intermediate filaments. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77, 4808-4812.
320. Quinlan, R. A. (2001). Cytoskeletal catastrophe causes brain degeneration. Nat. Genet. 27, 10-11.
321. Quinlan, R. A., and van den Ijsell, P. (1999). Fatal attraction: When chaperone turns harlot. Nat. Med. 5, 25-26.
322. Quinlan, R. A., Hatzfeld, M., and Franke, W. W. (1986). Characterization of dimer subunits of intermediate filament proteins. J. Mol. Biol. 192, 337-349.
323. Quinlan, R., Hutchison, C., and Lane, B. (1995). Protein profile. In "Intermediate Filament Proteins," P. Sheterline, ed. Vol. 2(8), pp. 801-832. Academic Press.
324. Reichelt, J., Büssow, H., Grund, C., and Magin, T. M. (2001). Formation of a normal epidermis supported by increased stability of keratins 5 and 14 in keratin 10 null mice. Mol. Biol. Cell 12, 1557-1568.
325. Reichelt, J., and Magin, T. M. (2002). Hyperproliferation, induction of c-Myc and 14-3-3sigma, but no cell fragility in keratin-10-null mice. J. Cell Sci. 115, 2639-2350.
326. Reichenzeller, M., Burzlaff, A., Lichter, P., and Herrmann, H. (2000). In Vivo observation of a nuclear channel-like system: Evidence for a distinct interchromosomal domain compartment in interphase cells. J. Struct. Biol. 129, 175-185.
327. Reipert, S., Steinbock, F., Fischer, I., Bittner, R. E., Zeold, A., and Wiche, G. (1999). Association of mitochondria with plectin and desmin intermediate filaments in striated muscle. Exp. Cell Res. 252, 479-491.
328. Renner, W., Franke, W. W., Schmid, E., Geisler, N., Weber, K., and Mandelkow, E. (1981). Reconstitution of intermediate-sized filaments from denatured monomeric vimentin. J. Mol. Biol. 149, 285-306.
329. Rhodes, G. (1993). "Crystallography Made Crystal Clear. A Guide for Users of Macromolecular Models." Academic Press, San Diego.
330. Riemer, D., and Weber, K. (1998). Common and varaint properties of intermediate filament proteins from lower chordates and vertebrates; two proteins from the tunicate Styela and the identification of a type III homologue. J. Cell Sci. 111, 2967-2975.
331. Rittling, S. R., and Baserga, R. (1987). Functional analysis and growth factor regulation of the human vimentin promoter. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7, 3908-3915.
332. Rogers, K., Eckelt, A., Nimmrich, V., Janssen, K.-P., Schliwa, M., Herrmann, H., and Franke, W. W. (1995). Truncation mutagenesis of the non-α-helical carboxyterminal tail domain of vimentin reveals contributions to cellular localization but not to filament assembly. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 66, 136-150.
333. Rogers, K. R., Herrmann, H., and Franke, W. W. (1996). Characterization of disulfide crosslink formation of human vimentin at the dimer, tetramer, and intermediate filament levels. J. Struct. Biol. 117, 55-69.
334. Rogers, M. A., Winter, H., Langbein, L., Wolf, C., and Schweizer, J. (2000). Characterization of a 300 kbp region of human DNA containing the type II hair keratin gene domain. J. Invest. Dermatol. 114, 464-472.
335. Rosen, D. R., Siddique, T., Patterson, D., Figlewicz, D. A., Sapp, P., Hentati, A., Donaldson, D., Goto, J., O'Regan, J. P., Deng, H. X., Rahmani, Z., Krizus, A., McKenna-Yasek, D., Cayabyab, A., Gaston, S. M., Berger, R., Tanzi, R. E., Halperin, J. J., Herzfeldt, B., Van den Bergh, R., Hung, W. Y., Bird, T., Deng, G., Mulder, D. W., Smyth, C., Laing, N. G., Soriano, E., Pericak-Vance, M. A., Haines, J., Rouleau, G. A., Gusella, J. S., Horvitz, H. R., and Brown, Jr., R. H. (1993). Mutations in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene are associated with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nature 362, 59-62.
336. Rosenberg, M., RayChaudhury, A., Shows, T. B., Le, B. M., and Fuchs, E. (1988). A group of type I keratin genes on human chromosome 17: Characterization and expression. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8, 722-736.
337. Rossant, J., and Cross, J. C. (2001). Placental development: Lessons from mouse mutants. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2, 538-548.
338. Rothnagel, J. A., Dominey, A. M., Dempsey, L. D., Longley, M. A., Greenhalgh, D. A., Gagne, T. A., Huber, M., Frenk, E., Hohl, D., and Roop, D. R. (1992). Mutations in the rod domains of keratins 1 and 10 in epidermolytic hyperkeratosis. Science 257, 1128-1130.
339. Rothnagel, J. A., Seki, T., Ogo, M., Longley, M. A., Wojcik, S. M., Bundman, D. S., Bickenbach, J. R., and Roop, D. R. (1999). The mouse keratin 6 isoforms are differentially expressed in the hair follicle, footpad, tongue and activated epidermis. Differentiation 65, 119-130.
340. Rueger, D. C., Gardner, E. E., der Simonian, H., Dahl, D., and Bignami, A. (1981). Purified glial fibrillary acidic protein and desmin are distinct intermediate filament proteins exhibiting similar properties. J. Biol. Chem. 256, 10606-10612.
341. Rugg, E. L., McLean, W. H., Lane, E. B., Pitera, R., McMillan, J. R., Dopping, H. P., Navsaria, H. A., Leigh, I. M., and Eady, R. A. (1994). A functional "knockout" of human keratin 14. Genes Dev. 8, 2563-2573.
342. Ruhrberg, C., and Watt, E M. (1997). The plakin family: Versatile organizers of cytoskeletal architecture. Curr. Opiin. Genet. Dev. 7, 392-397.
343. Ruiz, P., Brinkmann, V., Ledermann, B., Behrend, M., Grund, C., Thalhammer, C., Vogel, F., Birchmeier, C., Gunthert, U., Franke, W. W., and Birchmeier, W. (1996). Targeted mutation of plakoglobin in mice reveals essential functions of desmosomes in the embryonic heart. J. Cell Biol. 135, 215-225.
344. Ruud, P., Fodstad, O., and Hovig, E. (1999). Identification of a novel cytokeratin 19 pseudogene that may interfere with reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assays used to detect micrometastatic tumor cells. Int. J. Cancer 80, 119-125.
345. Sanchez, I., Hassinger, L., Sihag, R. K., Cleveland, D. W., Mohan, P., and Nixon, R. A. (2000). Local control of neurofilament accumulation during radial growth of myelinating axons in vivo. Selective role of site-specific phosphorylation. J. Cell Biol. 151, 1013-1024.
346. Savtchenko, E. S., Tomic, M., Ivker, R., and Blumenberg, M. (1990). Three parallel linkage groups of human acidic keratin genes. Genomics 7, 394-407.
347. Schaffeld, M., Herrmann, H., Schultess, J., and Markl, J. (2001). Vimentin and desmin of a cartilaginous fish, the shark Scyliorhinus stellaris: Sequence, expression patterns and in vitro assembly. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 80, 692-702.
348. Schliwa, M. (1986). "The Cystoskeleton. Cell Biology Monographs," Vol. 13. Springer-Verlag, Wien, New York.
349. Schmidt, M. L., Murray, J., Lee, V. M., Hill, W. D., Wertkin, A., and Trojanowski, J. Q. (1991). Epitope map of neurofilament protein domains in cortical and peripheral nervous system Lewy bodies. Am. J. Pathol. 139, 53-65.
350. Schröder, R., Mundegar, R. R., Treusch, M., Schlegel, U., Blumcke, I., Owaribe, K., and Magin, T. M. (1997). Altered distribution of plectin/HD1 in dystrophinopathies. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 74, 165-171.
351. Schröder, R., Warlo, I., Herrmann, H., van der Ven, P. F., Klasen, C., Blumcke, I., Mundegar, R. R., Furst, D. O., Goebel, H. H., and Magin, T. M. (1999). Immunogold EM reveals a close association of plectin and the desmin cytoskeleton in human skeletal muscle. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 78, 288-295.
352. Schulz, G. E., and Schirmer, R. H. (1979). Principles of protein structure. Springer, New York. 1-314.
353. Schwarz, M. A., Owaribe, K., Kartenbeck, J., and Franke, W. W. (1990). Desmosomes and hemidesmosomes: constitutive molecular components. Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 6, 461-491.
354. Schweitzer, S. C., Klymkowsky, M. W., Bellin, R. M., Robson, R. M., Capetanaki, Y., and Evans, R. M. (2001). Paranemin and the organization of desmin filament networks. J. Cell Sci. 114, 1079-1089.
355. Sealock, R., Mumane, A. A., Paulin, D., and Froehner, S. C. (1989). Immunochemical identification of desmin in Torpedo postsynaptic membranes and at the rat neuromuscular junction. Synapse 3, 315-324.
356. Sejersen, T., and Lendahl, U. (1993). Transient expression of the intermediate filament nestin during skeletal muscle development. J. Cell Sci. 106(Pt. 4), 1291-1300.
357. Shamsher, M. K., Navsaria, H. A., Stevens, H. P., Ratnavel, R. C., Purkis, P. E., Kelsell, D. P., McLean, W. H., Cook, L. J., Griffiths, W. A., and Gschmeissner, S. (1995). Novel mutations in keratin 16 gene underly focal non-epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma (NEPPK) in two families. Hum. Mol. Genet. 4, 1875-1881.
358. Shaw, G., and Weber, K. (1982). Differential expression of neurofilament triplet proteins in brain development. Nature 298, 277-279.
359. Shenk, M. A., and Steele, R. E. (1993). A molecular snapshot of the metazoan "Eve." Trends Biochem. Sci. 18, 459-463.
360. Smith, E. A., and Fuchs, E. (1998). Defining the interactions between intermediate filaments and desmosomes. J. Cell Biol. 141, 1229-1241.
361. Smith, F. J., Jonkman, M. F., van Goor, H., Coleman, C. M., Covello, S. P., Uitto, J., and McLean, W. H. (1998). A mutation in human keratin K6b produces a phenocopy of the K17 disorder pachyonychia congenita type 2. Hum. Mol. Genet. 7, 1143-1148.
362. Smith, F. J., Del Monaco, M., Steijlen, P. M., Munro, C. S., Morvay, M., Coleman, C. M., Rietveld, F. J., Uitto, J., and McLean, W. H. (1999a). Novel proline substitution mutations in keratin 16 in two cases of pachyonychia congenita type 1. Br. J. Dermatol. 141, 1010-1016.
363. Smith, F. J., McKenna, K. E., Irvine, A. D., Bingham, E. A., Coleman, C. M., Uitto, J., and McLean, W. H. (1999b). A mutation detection strategy for the human keratin 6A gene and novel missense mutations in two cases of pachyonychia congenita type 1. Exp. Dermatol. 8, 109-114.
364. Smith, F. J., McKusick, V. A., Nielsen, K., Pfendner, E., Uitto, J., and McLean, W. H. (1999c). Cloning of multiple keratin 16 genes facilitates prenatal diagnosis of pachyonychia congenita type 1. Prenat. Diagn. 19, 941-946.
365. Soellner, P., Quinlan, R. A., and Franke, W. W. (1985). Identification of a distinct soluble subunit of an intermediate filament protein: Tetrameric vimentin from living cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82, 7929-7933.
366. Sprecher, E., Ishida-Yamamoto, A., Becker, O. M., Marekov, L., Miller, C. J., Steinert, P. M., Neldner, K., and Richard, G. (2001). Evidence for novel functions of the keratin tail emerging from a mutation causing ichthyosis hystrix. J. Invest. Dermatol. 116, 511-519.
367. Stappenbeck, T. S., and Green, K. J. (1992). The desmoplakin carboxyl terminus coaligns with and specifically disrupts intermediate filament networks when expressed in cultured cells. J. Cell Biol. 116, 1197-1209.
368. Starger, J., Brown, W. E., Goldmann, A. E., and Goldman, R. D. (1978). Biochemical and immunological analysis of rapidly purified 10nm filaments from baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells. J. Cell Biol. 78, 93-109.
369. Stegh, A. H., Herrmann, H., Lampel, S., Weisenberger, D., Andra, K., Seper, M., Wiche, G., Krammer, P. H., and Peter, M. E. (2000). Identification of the cytolinker plectin as a major early in vivo substrate for caspase 8 during CD95- and tumor necrosis factor receptor-mediated apoptosis. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20, 5665-5679.
370. Steinert, P. M. (1981). Intermediate filaments. In "Electron Microscopy of Proteins" (J. R. Harris, Ed.), Vol. 1, pp. 126-166. Academic Press, New York.
371. Steinert, P. M., and Marekov, L. N. (1995). The proteins elafin, filaggrin, keratin intermediate filaments, loricrin, and small proline-rich proteins 1 and 2 are isodipeptide cross-linked components of the human epidermal cornified cell envelope. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 17702-17711.
372. Steinert, P. M., and Marekov, L. N. (1997). Direct evidence that involucrin is a major early isopeptide cross-linked component of the keratinocyte cornified cell envelope. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 2021-2030.
373. Steinert, P. M., and Parry, D. A. (1993). The conserved HI domain of the type II keratin I chain plays an essential role in the alignment of nearest neighbor molecules in mouse and human keratin 1/keratin 10 intermediate filaments at the two-to-four-molecule level of structure. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 2878-2887.
374. Steinert, P. M., Idler, W. W., and Zimmerman, S. B. (1976). Self-assembly of bovine epidermal keratin filaments in vitro. J. Mol. Biol. 108, 547-567.
375. Steven, A. C., Wall, J., Hainfeld, J., and Steinert, P. M. (1982). Structure of fibroblastic intermediate filaments: Analysis by scanning transmission electron microscopy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79, 3101-3105.
376. Stone, J. D., Peterson, A. P., Eyer, J., Oblak, T. G., and Sickles, D. W. (2001). Neurofilaments are nonessential to the pathogenesis of toxicant-induced axonal degeneration. J. Neurosci. 21, 2278-2287.
377. Strelkov, S. V., Herrmann, H., Geisler, N., Lustig, A., Ivaninski, S., Zimbelmann, R., Burkhard, P., and Aebi, U. (2001). Divide-and conquer crystallographic approach towards an atomic structure of intermediate filaments. J. Mol. Biol. 306, 773-781.
378. Strelkov, S. V., Herrmann, H., Geisler, N., Wedig, T., Zimbelmann, R., Aebi, U., and Burkhard, P. (2002). Evolutionarily conserved a-helical segments 1A and 2B of the intermediate filament dimer: Their atomic structures and role in filament assembly. EMBO J. 21, 1255-1266.
379. Stumptner, C., Fuchsbichler, A., Lehner, M., Zatloukal, K., and Denk, H. (2001). Sequence of events in the assembly of Mallory body components in mouse liver: Clues to the pathogenesis and significance of Mallory body formation. J. Hepatol. 34, 665-675.
380. Stuurman, N., Heins, S., and Aebi, U. (1998). Nuclear lamins: Their structure, assembly, and interactions. J. Struct. Biol. 122, 42-66.
381. Sullivan, T., Escalante-Alcade, D., Bhatt, H., Anver, M., Bhat, N., Nagashima, K., Stewart, C. L., and Burke, B. (1999). Loss of A-type lamin expression compromises nuclear envelope integrity leading to muscular dystophy. J. Cell Biol. 147, 913-919.
382. Suzuki, N., Zara, J., Sato, T., Ong, E., Bakhiet, N., Oshima, R. G., Watson, K. L., and Fukuda, M. N. (1998). A cytoplasmic protein, bystin, interacts with trophinin, tastin, and cytokeratin and may be involved in trophinin-mediated cell adhesion between trophoblast and endometrial epithelial cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 5027-5032.
383. Svitkina, T. M., Verkhovsky, A. B., and Borisy, G. G. (1996). Plectin sidearms mediate interaction of intermediate filaments with microtubules and other components of the cytoskeleton. J. Cell Biol. 135, 991-1007.
384. Takahashi, K., Folmer, J., and Coulombe, P. A. (1994). Increased expression of keratin 16 causes anomalies in cytoarchitecture and keratinization in transgenic mouse skin. J. Cell Biol. 127, 505-520.
385. Takahashi, K., Paladini, R. D., and Coulombe, P. A. (1995). Cloning and characterization of multiple human genes and cDNAs encoding highly related type II keratin 6 isoforms. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 18581-18592.
386. Takahashi, K., Yan, B., Yamanishi, K., Imamura, S., and Coulombe, P. A. (1998). The two functional keratin 6 genes of mouse are differentially regulated and evolved independently from their human orthologs. Genomics 53, 170-183.
387. Tamai, Y., Ishikawa, T., Bosl, M. R., Mori, M., Nozaki, M., Baribault, H., Oshima, R. G., and Taketo, M. M. (2000). Cytokeratins 8 and 19 in the mouse placental development. J. Cell Biol. 151, 563-572.
388. Taylor, G., Lehrer, M. S., Jensen, P. J., Sun, T. T., and Lavker, R. M. (2000). Involvement of follicular stem cells in forming not only the follicle but also the epidermis. Cell 102, 451-461.
389. Terasaki, M., Campagnola, P., Rolls, M. N., Ellenberg, J., and Hinkle, B. B. (2001). A new model for nuclear envelope breakdown. Mol. Biol. Cell 12, 503-510.
390. Terzi, F., Henrion, D., Colucci, G. E., Federici, P., Babinet, C., Levy, B. I., Briand, P., and Friedlander, G. (1997). Reduction of renal mass is lethal in mice lacking vimentin. Role of endothelin-nitric oxide imbalance. J. Clin. Invest. 100, 1520-1528.
391. Thornell, L., Carlsson, L., Li, Z., Mericskay, M., and Paulin, D. (1997). Null mutation in the desmin gene gives rise to a cardiomyopathy. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 29, 2107-2124.
392. Tidball, J. G. (1992). Desmin at myotendinous junctions. Exp. Cell Res. 199, 206-212.
393. Titeux, M., Brocheriou, V., Xue, Z., Gao, J., Guicheney, P., Paulin, D., and Li, Z. (2001). Human synemin gene generates splice variants encoding two distinct intermediate filament proteins. Eur. J. Biochem. 268, 6435-6449.
394. Toivola, D. M., Omary, M. B., Ku, N. O., Peltola, O., Baribault, H., and Eriksson, J. E. (1998). Protein phosphatase inhibition in normal and keratin 8/18 assembly-incompetent mouse strains supports a functional role of keratin intermediate filaments in preserving hepatocyte integrity. Hepatology 28, 116-128.
395. Toivola, D. M., Baribault, H., Magin, T., Michie, S. A., and Omary, M. B. (2000a). Simple epithelial keratins are dispensable for cytoprotection in two pancreatitis models. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 279, G1343-G1354.
396. Toivola, D. M., Ku, N. O., Ghori, N., Lowe, A. W., Michie, S. A., and Omary, M. B. (2000b). Effects of keratin filament disruption on exocrine pancreas-stimulated secretion and susceptibility to injury. Exp. Cell Res. 255, 156-170.
397. Toivola, D. M., Nieminien, M. I., Hesse, M., Tao, H., Baribault, H., Magin, A. M., Omary, M. B., and Eriksson, E. (2001). Disturbances in hepatic cell-cycle regulation in mice with assembly-deficient keratins 8/18. Hepatology 34, 1174-1183.
398. Tokuyasu, K. T. (1983). Visualization of longitudinally-oriented intermediate filaments in frozen sections of chicken cardiac muscle by a new staining method. J. Cell Biol. 97, 562-565.
399. Tokuyasu, K. T., Dutton, A. H., and Singer, S. J. (1983). Immunoelectron microscopic studies of desmin (skeletin) localization and intermediate filament organization in chicken cardiac muscle. J. Cell Biol. 96, 1736-1742.
400. Tokuyasu, K. T., Maher, P. A., and Singer, S. J. (1984). Distributions of vimentin and desmin in developing chick myotubes in vivo. I. Immunofluorescence study. J. Cell Biol. 98, 1961-1972.
401. Tokuyasu, K. T., Maher, P. A., and Singer, S. J. (1985). Distributions of vimentin and desmin in developing chick myotubes in vivo. II. Immunoelectron microscopic study. J. Cell Biol. 100, 1157-1166.
402. Tomkins, J., Usher, P., Slade, J. Y., Ince, P. G., Curtis, A., Bushby, K., and Shaw, P. J. (1998). Novel insertion in the KSP region of the neurofilament heavy gene in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Neuroreport 9, 3967-3970.
403. Torres, M., Stoykova, A., Huber, O., Chowdhury, K., Bonaldo, P., Mansouri, A., Butz, S., Kemler, R., and Gruss, P. (1997). An alpha-E-catenin gene trap mutation defines its function in preimplantation development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 901-906.
404. Traub, P. (1985). "Intermediate Filaments." Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Tokyo.
405. Troy, T. C., and Turksen, K. (1999). In vitro characteristics of early epidermal progenitors isolated from keratin 14 (K14)-deficient mice: insights into the role of keratin 17 in mouse keratinocytes. J. Cell Physiol. 180, 409-421.
406. Troyanovsky, S. M., Leube, R. E., and Franke, W. W. (1992). Characterization of the human gene encoding cytokeratin 17 and its expression pattern. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 59, 127-137.
407. van Hemert, M. J., Steensma, H. Y., and van Heusden, G. P. (2001). 14-3-3 proteins: Key regulators of cell division, signalling and apoptosis. Bioessays 23, 936-946.
408. van Roessel, P., and Brand, A. H. (2002). Imaging into the future: Visualizing gene expression and protein interactions with fluorescent proteins. Nat. Cell Biol. 4, E15-E20.
409. Vlcek, S., Dechat, T., and Foisner, R. (2001). Nuclear envelope and nuclear matrix interactions and dynamics. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 58, 1758-1765.
410. Waikel, R. L., Kawachi, Y., Waikel, P. A., Wang, X. J., and Roop, D. R. (2001). Deregulated expression of c-Myc depletes epidermal stem cells. Nat. Genet. 28, 165-168.
411. Waseem, A., Alexander, C. M., Steel, J. B., and Lane, E. B. (1990). Embryonic simple epithelial keratins 8 and 18: Chromosomal location emphasizes difference from other keratin pairs. New Biol. 2, 464-478.
412. Watt, F. M., and Hogan, B. L. (2000). Out of Eden: stem cells and their niches. Science 287, 1427-1430.
413. Wawersik, M., and Coulombe, P. A. (2000). Forced expression of keratin 16 alters the adhesion, differentiation, and migration of mouse skin keratinocytes. Mol. Biol. Cell 11, 3315-3327.
414. Wawersik, M. J., Mazzalupo, S., Nguyen, D., and Coulombe, P. A. (2001). Increased levels of keratin 16 alter epithelialization potential of mouse skin keratinocytes in vivo and ex vivo. Mol. Biol. Cell 12, 3439-3450.
415. Weber, K. (1999). Evolutionary aspects of IF proteins. In "Guidebook to the Cystoskeletal and Motor Proteins" (T. Kreis and R. Vale, Eds.), pp. 291-293. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
416. Weber, K., and Geisler, N. (1984). Intermediate filaments from wool a-keratin to neurofilaments: A structural overview. In "Cancer Cells 1, The Transformed Phenotype" (A. J. Levine, G. F. Van de Woude, W. C. Topp, and J. D. Watson, Eds.), pp. 153-159. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.
417. Wiche, G. (1998). Role of plectin in cytoskeleton organization and dynamics. J. Cell Sci. 111, 2477-2486.
418. Wiche, G., Becker, B., Luber, K., Weitzer, G., Castanon, M. J., Hauptmann, R., Stratowa, C., and Stewart, M. (1991). Cloning and sequencing of rat plectin indicates a 466-kD polypeptide chain with a three-domain structure based on a central alpha-helical coiled coil. J. Cell Biol. 114, 83-99.
419. Wiche, G., Herrmann, H., Leichtfried, F., and Pytela, R. (1982). Plectin: A high-molecular-weight cytoskeletal polypeptide component that copurifies with intermediate filaments of the vimentin type. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 46, 475-482.
420. Wiche, G., Krepler, R., Artlieb, U., Pytela, R., and Denk, H. (1983). Occurrence and immunolocalization of plectin in tissues. J. Cell Biol. 97, 887-901.
421. Williamson, T. L., Bruijn, L. I., Zhu, Q., Anderson, K. L., Anderson, S. D., Julien, J. P., and Cleveland, D. W. (1998). Absence of neurofilaments reduces the selective vulnerability of motor neurons and slows disease caused by a familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-linked superoxide dismutase I mutant. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 9631-9636.
422. Wilson, K. L. (2000). The nuclear envelope, muscular dystrophy and gene expression. Trends Cell Biol. 10, 125-129.
423. Wilson, K. L., Zastrow, M. S., and Lee, K. K. (2001). Lamins and disease: Insights into nuclear infrastructure. Cell 104, 647-650.
424. Windhoffer, R., and Leube, R. L. (1999). Detection of cytokeratin dynamics by time-lapse fluorescence microscopy in living cells. J. Cell Sci. 112, 4521-4534.
425. Windhoffer, R., and Leube, R. L. (2001). De Novo formation of cytokeratin filament networks originates from the cell cortex in A-431 cells. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 50, 33-44.
426. Winter, H., Langbein, L., Praetzel, S., Jacobs, M., Rogers, M. A., Leigh, I. M., Tidman, N., and Schweizer, J. (1998). A novel human type II cytokeratin, K6hf, specifically expressed in the companion layer of the hair follicle. J. Invest. Dermatol. 111, 955-962.
427. Winter, H., Langbein, L., Krawczak, M., Cooper, D. N., Jave-Suarez, L. F., Rogers, M. A., Praetzel, S., Heidt, P. J., and Schweizer, J. (2001). Human type I hair keratin pseudogene phihHaA has functional orthologs in the chimpanzee and gorilla: Evidence for recent inactivation of the human gene after the Pan-Homo divergence. Hum. Genet. 108, 37-42.
428. Wojcik, S. M., Bundman, D. S., and Roop, D. R. (2000). Delayed wound healing in keratin 6a knockout mice. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20, 5248-5255.
429. Wojcik, S. M., Imakado, S., Seki, T., Longley, M. A., Petherbridge, L., Bundman, D. S., Bickenbach, J. R., Rothnagel, J. A., and Roop, D. R. (1999). Expression of MK6a dominant-negative and C-terminal mutant transgenes in mice has distinct phenotypic consequences in the epidermis and hair follicle. Differentiation 65, 97-112.
430. Wojcik, S. M., Longley, M. A., and Roop, D. R. (2001). Discovery of a novel murine keratin 6 (K6) isoform explains the absence of hair and nail defects in mice deficient for K6a and K6b. J. Cell Biol. 154, 619-630.
431. Wong, P., Colucci-Guyon, E., Takahashi, K., Gu, C., Babinet, C., and Coulombe, P. A. (2000). Introducing a null mutation in the mouse k6alpha and k6beta genes reveals their essential structural role in the oral mucosa. J. Cell Biol. 150, 921-8.
432. Wong, P. C., Marszalek, J., Crawford, T. O., Xu, Z., Hsieh, S. T., Griffin, J. W., and Cleveland, D. W. (1995). Increasing neurofilament subunit NF-M expression reduces axonal NF-H, inhibits radial growth, and results in neurofilamentous accumulation in motor neurons. J. Cell Biol. 130, 1413-1422.
433. Xu, G. M., Sikaneta, T., Sullivan, B. M., Zhang, Q., Andreucci, M., Stehle, T., Drummond, I., and Arnaout, M. A. (2001). Polycystin-1 interacts with intermediate filaments. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 46544-46552.
434. Xu, Z., Cork, L. C., Griffin, J. W., and Cleveland, D. W. (1993). Involvement of neurofilaments in motor neuron disease. J. Cell Sci. Suppl. 17, 101-108.
435. Yabe, J. T., Pimenta, A., and Shea, T. B. (1999). Kinesin-mediated transport of neurofilament protein oligomers in growing axons. J. Cell Sci. 112, 3799-3814.
436. Yabe, J. T., Jung Chan, W. K., and Shea, T. B. (2000). Phospho-dependent association of neurofilament proteins with kinesin in situ. Cell. Motil. Cytoskeleton 45, 249-262.
437. Yoon, K. H., Yoon, M., Moir, R. D., Khuon, S., Flitney, F. W., and Goldman, R. D. (2001). Insights into the dynamic properties of keratin intermediate filaments in living epithelial cells. J. Cell Biol. 153, 503-516.
438. Yoon, M., Moir, R. D., Prahlad, V., and Goldman, R. D. (1998). Motile properties of vimentin intermediate filament networks in living cells. J. Cell Biol. 143, 147-157.
439. Zackroff, R. V., and Goldman, R. D. (1979). In vitro assembly of intermediate filaments from baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76, 6226-6230.
440. Zatloukal, K., Stumptner, C., Zatloukal, K., Stumptner, C., Lehner, M., Denk, H., Baribault, H., Eshkind, L. G., and Franke, W. W. (2000). Cytokeratin 8 protects from hepatotoxicity, and its ratio to cytokeratin 18 determines the ability of hepatocytes to form Mallory bodies. Am. J. Pathol. 156, 1263-1274.
441. Zhang, J. S., Wang, L., Huang, H., Nelson, M., and Smith, D. I. (2001). Keratin 23 (K23), a novel acidic keratin, is highly induced by histone deacetylase inhibitors during differentiation of pancreatic cancer cells. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 30, 123-135.