The effectiveness of estrogen replacement therapy to reduce ischemic heart disease - Revaluation

Harefuah

Volumn 142, Issue 1, 2003, Pages

  Ben Chetrit, Avraham ^a   Zacut, David ^a   Shimonovitz, Shlomo ^a  

^a Ramat Eshkol Womens Health Center   (Israel)

Author keywords

Estrogen; Ischemic heart disease; Primary prevention; Secondary prevention

Indexed keywords

CONJUGATED ESTROGEN; ESTRADIOL; ESTROGEN; MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE; PLACEBO;

ADULT; AGED; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; CORONARY RISK; DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE; ESTROGEN DEFICIENCY; ESTROGEN THERAPY; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FEMALE; HEART REINFARCTION; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HUMAN; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; POSTMENOPAUSE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR;

ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY; FEMALE; HUMANS; MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS;

EID: 0037281782     PISSN: 00177768     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (40)

1. Barrett-Connor E, Sex differences in coronary heart disease: why are women so superior? The 1995 Ancel Keys Lecture. Circulation, 1997; 95: 252-264.
2. Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC & al, Postmenopausal estrogen therapy and cardiovascular disease: ten-year follow-up from the Nurses' Health Study. N Engl J Med, 1991; 325: 756-762.
3. Mendelsohn ME & Karas RH, The protective effects of estrogen on the cardiovascular system. N Engl J Med, 1999; 340: 1801-1811.
4. Losordo D, Kearney M, Kim E & al, Variable expression of the estrogen receptor in normal and atherosclerotic coronary arteries of premenopausal women. Circulation, 1994; 89: 1501-1510.
5. Mendelsohn ME & Karas RH, Estrogen and the blood vessel wall. Curr Opin Cardiol, 1994; 9: 619-626.
6. Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T & al, Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. JAMA, 1998; 280: 605-613.
7. The Writing Group for the PEPI Trial. Effects of estrogen or estrogen/progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women: the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Trial, JAMA, 1995; 273: 199-208.
8. Campos H, Walsh BW, Judge H & al, Effect of estrogen on very low density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein subclass metabolism in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1997; 82: 3955-3963.
9. Stefanick ML, Legault C, Tracy RP & al, Distribution and correlates of plasma fibrinogen in middle-aged women. Initial finding of the postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 1995; 12: 2085-2093.
10. Nabulsi AA, Folsom AR, White A & al, Association of hormone-replacement therapy with various cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med, 1993; 328: 1069-1075.
11. The Writing Group for the Estradiol Clotting Factors Study. Effects on haemostasis of hormone replacement therapy with transdermal estradiol and oral sequential medroxyprogesterone acetate: a one-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Thromb Haemost, 1996; 75: 476-480.
12. Boschetti C, Corteliaro M, Mencioni T & al, Short and long term effect of hormone replacement therapy (transdermal estradiol vs oral conjugated equine estrogen, combined with medroxyprogesterone acetate) on blood coagulation factors in postmenopausal women. Thromb Res, 1991; 62: 1-8.
13. Salomaa V, Rasi V, Pekkanen J & al, Association of hormone replacement therapy with hemostatic and other cardiovascular risk factors: the FINRISK Hemostasis Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 1995; 15: 1549-1555.
14. Sack MN, Rader DJ & Cannon RO HL III, Oestrogen and inhibition of oxidation of low-density lipoproteins in postmenopausal women. Lancet, 1994; 343: 269-270.
15. Schunkert H, Danser AHJ, Hense HW & al, Effects of estrogen replacement therapy on the renin-angiotensin system in postmenopausal women. Circulation, 1997; 95: 39-45.
16. Ylikorkala O, Orpana A, Puolakka J & al, Postmenopausal hormonal replacement decreases plasma levels of endothelin-1. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1995; 80: 3384-3387.
17. ca channels through a cGMP-dependent mechanism. Circ Res, 1995; 77: 936-942.
18. Lantin-Hermoso RL, Rosenfeld CR, Yuhanna IS & al, Estrogen acutely stimulates nitric oxide synthase activity in fetal pulmonary artery endothelium. Am J Physiol, 1997; 273: L119-L126.
19. Chen Z, Yuhanna IS, Galcheva-Gargova ZI & al, Estrogen receptor alpha mediates the nongenomic activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by estrogen. J Clin Invest, 1999; 103: 401-406.
20. Weiner CP, Lizasoain I, Baylis SA & al, Induction of calcium-dependent nitric oxide synthases by sex hormones. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1994; 91: 5212-5216.
21. Krasinski K, Spyridopoulos I, Asahara T & al, Estradiol accelerates functional endothelial recovery after arterial injury. Circulation, 1997; 95: 1768-1772.
22. Cornwell TL, Arnold E, Boerth NJ & al, Inhibition of smooth muscle cell growth by nitric oxide and activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase by cGMP. Am J Physiol, 1994; 267: C1405-C1413.
23. Mijatovic V, Kenemans P, Jakobs C & al, A randomized controlled study of effects of 17 beta-estradiol-dydrogesterone on plasma homocysteine in postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol, 1998; 91: 432-436.
24. Pines A, Fishman EZ, Levo Y & al, The effects of hormone replacement therapy in normal postmenopausal women: measurements of Doppler-derived parameters of aortic flow. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1991; 164: 806-812.
25. Jick H, Dinan B, Herman R & al, Myocardial infarction and other vascular diseases in young women: role of estrogens and other factors. JAMA, 1978; 240: 2548-2552.
26. Ross RK, Paganini-Hill A, Mack TM & al, Menopausal estrogen therapy and protection from death from ischemic heart disease. Lancet, 1981; 1: 858-860.
27. Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Colditz GA & al, A prospective study of postmenopausal estrogen therapy and coronary heart disease. New Eng J Med, 1985; 313: 1044-1049.
28. Wilson PWF, Garrison RJ & Castelli WP, Postmenopausal estrogen use, cigarette smoking, and cardiovascular morbidity in women over 50. The Framingham study. N Engl J Med, 1985; 313: 1038-1043.
29. Grodstein F, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE & al, Postmenopausal estrogen and progestin use and the risk of cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med, 1996; 335: 453-461.
30. Frank BH, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE & al, Trends in the Incidence of Coronary Heart Disease and Changes in Diet and Lifestyle in Women. N Engl J Med, 2000; 343: 530-537.
31. The Women's Health Initiative Study Group. Design of the Women's Health Initiative clinical trial and observational study. Control Clin Trials, 1998; 19: 61-109.
32. Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy post menopausal women. Principal results from the Women's health initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 2002; 288: 321-333.
33. Smith SC Jr, Blair SN, Criqui MH & al, Preventing heart attack and death in patients with coronary disease. Circulation, 1995; 92: 2-4.
34. Newton KM, LaCroix AZ, McKnight B & al, Estrogen replacement therapy and prognosis after first myocardial infarction. Am J Epidemiol, 1997; 145: 269-277.
35. Grady D, Herrington D, Bittner V & al, Cardiovascular disease outcomes during 6.8 years of hormone therapy: Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study follow-up (HERS II). JAMA, 2002; 288: 99-101.
36. Herrington DM, Reboussin DM, Brosnihan KB & al, Effects of estrogen replacement on the progression of coronary-aretry atnerosclerosis. N Engl J Med, 2000; 343: 522-529.
37. The ESPRIT team. Oestrogen therapy for prevention of reinfarction in postmenopausal women: a randomized placebo controlled trial. Lancet, 2002; 360: 2001-2008.
38. Holm P, Andersen HL, Andersen MR & al, The direct antiatherogenic effect of estrogen is present, absent, or reversed, depending on the state of the arterial endothelium: a time course study in cholesterol-clamped rabbits. Circulation, 1999; 100: 1727-1733.
39. Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Rifai N & al, Hormone replacement therapy and increased plasma concentration of C-reactive protein. Circulation, 1999; 100: 713-716.
40. Vita JA, Treasure CB, Nabel EG & al, Coronary vasomotor response to acetylcholine relates to risk factors for coronary artery disease. Circulation, 1990; 81: 491-497.