A simulation of the last glacial maximum climate using the NCAR-CCSM

Climate Dynamics

Volumn 20, Issue 2-3, 2003, Pages 127-151

  Shin, S I ^a   Liu, Z ^a   Otto Bliesner, B ^b   Brady, E C ^b   Kutzbach, J E ^a   Harrison, S P ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

^b NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (United States)

^c MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR BIOGEOCHEMISTRY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN COUPLING; CLIMATE MODELING; CLIMATE VARIATION; COOLING; LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM; SEA ICE;

EID: 0037267131     PISSN: 09307575     EISSN: 14320894     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00382-002-0260-x     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. Adams JM, Faure H (1997) Preliminary vegetation maps of the world since the Last Glacial Maximum: an aid to archaeological understanding. Archaeol Sci 24: 623-647
2. Anderson D, Prell W, Barrat N (1989) Estimates of sea surface temperature in the Coral Sea at the Last Glacial Maximum. Paleoceanography 4: 615-627
3. Andreasen DJ, Ravelo AC (1997) Tropical Pacific Ocean thermocline depth reconstructions for the Last Glacial Maximum. Paleoceanography 12: 395-414
4. Bard E, Rostek F, Sonzogni C (1997) Interhemispheric synchrony of the last deglaciation inferred from alkenone paleothermometry. Nature 385: 707-710
5. Berger AL (1978) Long-term variations of daily insolation and Quaternary climatic changes. J Atmos Sci 35: 2362-2367
6. Bigg GR, Wadley MR, Stevens DP, Johnson JA (1998) Simulations of two last glacial maximum ocean states. Paleoceanography 13: 340-351
7. Bonan GB (1998) The land surface climatology of the NCAR land surface model coupled to the NCAR community climate model. J Clim 11: 1307-1326
8. Boville BA, Gent PR (1998) The NCAR climate system model, version one. J Clim 11: 1115-1130
9. Broccoli AJ (2000) Tropical cooling at the Last Glacial Maximum: an atmosphere-mixed layer ocean model simulation. J Clim 13: 951-976
10. Broccoli AJ, Marciniak EP (1996) Comparing simulated glacial climate and paleodata: a reexamination. Paleoceanography 11: 3-14
11. Broecker WS (1995) The glacial world according to Wally. Eldigio Press, New York, USA, pp 318
12. 2 content? Global Biogeochem Cyc 1: 251-259
13. Broecker WS, Denton GH (1989) The role of ocean-atmosphere reorganizations in glacial cycle. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 53: 2465-2501
14. Broecker WS, Peteet DM, Rind D (1985) Does the ocean-atmosphere system have more than one stable mode of operation? Nature 315: 21-26
15. Bryan K (1984) Accelerating the convergence to equilibrium of ocean-climate models. J Phys Oceanogr 14: 666-673
16. Bush ABG, Philander SGH (1998) The ocean-atmosphere interactions in tropical cooling during the Last Glacial Maximum. Science 279: 1341-1344
17. Bush ABG, Philander SGH (1999) The climate of the Last Glacial Maximum: results from a coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model. J Geophys Res 104: 24,509-24,525
18. Chapman M, Shackleton N, Zhao M, Eglinton G (1996) Faunal and alkenone reconstructions of subtropical North Atlantic surface hydrography and paleotemperature over the last 28 kyr. Paloceanography 11: 343-357
19. CLIMAP project members (1976) The surface of the ice-age earth. Science 191: 1131-1137
20. CLIMAP project members (1981) Seasonal reconstructions of the earth's surface at the Last Glacial Maximum. Geological Society of America Map and Chart Series MC-36, pp 18
21. COHMAP Members (1988) Climate change of the last 18,000 years: observations and model simulations. Science 241: 1043-1052
22. Crosta X, Pichon J-J, Burckle LH (1998) Application of modern analogue technique to marine Antarctic diatoms: reconstruction of maximum sea-ice extent at the Last Glacial Maximum. Paleoceanography 13: 284-297
23. Crowley TJ, Baum SK (1997) Effect of vegetation on an ice-age climate model simulation. J Geophys Res 102: 16,463-16,480
24. de Vernal A, Rochon A, Turon J-L, Matthiessen J (1997) Organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts: palynological tracers of sea surface conditions in middle to high latitude marine environments. Geobios 30: 905-920
25. de Vernal A, Hillaire-Marcel C, Turon J-L, Matthiessen J (2000) Sea-surface conditions in middle to high latitudes of the North Atlantic during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM): the cold paradigm revisited. Can J Earth Sci (in press)
26. Dong B, Valdes PJ (1998) Simulations of the Last Glacial Maximum climates using a general circulation model: prescribed versus computed sea surface temperatures. Clim Dyn 14: 571-591
27. Doney SC, Large WG, Bryan FO (1998) Surface ocean fluxes and water-mass transformation rates in the coupled NCAR Climate System Model. J Clim 11: 1420-1441
28. Duplessy J-C, Shackleton NJ, Fairbanks RG, Labeyrie L, Oppo D, Kallel N (1988) Deepwater source variations during the last climatic cycle and their impact on the global deepwater circulation. Paleoceanography 3: 343-360
29. Duplessy J-C, Labeyrie L, Juillet-Leclerc A, Maitre F, Duprat J, Sarnthein M (1991) Surface salinity reconstruction of the North Atlantic Ocean during the Last Glacial Maximum. Oceanol Acta 14: 311-324
30. Farrera I, Harrison SP, Prentice IC, Ramstein G, Guiot J, Bartlein PJ, Bonnefille R, Bush M, Cramer W, von Grafenstein U, Holmgren K, Hooghiemstra H, Hope G, Jolly D, Lauritzen S-E, Ono Y, Pinot S, Stute M, Yu G (1999) Tropical climates at the Last Glacial Maximum: a new synthesis of terrestrial paleoclimate data. I. vegetation, lake-levels and geochemistry. Clim Dyn 15: 823-856
31. Flato GM, Hilber WD (1992) Modelling pack ice as a cavitating fluid. J Phys Oceanogr 22: 626-651
32. Gates WL (1976) Modelling the ice-age climate. Science 191: 1138-1144
33. Ganopolski A, Rahmstorf S, Petoukhov V, Claussen M (1998) Simulation of modern and glacial climates with a coupled global model of intermediate complexity. Nature 391: 351-356
34. Gent PR, McWilliams JC (1990) Isopycnal mixing in the ocean circulation model. J Phys Oceanogr 20: 150-155
35. Gent PR, Willebrand J, McDougall TJ, McWilliams JC (1995) Parametrizing eddy-induced tracer transports in ocean circulation model. J Phys Oceanogr 25: 463-474
36. Gent PR, Bryan FO, Danabasoglu G, Doney SC, Holland WR, Large WG, McWilliams JC (1998) The NCAR climate system model global ocean component. J Clim 11: 1287-1306
37. Gent PR, Large WG, Bryan FO (2001) What sets the mean transport through Drake Passage? J Geophys Res 106: 2693-2712
38. Godfrey JS (1989) A Sverdrup model of the depth-integrated flow for the world ocean allowing for island circulations. Geophys Astrophys Fluid Dyn 45: 89-112
39. Guilderson TP, Fairbanks RG, Rubenstone JL (1994) Tropical temperature variations since 20,000 years ago: modulating inter-hemispheric climate change. Science 263: 663-665
40. Hall NMJ, Valdes PJ, Dong B (1996) The maintenance of the last great ice sheet: a UGAMP GCM study. J Clim 9: 1004-1019
41. Hansen JE, Lacis A, Ruedy R, Sato M, Wilson H (1993) How sensitive is the world's climate? Nat Geogr Res Explor 9: 143-158
42. Harrison SP, Kohfeld KE, Roelandt C, Claquin T (2001) The role of dust in climate changes today, at the Last Glacial Maximum and in the future. Earth Sci Rev (in press)
43. Hoffert MI, Covey C (1992) Deriving global climate sensitivity from paleoclimate reconstructions. Nature 360: 573-576
44. Hewitt CD, Mitchell FB (1997) Radiative forcing and response of a GCM to ice age boundary conditions: cloud feedback and climate sensitivity. Clim Dyn 13: 821-824
45. Hewitt CD, Broccoli AJ, Mitchell JFB, Stouffer RJ (2001) A coupled model study of the Last Glacial Maximum: was part of the North Atlantic relatively warm? Geophys Res Lett 28: 1571-1574
46. IPCC WG-I (1996) Climate change 1995: the science of climate change. In: Houghton et al (eds) Contribution of WGI to the second assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp 572
47. Janecek TR, Rea DK (1985) Quaternary fluctuations in the northern hemisphere trade winds and westerlies. Quat Res 24: 150-163
48. Joussaume S, Taylor KE, Braconnot P, Mitchell JFB, Kutzbach JE, Harrison SP, Prentice IC, Broccoli AJ, Abe-Ouchi A, Bartlein PJ, Bonfils C, Dong B, Guiot J, Herterich H, Hewitt CD, Jolly D, Kim JW, Kislov A, Kitoh A, Loutre MF, Masson V. McAvaney B, McFarlane N, de Noblet N, Peltier WR, Peterschmitt JY, Pollard D, Rind D, Royer JF, Schlesinger ME, Syktus J, Thompson S, Valdes P, Vettoretti G, Webb RS, Wyputta U (1999) Monsoon changes for 6000 years ago: results of 18 simulations from the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP). Geophys Res Lett 26: 859-862
49. Kageyama M, Peyron O, Tarasov P, Pinot S, Guiot J, Ramstein G, Joussaume S, PMIP participating groups (2001) The Last Glacial Maximum climate over Europe and western Siberia: a PMIP comparison between models and data. Clim Dyn 17: 23-43
50. Kiehl JT, Hack JJ, Bonan GB, Boville BA, Williamson DL, Rasch PJ (1998) The national center for atmospheric research community climate model: CCM3. J Clim 11: 1131-1149
51. Kitoh A, Murakami S, Koide H (2001) A simulation of the Last Glacial Maximum with a coupled atmosphere-ocean GCM. Geophys Res Lett 28: 2221-2224
52. Klinck JM, Smith DA (1993) Effect of wind changes during the Last Glacial Maximum on the circulation in the Southern Ocean. Paleoceanography 8: 427-433
53. Kohfeld KE, Harrison SP (2000) How well can we simulate past climates? Evaluating the models using global palaeoenvironmental datasets. Quat Sci Rev 19: 321-346
54. Kohfeld KE, Harrison SP (2001) DIRTMAP: the geological record of dust. Earth Sci Rev (in press)
55. Kutzbach JE, Wright HE (1985) Simulations of the climate of 18,000 yr BP: results for the North American/North Atlantic/ European sector and comparison with the geologie record. Quat Sci Rev 4: 147-187
56. Kutzbach JE, Guetter PJ (1986) The influence of changing orbital parameters and surface boundary conditions for the past 18,000 years. J Atmos Sci 43: 1726-1759
57. Large WG, McWilliams JC, Doney SC (1994) Oceanic vertical mixing: a review and a model with a nonlocal boundary layer parametrization. Rev Geophys 32: 363-403
58. Large WG, Danabasoglu G, Doney SC (1997) Sensitivity to surface forcing and boundary layer mixing in a global ocean model: annual-mean climatology. J Phys Oceanogr 27: 2418-2447
59. Lautenschlager M, Mikolajewicz U, Maier-Reimer E, Heinze C (1992) Application of ocean models for the interpretation of atmospheric general circulation model experiments on the climate of the Last Glacial Maximum. Paleoceanography 7: 769-782
60. Lea DW, Boyle EA (1990) Foraminiferal reconstruction of barium distributions in water masses of the glacial ocean. Paleoceanography 5: 719-742
61. Lee KE, Slowey NC (1999) Cool surface waters of the subtropical North Pacific Ocean during the last glacial. Nature 397: 512-514
62. 2, climate, and vegetation feedbacks at the Last Glacial Maximum. J Geophys Res 104: 31,191-31,198
63. Liu Z, Shin S, Behling P, Prell W, Trend-staid M, Harrison SP, Kutzbach JE (2000) Dynamical and observational constraints on tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures at the last glacial maximum. Geophys Res Lett 27: 105-108
64. Liu Z, Shin S, Otto-Bliesner B, Kutzbach JE, Brady EC (2001) Tropical cooling at the last glacial maximum and extratropical ocean ventilation. Geophys Res Lett (in press)
65. Lynch-Stieglitz J, Curry WB, Slowey N (1999) Weaker Gulf Stream in the Florida Straits during the Last Glacial Maximum. Nature 402: 644-648
66. Mahowald N, Kohfeld K, Hansson M, Balkanski Y, Harrison SP, Prentice IC, Schulz M, Rodhe H (1999) Dust sources and deposition during the last glacial maximum and current climate: a comparison of model results with paleodata from ice cores and marine sediments. J Geophys Res 104: 15,859-15,916
67. Manabe S, Hahn DG (1977) Simulation of the tropical climate of an ice age. J Geophys Res 82: 3889-3911
68. Mix AC, Morey AE, Pisias NG, Hostetler SW (1999) Foraminiferal faunal estimates of paleotemperature: circumventing the no-analog problem yields cool ice age tropics. Paleoceanography 14: 350-359
69. Moore Jr TC, Burckle LH, Geitzenauer K, Luz B, Molina-Cruz A, Robertson JH, Sachs H, Sancetta C, Thiede J, Thompson P, Wenkam C (1980) The reconstruction of sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean of 18,000 BP. Mar Micropalaeontol 5: 215-247
70. Müller PJ, Kirst G, Ruhland G, von Storch I, Rosell-MeléA (1998) Calibration of the alkenone paleotemperature index [] based on core-tops from the eastern South Atlantic and the global ocean (60°N-60°S). Geochim Cosmochim Acta 62: 1757-1772
71. Müller A, Opdyke BN (2000) Glacial-interglacial changes in nutrient utilization and paleoproductivity in the Indonesian Throughflow sensitive Timor Trough, easternmost Indian Ocean. Paleoceanography 15: 85-94
72. Ohkouchi N, Kawamura K, Nakamura T, Taira A (1994) Small changes in the sea surface temperature during the last 20,000 years: molecular evidence from the western tropical Pacific. Geophys Res Lett 21: 2207-2210
73. Overpeck J, Anderson D, Trumbore S, Prell W (1996) The southwest Indian monsoon over the last 18,000 years. Clim Dyn 12: 213-225
74. Patrick A, Thunell RC (1997) Tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures and upper water column thermal structure during the last glacial maximum. Paleoceanography 12: 649-657
75. Peixoto JP, Oort AH (1992) Physics of climate. American Institute of Physics, New York, USA, pp 520
76. Peltier WR (1994) Ice age paleotopography. Science 265: 195-201
77. Peyron O, Guiot J, Cheddadi R, Tarasov P, Reille M, de Beaulieu J-L, Bottema S, Andrieu V (1998) Climatic reconstruction in Europe for 18,000 yr BP from pollen data. Quat Res 49: 183-196
78. Pinot S, Ramstein G, Harrison SP, Prentice IC, Guiot J, Stute M, Joussaume S (1999a) Tropical paleoclimates at the Last Glacial Maximum: comparison of paleoclimate modeling intercomparison project (PMIP) simulations and paleodata. Clim Dyn 15: 857-874
79. Pinot S, Ramstein G, Marsiat I, de Vernal A, Peyron O, Duplessy J-C, Weinelt M (1999b) Sensitivity of the European LGM climateto North Atlantic sea-surface temperature. Geophys Res Lett 26: 1893-1896
80. Prahl F, Pisias N, Sparrow M, Sabin A (1995) Assessment of sea surface temperature at 42°N in the California current over the last 30,000 years. Paleoceanography 4: 763-773
81. Prentice IC, Jolly D, BIOME 6000 Participant (2000) Mid-Holocene and glacial-maximum vegetation geography of the northern continents and Africa. J Biogeogr 27: 507-519
82. Raynaud D, Jouzel J, Barnola JM, Chappellaz J, Delmas RJ, Lorius C (1993) The ice record of greenhouse gases. Science 259: 926-934
83. Rea DK (1994) The paleoclimatic record provided by eolian deposition in the deep sea: the geologic history of wind. Rev Geophys 32: 159-195
84. Rind D, Peteet D (1985) Terrestrial conditions at the last glacial maximum and CLIMAP sea-surface temperature estimates: are they consistent? Quat Res 24: 1-22
85. Rochon A, de Vernal A, Sejrup H, Haflidason H (1998) Palynological evidence of climatic and oceanographic changes in the North Sea during the last deglaciation. Quat Res 49: 197-207
86. Rosell-Melé A, Koc N (1997) Paleoclimatic significance of the stratigraphic occurrence of phytosynthetic biomarker pigments in the Nordic Seas. Geology 49-52
87. Rosell-Melé A, Bard E, Emeis K-C, Farrimond P, Grimalt J, Müller PJ, Schneider RR (1998) TEMPUS: a new generation of sea surface temperature maps. Eos Trans Am Geophys Union 79: 393-394
88. Sarnthein M, Tetzlaff G, Koopmann B, Wolter K, Pflaumann U (1981) Glacial and interglacial wind regimes over the eastern subtropical Atlantic and North-West Africa. Nature 293: 193-196
89. Sawada K, Handa N (1998) Variability of the path of the Kuroshio ocean current over the past 25,000 years. Nature 392: 592-595
90. Schmitt RW, Bogden PS, Dorman CE (1989) Evaporation minus precipitation and density fluxes for the North Atlantic. J Phys Oceanogr 19: 1208-1221
91. Seidov D, Sarnthein M, Stattegger K, Prien R, Weinelt M (1996) North Atlantic Ocean circulation during the last glacial maximum and subsequent meltwater event: a numerical model. J Geophys Res 101: 16,305-16,332
92. Seidov D, Haupt BJ (1997) Simulated ocean circulation and sediment transport in the North Atlantic during the last glacial maximum and today. Paleoceanography 12: 281-305
93. Seminer AJ (1976) A model for the thermodynamic growth of sea-ice in numerical investigations of climate. J Phys Oceanogr 6: 376-389
94. Shea DJ, Trenberth KE, Raynolds RW (1990) A global monthly sea surface temperature climatology. NCAR Technical note NCAR/TN-345+STR, Colorado, pp 167
95. Shin S (2002) Understanding the climate of the Last Glacial Maximum using a climate system model. PhD Thesis at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA, pp 175
96. Slowey NC, Curry WB (1992) Enhanced ventilation of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre thermocline during the last glaciation. Nature 358: 665-668
97. Sonzogni C, Rostek EBF, Dollfus D, Rosell-MeléA, Eglinton G (1997) Alkenones in recent surface sediments from the subtropical and Indian Ocean. Quat Res 47: 344-355
98. Speer K, Tziperman E (1992) Rates of water mass formation in the North Atlantic Ocean. J Phys Oceanogr 22: 93-104
99. Tarasov PE, Peyron O, Guiot J, Brewer S, Volkova VS, Bezusko LG, Dorofeyuk NI, Kvavadze EV, Osipova IM, Panova NK (1999) Last Glacial Maximum climate of the former Soviet Union and Mongolia reconstructed from pollen and plant macrofossil data. Clim Dyn 15: 227-240
100. Trend-Staid M (1999) Sea-surface temperature and near-surface hydrography at the Last Glacial Maximum: A reconstruction using modern analogue technique. PhD Thesis at Brown University, USA, pp 319
101. Wetherly JW, Briegleb BP, Lovge WE, Muslanik JA (1998) Sea ice and polar climate in the NCAR-CSM. J Clim 11: 1472-1486
102. Weaver AJ, Eby M, Fanning AF, Wiebe EC (1998) Simulated influence of carbon dioxide, orbital forcing and ice-sheets on the climate of the Last Glacial Maximum. Nature 394: 847-853
103. Webb RS, Rind DH, Lehman SJ, Healy RJ, Sigman D (1997) Influence of ocean heat transport on the climate of the Last Glacial Maximum. Nature 385: 695-699
104. Weinelt M, Sarnthein M, Pflaumann U, Schulz H, Jung S, Erlenleuser H (1996) Ice-free Nordic Seas during the last glacial maximum? Potential sites of deepwater formation. Paleoclimate 1-4: 283-309
105. Whitworth III T (1983) Monitoring the transport of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current at Drake Passage. J Phys Oceanogr 13: 2045-2057
106. Winguth AME, Archer D, Duplessy J-C, Maier-Reimer E, Mikolajewicz U (1999) Sensitivity of paleonutrient tracer distributions and deep-sea circulation to glacial boundary conditions. Paleoceanography 14: 304-323
107. Wolff T, Mulitza S, Arz H, Patzold J, Wefer G (1998) Oxygen isotopes versus CLIMAP (18 ka) temperatures: a comparison from the tropical Atlantic. Geology 26: 675-678
108. Zhao M, Beveridge N, Shackleton N, Sarnthein M, Eglinton G (1995) Molecular stratigraphy of cores off northwest Africa: sea surface temperature history over the last 80 ka. Paleoceanography 10: 661-675