Metal vs bioabsorbable interference screws: Initial fixation

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine

Volumn 217, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 59-75

  Beevers, D J ^a  

^a Xiros plc   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL); Fixation; Implant; Interference screw

Indexed keywords

BONE; COMPUTER SIMULATION; IMPLANTS (SURGICAL); METALS; SCREWS; SEARCH ENGINES; STIFFNESS; TENSILE TESTING; FASTENERS; GRAFTING (CHEMICAL); NITROGEN FIXATION; PATIENT REHABILITATION;

ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT; BIOABSORBABLE INTERFERENCE SCREW; BONE-PATELLAR TENDON-BONE GRAFT; GRAFT FIXATION; HAMSTRING GRAFT; INTERFERENCE SCREW;

PROSTHETICS; SCREWS;

ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT; ANTERIOR-CRUCIATE-LIGAMENT RECONSTRUCTION; BIOLOGICAL FIXATION; BONE-PATELLAR TENDON-BONE GRAFTS; GRAFT MATERIALS; INTERFERENCE SCREW; OPTIMAL RESULTS; UNIAXIAL TENSILE TEST;

METAL;

ANIMAL; ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT; ARTICLE; BIODEGRADABLE IMPLANT; BONE SCREW; CATTLE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPARATIVE STUDY; EQUIPMENT; HUMAN; INJURY; INSTRUMENTATION; KNEE; META ANALYSIS; METHODOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PROSTHESIS FAILURE; SHEEP; SWINE; TENDON; TISSUE TRANSPLANTATION; TRANSPLANTATION;

ABSORBABLE IMPLANTS; ANIMALS; ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT; BONE SCREWS; CATTLE; EQUIPMENT FAILURE ANALYSIS; HUMANS; INTERNAL FIXATORS; KNEE JOINT; METALS; PROSTHESIS FAILURE; SHEEP; SWINE; TENDONS; TISSUE TRANSPLANTATION;

EID: 0037266578     PISSN: 09544119     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1243/095441103762597746     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. Kurosaka, M., Yoshiya, S. and Andrish J.T. A biomechanical comparison of different surgical techniques of graft fixation in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am. J. Sports Medicine, 1987, 15, 225-229.
2. Resnik, A. M., Davis, J. L. and Daniel, D. M. Optimising interference screw fixation for cruciate ligament reconstruction. In Proceedings of the 36th Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society, 1990, 519 (abstract).
3. Ivey, M. and Li, F. Tensile strength of soft tissue fixations about the knee. Am. J. Knee Surg, 1991, 4, 18-23.
4. Hecker, A. T., Brown, C. H. and Myers, E. R. Biomechanics of ACL replacement graft fixation with interference screws. In Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society, 1992, 219 (abstract).
5. Paschal, S. O., Seemann, M. D., Ashman, R. B. and Allard, R. N. A biomechanical comparision of interference versus post fixation of bone-patellar tendon bone grafts for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Orthop. Trans., 1992, 16, 80 (abstract).
6. Shapiro, J. D., Cohn, B. T., Jackson, D. W., Postak, P. D., Parker, R. D. and Greenwald, A. S. The biomechanical effects of geometric configuration of bone-tendon-bone autografts in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy, 1992, 8, 453-458.
7. Shapiro, J. D., Jackson, D. W., Aberman, H., Lee, T. and Simon, T. M. Biomechanical comparison of interference screw size for intra-articular femoral fixation in ACL reconstruction. In Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society, 1992, 220 (abstract).
8. Brown, C. H., Hecker, A. T., Hipp, J. A., Myers, E. R. and Hayes, W. C. The biomechanics of interference screw fixation of patellar tendon anterior cruciate ligament grafts. Am. J. Sports Medicine, 1993, 21, 880-886.
9. Cassim, A., Lobenhoffer, P., Gerich, T. and Tscherne, H. The fixation strength of the interference screw in anterior cruciate ligament replacement as a function of technique and experimental setup. In Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society, 1993, 31 (abstract).
10. Hulstyn, M., Fadale, P. D., Abate, J. and Walsh, W. R. Biomechanical evaluation of interference screw fixation in a bovine patellar bone-tendon-bone autograft complex for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy, 1993, 9, 417-424.
11. Jomha, N. M., Raso, J. and Leung, P. Effect of varying angles on pullout strength of interference screw fixation. Arthroscopy, 1993, 9, 580-583.
12. Matthews, L. S., Lawrence, S. J., Yahiro, M. A. and Sinclair, M. R. Fixation strengths of patellar tendon-bone grafts. Arthroscopy, 1993, 9, 76-81.
13. Butler, J. C., Branch, T. P. and Hutton, W. C. Optimal graft fixation-the effect of gap size and screw size on bone plug fixation in ACL reconstruction. Arthroscopy, 1994, 10, 524-529.
14. Kohn, D. and Rose, C. Primary stability of interference screw fixation. Influence of screw diameter and insertion torque. Am. J. Sports Medicine, 1994, 22, 334-338.
15. Paschal, S. O., Seemann, M. D., Ashman, R. B., Allard, R. N. and Montgomery, J. B. Interference fixation versus postfixation of bone-patellar tendon-bone grafts for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a biomechanical comparative study in porcine knees. Clin. Orthop. Related Res., 1994, 300, 281-287.
16. Steiner, M. E., Hecker, A. T., Brown, C. H. and Hayes, W. C. Anterior cruciate ligament graft fixation: comparison of hamstring and patellar tendon grafts. Am. J. Sports Medicine, 1994, 22, 240-247.
17. Walton, M. Efficacy of an absorbable device used for the fixation of the patellar tendon graft in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: interim results from animal studies. Smith and Nephew Internal Report, 1994.
18. Kousa, P., Jarvinen, T. L. N., Pohjonen, T., Kannus, P., Kotikoski, M. and Jarvinen, M. Fixation strength of a biodegradable screw in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J. Bone Jt Surg. (Br.), 1995, 77-B 901-905.
19. Lemos, M. J., Jackson, D. J., Lee, T. Q. and Simon, T. M. Assessment of initial fixation of endoscopic interference femoral screws with divergent and parallel replacement. Arthroscopy, 1995, 11, 37-41.
20. Liu, S. H., Kabo, J. M., Wiley, B. V., Ferrell, B. W. and Matsumura, D. The latest trends in ACL graft reconstruction-assessment of initial mechanical performance. In Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society, 1995, 646 (abstract).
21. Liu, S. H., Kabo, J. M. and Osti, L. Biomechanics of two types of bone-tendon-bone graft for ACL reconstruction. J. Bone Jt Surg (Br.)., 1995, 77-B, 232-235.
22. Pierz, K., Baltz, M. and Fulkerson, J. The effect of Kurosaka screw divergence on the holding strength of bone-tendon-bone grafts. Am. J. Sports Medicine, 1995, 23, 332-335.
23. Shapiro, J. D., Jackson, D. W., Aberman, H. M., Lee, T. Q. and Simon, T. M. Comparison of pullout strength for seven- and nine-millimeter diameter interference screw size as used in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy, 1995, 11, 596-599.
24. Brown, G. A., Pena, F., Grontvedt, T., Labadie, D. and Engebretsen, L. Fixation strength of interference screw fixation in bovine, young human, and elderly human cadaver knees: influence of insertion torque, tunnel-bone block gap, and interference, Knee Surg. Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy, 1996, 3, 238-244.
25. Bryan, J. M., Bach, B. R., Bush-Joseph, C. A., Fisher, I. M. AND Hsu, K. Y. Comparison of 'inside-out' and 'outside-in' interference screw fixation for anterior cruciate ligament surgery in a bovine knee. Arthroscopy, 1996, 12, 76-81.
26. Johnson, L. J. and VanDyk, G. E. Metal and biodegradable interference screws: comparison of failure strength. Arthroscopy, 1996, 12, 452-456.
27. Miyata, K., Yasuda, K., Ishida, H., Kimura, S., Hara, N. and Kaneda, K. Fixation strength of the polyester tape-hamstring tendons-tape graft in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. In Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society, 1996, 783 (abstract).
28. Novak, P. J., Wexler, G. M., Williams, J. S., Bach, B. R. and Bush-Joseph, C. A. Comparison of screw post fixation and free bone block interference fixation for anterior cruciate ligament soft tissue grafts: biomechanical considerations. Arthroscopy, 1996, 12, 470-473.
29. Pena, F., Grontvedt, T., Brown, G. A., Aune, A. K. and Engebretsen, L. Comparison of failure strength between metallic and absorbable interference screws: influence of insertion torque, tunnel-bone block gap, bone mineral density, and interference. Am. J. Sports Medicine, 1996, 24, 329-334.
30. Tuompo, P., Partio, E. K., Jukkala-Partio, K., Pohjonen, T., Helevirta, P. and Rokkanen, P. Strength of the fixation of patellar tendon bone grafts using a totally absorbable self-reinforced poly-L-lactide expansion plug and screw. An experimental study in a bovine cadaver. Arthroscopy, 1996, 12, 422-427.
31. Caborn, D. N., Urban, W. P., Johnson, D. L., Nyland, J. and Pienkowski, D. Biomechanical comparison between BioScrew and titanium alloy interference screws for bone-patellar tendon-bone graft fixation in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy, 1997, 13, 229-232.
32. Gerich, T. G., Cassim, A., Lattermann, C. and Lobenhoffer, H. P. Pullout strength of tibial graft fixation in anterior cruciate ligament replacement with a patellar tendon graft: interference screw versus staple fixation in human knees. Knee Surg. Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy, 1997, 5, 84-88.
33. Rowden, N. J., Sher, D., Rogers, G. J. and Schindhelm, K. Anterior cruciate ligament graft fixation. Initial comparison of patellar tendon and semitendinosus autografts in young fresh cadavers. Am. J. Sports Medicine, 1997, 25, 472-478.
34. Rupp, S., Krauss, P. W. and Fritsch, E. W. Fixation strength of a biodegradable interference screw and a press-fit technique in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with a BPTB graft. Arthroscopy, 1997, 13, 61-65.
35. Weiler. A., Hoffmann, R., Stahelin, A., Bail, H., Raschke, M. and Südkamp, N. P. Semitendinosus graft fixation with bioabsorbable interference screws. In Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society, 1997, 864 (abstract).
36. Weiler, A., Hoffmann, R., Stahelin, A., Bail, H., Raschke, M. and Südkamp, N. P. Semitendinosus graft fixation with biodegradable interference screws. Orthop. Trans., 1997-1998, 21, 1062-1063.
37. Weiler, A., Hoffmann, R., Windhagen, H., Laumeyer, A. and Raschke, M. Biomechanical evaluation of different biodegradable interference screws. In Abstracts of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Arthroscopy Association of North America, 1997, 38-40 (abstracts).
38. Abate, J. A., Fadale, P. D., Hulstyn, M. J. and Walsh, W. R. Initial fixation strength of polylactic acid interference screws in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy, 1998, 14, 278-284.
39. Aune, A. K., Ekland, A. and Cawley, P. W. Interference screw fixation of hamstring vs patellar tendon grafts for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg. Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy, 1998, 6, 99-102.
40. Brown, C. H., Sklar, J. H., Hecker, A. T. and Hayes, W. C. Biomechanics of endoscopic anterior cruciate ligament graft fixation. Report presented to Smith & Nephew, 1998.
41. Caborn, D. N. M., Coen, M., Johnson, D. and Neef, R. Quadrupled hamstring autograft femoral tunnel fixation: a comparison between a metal and bioabsorbable interference screw. Arthroscopy, 1998, S17 (abstract).
42. Caborn, D. N. M., Coen, M., Neef, R., Hamilton, D., Nyland, J. and Johnson, D. L. Quadrupled semitendinosus-gracilis autograft fixation in the femoral tunnel: a comparison between a metal and bioabsorbable interference screw. Arthroscopy, 1998, 14, 241-245.
43. Dalldorf, P. G., Alexander, J. and Lintner, D. M. One- and two-incision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a biomechanical comparision including the effect of simulated closed-chain exercise. Arthroscopy, 1998, 14, 176-181.
44. Gerich, T. G., Cassim, A., Lattermann, C., Lobenhoffer, H. P. and Tscherne, H. Pullout strength of tibial graft fixation in ACL-replacement with a patellar tendon graft: interference screw versus staple fixation in human knees. Unfallchirurg, 1998, 101, 204-208.
45. Honl, M., Muller, V., Morlock, M., Muller, G., Hille, E. and Schneider, E. Dynamic in vitro comparision of fixation methods used in ACL reconstruction. In Proceedings of the 44th Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society 1998, 43-(8) (abstract).
46. Matthews, L. S., Parks, B. G. and Sabbagh, R. C. Determination of fixation strength of large-diameter interference screws. Arthroscopy, 1998, 14, 70-74.
47. Mayr, H. O., Plitz, W. O., Nowotny, M., Munch, E. O. and Heininger, C. Hydroxyapatit-dowels for fixation at the replacement of the ACL. Technical data sheet AAOS, 1998 (Sana Klinik Munchen-Sendling, Munich, Germany).
48. Nakano, H., Yasuda, K., Yamanaka, H., Tohyama, H., Miyata, K. and Kaneda, K. The effect of submaximal cyclic tensile loading on biomechanical properties of the femurgraft-tibia complex after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. In Proceedings of the 44th Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society, 1998, 70-(12) (abstract).
49. Peine, R., Weiler, A., Bail, H., Sükamp, N. and Hoffmann, R. Initial fixation strength of modified patellar tendon grafts for anatomic fixation in ACL reconstruction. Arthroscopy, 1998, 14, 456-457 (abstract).
50. Pomeroy, G., Baltz, M., Pierz, K., Nowak, M., Post, W. and Fulkerson, J. P. The effects of bone plug length and screw diameter on the holding strength of bone-tendon-bone grafts. Arthroscopy, 1998, 14, 148-152.
51. Rupp, S., Seil, R., Krauß, P. W. and Kohn, D. M. Cortical versus cancellous interference fixation for bone-patellar tendon-bone grafts. Arthroscopy, 1998, 14, 484-488.
52. Rupp, S., Seil, R. and Kohn, D. Initial fixation strength of different types of biodegradable interference screws. Technical data sheet AAOS, 1998 (Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Saarland, Germany).
53. Seil, R., Rupp, S., Krauß, P. W., Benz, A. and Kohn, D. M. Comparision of initial fixation strength between biodegradable and metallic interference screws and a press-fit fixation technique in a porcine model. Am. J. Sports Medicine, 1998, 26, 815-819.
54. Simonian, P. T., Sussmann, P. S., Baldini, T. H., Crockett, H. C. and Wickiewicz, T. L. Interference screw position and hamstring graft location for ACL reconstruction. Arthroscopy, 1998, 14, 447-448 (abstract).
55. Simonian, P. T., Sussmann, P. S., Baldini, T. H., Crockett, H. C. and Wickiewicz, T. L. Interference screw position and hamstring graft location for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy, 1998, 14, 459-464.
56. Stapleton, T. R., Waldrop, J. I., Ruder, C. R., Parrish, T. A. and Kuivial, T. E. Graft fixation strength with arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am. J. Sports Medicine, 1998, 26, 442-445.
57. Magen, H. E., Howell, S. M. and Hull, M. L. Structural properties of six tibial fixation methods for anterior cruciate ligament soft tissue grafts. Orthop. Trans., 1998-1999, 22, 11 (abstract).
58. Weiler, A., Hoffmann, R. F. G., Stahelin, A. C., Bail, H. J., Siepe, C. J. and Sükamp, N. P. Hamstring tendon fixation using interference screws: a biomechanical study in calf tibial bone. Arthroscopy, 1998, 14, 29-37.
59. Weiler, A., Windhagen, H. J., Raschke, M. J., Laumeyer, A. and Hoffmann, R. F. G. Biodegradable interference screw fixation exhibits pull-out force and stiffness similar to titanium screws. Am. J. Sports Medicine, 1998, 26, 119-128.
60. Weiler, A., Peine, R., Pashmineh-Azar, A., Unterhauser, F. and Hoffmann, R. F. G. Tendon to bone healing under direct interference screw fixation in a sheep model. Arthroscopy, 1998, 14, 437-438 (abstract).
61. Yamada, I., Koshino, T., Sakamoto, K., Tashiro, Y., Kimura, M. and Kobayashi, Y. Concept of the Sharpey screw. Knee, 1998, 5, 53-57.
62. Hoffmann, R. F. G., Peine, R., Bail, H. J., Sükamp, N. P. and Weiler, A. Initial fixation strength of modified patellar tendon grafts for anatomic fixation in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy, 1999, 15, 392-399.
63. Magen, H. E., Howell, S. M. and Hull, M. L. Structural properties of six tibial fixation methods for anterior cruciate ligament soft tissue grafts. Am. J. Sports Medicine, 1999, 27, 35-43.
64. McKeon, B. P., Donahue, B. J., Tarinelli, D. J., Dalsky, G. P. and Fulkerson, J. P. Biomechanical evaluation of a soft tissue interference screw in free tendon ACL graft fixation. In Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society, 1999, 284 (abstract).
65. Seitz, H., Vécsei, V., Menth-Chiari, W. A., Pichl, W. and Marlovits, S. Primary stability of a new bone-patellar tendon-bone interference fixation device. In Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society, 1999, 943 (abstract).
66. Seitz, H., Vécsei, V., Menth-Chiari, W. A., Pichl, W., Wielke, B. and Marlovits, S. Comparison of femoral and tibial pull-out forces in bone-patellar tendon-bone anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions with a new interference fixation device. Arthroscopy, 1999, 15, 173-178.
67. Vittetoe, D. A., Askew, M. J., Mounts, R. A., Melby, K. and Melby, A. Stiffness and fixation of extended hamstring grafts for ACL reconstruction. In Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society, 1999, 941 (abstract).
68. Weiler, A., Hoffmann, R. F. G., Peine, R., Bail, H. J., Pashmineh-Azar, A., Kolbeck, S. J. and Sükamp, N. P. Biomechanics of direct tendon to bone interface fit fixation in vivo. In Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society, 1999, 1075 (abstract).
69. An, H. S., Xu, R., Lim, T. H., McGrady, L. and Wilson, C. Prediction of bone graft strength using dual-energy radiographic absorptiometry, Spine, 1994, 19, 2358-2363.
70. Barber, F. A., Feder, S. M., Burkhart, S. S. and Ahrens, J. The relationship of suture anchor failure and bone density to proximal humerus location: a cadaveric study. Arthroscopy, 1997, 13, 340-345.
71. Carter, D. R. and Hayes, W. C. The compressive behavior of bone as a two-phase porous structure. J. Bone Jt Surg. (Am.), 1977, 59-A, 954-962.
72. Curylo, L. J., Lindsey, R. W., Doherty, B. J. and LeBlanc, A. Segmental variations of bone mineral density in the cervical spine. Spine, 1996, 21, 319-322.
73. Galante, J., Rostoker, W. and Ray, R. D. Physical properties of trabecular bone. Calcified Tissue Res., 1970, 5, 236-246.
74. Gibson, L. J. and Ashby, M. F. Cancellous bone. In Cellular Solids: Structure and Properties, 1987, pp. 316-331 (Pergamon Press, New York).
75. Han, S., Rho, J., Medige, J. and Ziv, I. Ultrasound velocity and broadband attenuation over a wide range of bone mineral density. Osteoporosis Int., 1996, 6, 291-296.
76. Holbrook, T. L. and Connor, E. B. A prospective study of alcohol consumption and bone mineral density. Br. Med. J., 1993, 306, 1506-1509.
77. Houde, J., Marchetti, M., Duquette, J., Hoffman, A., Steinberg, G., Crane, G. K. and Baran, D. Correlation of bone mineral density and femoral neck hardness in bovine and human samples. Calcified Tissue Int., 1995, 57, 201-205.
78. Keller, T. S., Mao, Z. and Spengler, D. M. Young's modulus, bending strength and tissue physical properties of human compact bone. J. Orthop. Res., 1990, 8, 592-603.
79. Lau, K.-H. W., Song, X. D., Ochi, M. and Wergedal, J. E. Mitogenic action of hydrochlorothiazide on human osteoblasts in vitro: requirement for platelet-derived growth factor. Calcified Tissue Int., 1996, 59, 505-510.
80. Lotz, J. C., Gerhart, T. N. and Hayes, W. C. Mechanical properties of trabecular bone from the proximal femur: a quantitative CT study. J. Computer Assisted Tomography, 1990, 14, 107-114.
81. Ryken, T. C., Goel, K., Clausen, J. D. and Trayrelis, V. C. Assessment of unicortical and bicortical fixation in a quasi-static cadaveric model: role of bone mineral density and screw torque. Spine, 1995, 20, 1861-1867.
82. Sabin, M. A., Blake, G. M., MacLaughlin-Black, S. M. and Fogelman, I. The accuracy of volumetric bone density measurements in dual X-ray absorptiometry. Calcified Tissue Int., 1995, 56, 210-214.
83. Schönaü, E.; Wentzlik, U.; Michalk, D., Scheidhauer, K. and Klein, K. Is there an increase of bone mineral density in children? Lancet, 1993, 342, 689-690.
84. Stromsoe, K., Kok, W. L., Hoiseth, A. and Alho, A. Holding power of the 4.5 mm AO/ASIF cortex screw in cortical bone in relation to bone mineral. Injury, 1993, 4, 656-659.
85. Tsai, K. S., Pan, W. H., Hsu, S. H. J., Cheng, W. C., Chen, C. K., Chieng, P. U., Yang, R. S. and Twu, S. T. Sexual differences in bone markers and bone mineral density of normal Chinese. Calcified Tissue Int., 1996, 59, 454-460.
86. Wang, X., Mabrey, J. D. and Agrawal, C. M. An interspecies comparision of bone fracture properties. Biomed. Mater. Engng. 1998, 8, 1-9.
87. Wu, C., Gluer, C., Lu, Y., Fuerst, T., Hans, D. and Genant, H. K. Ultrasound characterization of bone demineralization. Calcified Tissue Int., 1998, 62, 133-139.
88. Wu, C.-Y., Gluer, C.-C., Jergas, M., Bendavid, E. and Genant, H. K. The impact of bone size on broadband ultrasound attenuation. Bone, 1995, 16, 137-141.
89. Ashby, M. F. and Jones, D. R. H. (Eds) Engineering Materials 1. An Introduction to their Properties and Applications, 1980 (Pergamon Press, Oxford).
90. Claes, L. E. Mechanical characterisation of biodegradable implants. Clin. Mater., 1992, 10, 41-46.
91. Törmälä, P., Pohjonen, T. and Rokkanen, P. Bioabsorbable polymers: materials technology and surgical applications. Proc. Instn Mech. Engrs. Part H: J. Engineering in Medicine, 1998, 212, 101-111.
92. Noyes, F. R., Butler, D. L., Grood, E. S., Zerniche, R. F. and Hefzy, M. S. Biomechanical analysis of human ligament grafts used in knee-ligament repairs and reconstruction. J. Bone Jt Surg. (Am.). 1984, 66-A, 344-352.
93. Green, R. E. and McCauley, C. J. (Eds) Machinery's Handbook, 25th edition, 1996 (Industrial Press Inc., New York).
94. Morrison, J. B. Function of the knee joint in various activities. Biomed. Engng. 1969, 4, 573-580.
95. Morrison, J. B. The mechanics of the knee joint in relation to normal walking. J. Biomechanics, 1970 3, 51-61.