Rapid community change at a tropical upwelling site in the Galápagos Marine Reserve

Biodiversity and Conservation

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 25-45

  Witman, Jon D ^a   Smith, Franz ^b,c  

^a BROWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b CHARLES DARWIN RESEARCH STATION   (Ecuador)

^c DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Benthic pelagic coupling; Biodiversity; Bottom up control; Epifauna; Gal pagos Islands; Marine reserves; Species richness; Subtidal; Upwelling

Indexed keywords

COMMUNITY DYNAMICS; CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT; MARINE PARK; PROTECTED AREA; SPECIES DIVERSITY; UPWELLING;

ECUADOR;

ANTHOZOA; ASCIDIA; ASCIDIACEA; ASPERISCALA; CIRRIPEDIA; COCCOIDEA; DIDEMNUM; EPITONIIDAE; GASTROPODA; HEXAPLEX; INVERTEBRATA; MEGABALANUS; MURICIDAE; SCLERACTINIA; THORACICA; TUBASTRAEA; TUBASTRAEA COCCINEA;

EID: 0037259294     PISSN: 09603115     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1021200831770     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Ayling A.M. 1981. The role of biological disturbance in temperate subtidal encrusting communities. Ecology 62: 830-847.
2. Banta W.C. 1991. The Bryozoa of the Galápagos. In: James M.J. (ed.), Galápagos Marine Invertebrates: Taxonomy, Biogeography and Evolution in Darwin's Islands. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 371-389.
3. Baynes T.M. 1999. Factors structuring a subtidal encrusting community in the southern Gulf of California. Bulletin of Marine Science 64: 419-450.
4. Birkeland C. 1988. Second-order ecological effects of nutrient input into coral communities. Galaxea 7: 91-100.
5. Branch G.M. and Griffiths C.L. 1988. The Benguela ecosystem Part V. The coastal zone. Oceanography Marine Biology Annual Review 26: 395-486.
6. Branch G.M., Witman J.D., Bensted-Smith R., Bustamente R.H., Wellington G.M., Smith F. et al. 2002. Conservation criteria for the marine biome. Galápagos Biodiversity Workshop Report Chapter 8. World Wildlife Foundation and Charles Darwin Research Station, Washington, DC (in press).
7. Bustamante R.H., Branch G.M., Eekhout S., Roberston B., Zoutendyk P., Schleyer M. et al. 1996. Gradients of intertidal primary productivity around the coast of South Africa and their relationships with consumer biomass. Oecologia 102: 189-201.
8. Bustamante R.H., Branch G.M. and Bensted-Smith R. 2002. The status of and threats to marine biodiversity. In: Bensted-Smith R. and Dinerstein E. (eds), A Biodiversity Vision for the Galápagos Islands: An Exercise for Ecoregional Planning. World Wildlife Foundation, Washington, DC (in press).
9. Cairns S.D. 1991. A revision of the ahermatypic Scleractinia of the Galápagos and Cocos Islands. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology No. 504, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
10. Chavez F.P. and Brusca R.C. 1991. The Galápagos Islands and their relation to oceanographic processes in the tropical Pacific. In: James M.J. (ed.), Galápagos Marine Invertebrates: Taxonomy, Biogeography and Evolution in Darwin's Islands. Plenum Press, New York p. 9036.
11. Colgan M.W. 1987. Coral reef recovery on Guam (Micronesia) after catastrophic predation by Acanthaster planci. Ecology 68: 1592-1605.
12. Colwell R.K. 1997. EstimateS: statistical estimation of species richness and shared species from samples. Version 5. User's Guide and Application, published at: http://viceroy.eeb.uconn.edu/estimate.
13. Colwell R.K. and Coddington J.A. 1995. Estimating terrestrial biodiversity through extrapolation. In: Hawksworth D.L. (ed.), Biodiversity. Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 101-118.
14. Connell J.H. 1997. Disturbance and recovery of coral assemblages. Coral Reefs 16: 101-113.
15. Dayton P.K., Tegner M.J., Edwards P.B. and Riser K.L. 1999. Temporal and spatial scales of kelp demography: the role of oceanographic climate. Ecological Monographs 69: 219-250.
16. Desqueyroux-Faúndez R. and Van Soest R.W.M. 1997. Shallow water demosponges of the Galápagos Islands. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 104: 379-467.
17. Feldman G.C. 1986. Patterns of phytoplankton production around the Galápagos Islands. In: Bowman J., Yentsch M. and Peterson W.T. (eds), Tidal Mixing and Plankton Dynamics. Lecture Notes on Coastal and Estuarine Studies Vol. 17. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 77-106.
18. Gili J.M. and Coma R. 1998. Benthic suspension feeders: their paramount role in littoral marine food webs. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13: 316-321.
19. Glynn P.W. 1977. Coral growth in upwelling and non-upwelling areas off the Pacific coast of Panama. Journal of Marine Research 35: 567-585.
20. Glynn P.W. 1988. El Niño-southern oscillation 1982-1983: nearshore population, community, and ecosystem responses. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 19: 309-345.
21. Glynn P.W 1990. Coral mortality and disturbances to coral reefs in the tropical eastern Pacific. In: Glynn P.W. (ed.), Global Ecological Consequences of the 1982-1983 El-Niño Southern Oscillation. Elsevier Oceanography Series. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 55-126.
22. Glynn P.W. and Wellington G.M. 1983. Corals and Coral Reefs of the Galápagos Islands. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.
23. Grange K.R. 1985. Distribution, standing crop, population structure and growth rates of black coral in the southern fiords of New Zealand. Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 19: 467-475.
24. Grange K.R. and Singleton R.J. 1988. Population structure of black coral, Anitpathes aperta, in the southern fiords of New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 15: 481-489.
25. Grigg R.W. and Maragos J.E. 1974. Recolonization of hermatypic corals on submerged lava flows in Hawaii. Ecology 55: 387-395.
26. Hassell M.P. and May R.M. 1974. Aggregation of predators and insect parasites and its effect on stability. Journal of Animal Ecology 43: 567-594.
27. Hickman C.P. and Finet Y. 1999. A Field Guide to the Marine Molluscs of Galápagos. Sugar Spring Press, Lexington, Virginia.
28. Hickman C.P. and Humann P. 2002. A Field Guide to Coral and other Sessile Animals of Galápagos (in preparation).
29. Hickman C.P. and Zimmerman T.L. 2000. Field Guide to the Crustaceans of the Galápagos. Sugar Spring Press, Lexington, Virginia.
30. Houvenaghel G.T. 1978. Oceanographic conditions in the Galápagos Archipelago and their relationships with life on the islands. In: Boje R. and Tomczak M. (eds), Upwelling Ecosystems. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 181-200.
31. Houvenaghel G.T. 1984. Oceanographic setting of the Galápagos Islands. In: Perry R. (ed.), Key Environments Galápagos. Pergamon Press, New York, pp. 43-54.
32. Hughes T.P. 1994. Catastrophes, phase shifts and large-scale degradation of a Caribbean coral reef. Science 265: 1547-1551.
33. Jackson J.B.C. 1983. Biological determinants of present and past sessile animal distributions. In: Tevez M.J.S. and McCall P.L. (eds), Biotic Interactions in Recent and Fossil Benthic Communities. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 39-120.
34. Jackson J.B.C. 1991. Adaptation and diversity of reef corals. BioScience 41: 475-482.
35. Knowlton N. 1992. Thresholds and multiple stable states in coral reef community dynamics. American Zoologist 32: 674-682.
36. Leichter J.J., Wing S.W., Miller S.L. and Denny M.W. 1996. Pulsed delivery of subthermocline water to Conch Reef (Florida Keys) by internal tidal bores. Limnology and Oceanography 41: 1490-1501.
37. Leichter J.J., Shellenbarger G., Genovese S.J. and Wing S.R. 1998. Breaking internal waves on a Florida coral reef: a plankton pump at work? Marine Ecology Progress Series 166: 83-97.
38. Levin L.A. and Bridges T.S. 1995. Pattern and diversity in reproduction and development. In: McEdward L. (ed.), Ecology of Marine Invertebrate Larvae. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp, 1-48.
39. Loya Y. 1990. Changes in a Red Sea coral community structure: a long-term case history study. In: Woodwell G.M. (ed.), The Earth in Transition: Patterns and Processes of Biotic Impoverishment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
40. Mann K.H. and Lazier J.R.N. 1996. Dynamics of Marine Ecosystems. Blackwell, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
41. Menge B.A. 1992. Community regulation: under what conditions are bottom-up factors important on rocky shores? Ecology 73: 755-765.
42. Menge B.A., Daley B.A., Wheeler P.A., Dahlhoff E., Sanford E. and Strub T.T. 1997. Benthic-pelagic links and rocky intertidal communities: bottom-up effects on top down control? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 94: 14530-14535.
43. Menge B.A., Daley B.A., Lubchenco J., Sanford E., Dahloff E., Halpin P.M. et al. 1999. Top-down and bottom-up regulation of New Zealand rocky intertidal communities. Ecological Monographs 69: 297-330.
44. Mittlebach G.G., Steiner C.F., Scheiner S.M., Gross K.L., Reynolds H.L., Waide R.B. et al. 2001. What is the observed relationship between species richness and productivity? Ecology 82: 2381-2396.
45. National Research Council 1995. Understanding Marine Biodiversity. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
46. Paine R.T. 1966. Food web complexity and species diversity. American Naturalist 100: 65-75.
47. Pineda J. 1991a. Predictable upwelling and the shoreward transport of planktonic larvae by internal tidal bores. Science 253: 548-551.
48. Pineda J. 1991b. Circulation and larval distribution in internal tidal bore warm fronts. Limnology and Oceanography 44: 1400-1414.
49. Rosenzweig M.L. 1995. Species Diversity in Space and Time. Cambridge University Press, New York.
50. Roughgarden J., Gaines S.D. and Possingham H.P. 1988. Recruitment dynamics in complex life cycles. Science 241: 1460-1466.
51. Sanford E.D. 1999. Regulation of keystone predation by small changes in ocean temperature. Science 283: 2095-2097.
52. Sebens K.P. 1985. Community ecology of vertical walls in the Gulf of Maine USA: small scale processes and alternative community states. In: Moore P.G. and Seed R. (eds), The Ecology of Rocky Coasts. Hodder and Stoughton, Toronto, Canada, pp. 346-371.
53. Smith F. and Witman J.D. 1999. Species diversity in subtidal landscapes: maintenance by physical processes and larval recruitment. Ecology 80: 51-69.
54. Taylor J.D. 1997. Diversity and structure of tropical Indo-Pacific benthic communities: relation to regimes of nutrient input. In: Ormond R.P.G., Gage J.D. and Angel M.V. (eds), Marine Biodiversity: Patterns and Processes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 178-200.
55. Vance R.R. 1979. Effects of grazing by the sea urchin Centrostephanus coronatus, on prey community composition. Ecology 60: 537-546.
56. Velimirov B., Field J.G., Griffiths C.L. and Zoutendyk P. 1977. The ecology of kelp bed communities in the Benguela upwelling system. Helgolander wis Meeresunters 30: 495-518.
57. Winant C.D. 1974. Internal surges in coastal waters. Journal of Geophysical Research 79: 4523-4526.
58. Witman J.D. 1985. Refuges, biological disturbance and rocky subtidal community structure in New England. Ecological Monographs 55: 421-445.
59. Witman J.D. 1992. Physical disturbance and community structure of exposed and protected reefs: a case study from St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands. American Zoologist 32: 641-654.
60. Wyrtki K. 1992. An estimate of equatorial upwelling in the eastern Pacific. Journal of Physical Oceanography 11: 1205-1214.