Origin of the conformation dependence of protein charge-state distributions in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Journal of Mass Spectrometry

Volumn 38, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 11-15

  Grandori, Rita ^a  

^a JOHANNES KEPLER UNIVERSITY LINZ   (Austria)

Author keywords

Charge state distribution; Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry; Electrostatic effect; Protein folding; Protein structure

Indexed keywords

CONFORMATIONS; ELECTRIC CHARGE; IONIZATION; SPECTRUM ANALYSIS; STRUCTURE (COMPOSITION);

PROTEIN STRUCTURE;

PROTEINS;

ALPHA LACTALBUMIN; ANION; CARBONATE DEHYDRATASE II; CATION; CYTOCHROME C; LYSOZYME; MYOGLOBIN; PARVALBUMIN; RIBONUCLEASE A; SOLVENT; UBIQUITIN;

CONTROLLED STUDY; HUMAN; HYPOTHESIS; MASS SPECTROMETRY; MOLECULAR INTERACTION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN CONFORMATION; PROTEIN FOLDING; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; PROTEIN TERTIARY STRUCTURE; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATION; SURFACE CHARGE;

ANIMALS; ELECTROSTATICS; HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION; PROTEIN CONFORMATION; PROTEIN FOLDING; PROTEINS; SPECTROMETRY, MASS, ELECTROSPRAY IONIZATION;

EID: 0037258408     PISSN: 10765174     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jms.390     Document Type: Review

References (54)

1. Chowdhurry SK, Katta V, Chait BT. Probing conformational changes in proteins by mass spectrometry. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990; 112: 9012.
2. Kebarle P. A brief overview of the present status of the mechanisms involved in electrospray mass spectrometry. J. Mass Spectrom. 2000; 35: 804.
3. Winston RL, Fitzgerald MC. Mass spectrometry as a readout of protein structure and function. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 1997; 16: 165.
4. Grandori R. Electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry for protein conformational studies. Curr. Org. Chem. in press.
5. Konermann L, Douglas DJ. Unfolding of proteins monitored by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry: a comparison of positive and negative ion modes. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 1998; 9: 1248.
6. Konermann L, Douglas DJ. Acid-induced unfolding of cytochrome c at different methanol concentrations: electrospray ionization mass spectrometry specifically monitors changes in the tertiary structure. Biochemistry 1997; 36: 12 296.
7. Grandori R, Matecko I, Mayr P, Müller N. Probing protein stabilization by glycerol using electrospray mass spectrometry. J. Mass Spectrom. 2001; 36: 918.
8. Grandori R, Matecko I, Müller N. Uncoupled analysis of secondary and tertiary protein structure by circular dichroism and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J. Mass Spectrom. 2001; 37: 191.
9. Smith RD, Loo JA, Ogorzalek Loo RR, Busman M, Udseth HR. Principles and practice of electrospray-mass spectrometry for large polypeptides and proteins. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 1991; 10: 359.
10. Fenn JB, Mann M, Meng CK, Wong SF, Whitehouse CM. Electrospray ionization - principles and practice. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 1990; 9: 37.
11. Katta V, Chait BT. Observation of the heme-globin complex in native myoglobin by electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991; 113: 8534.
12. Kebarle P, Ho Y. On the mechanism of electrospray mass spectrometry. In Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry, Cole RB (ed). Wiley: New York, 1997; 3-63.
13. Schnier PD, Gross DS, Williams ER. Electrostatic forces and dielectric polarizability of multiply protonated gas-phase cytochrome c ions probed by ion/molecule chemistry. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995; 117: 6747.
14. Schnier PD, Gross DS, Williams ER. On the maximum charge state and proton transfer reactivity of peptide and protein ions formed by electrospray ionization. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 1995; 6: 1086.
15. Grandori R. Detecting equilibrium cytochrome c folding intermediates by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry: two partially folded forms populate the molten-globule state. Protein Sci. 2002; 11: 453.
16. Sogbein OO, Simmons DA, Konermann L. Effects of pH on the kinetic reaction mechanism of myoglobin unfolding studied by time-resolved electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 2000; 11: 312.
17. Konishi Y, Feng R. Conformational stability of heme proteins in vacuo. Biochemistry 1994; 33: 9706.
18. Suckau D, Shi Y, Beu SC, Senko MW, Quinn JP, Wampler FM III, McLafferty FW. Coexisting stable conformation of gaseous protein ions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1993; 90: 790.
19. Pramanik BN, Bartner PL, Mirza UA, Liu YH, Ganguly AK. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for the study of non-covalent complexes: an emerging technology. J Mass Spectrom. 1998; 33: 911.
20. Simmons DA, Konermann L. Characterization of transient protein folding intermediates during myoglobin reconstitution by time-resolved electrospray mass spectrometry with on-line isotopic pulse labeling. Biochemistry 2002; 41: 1906.
21. Sullivan PA, Axelsson J, Altmann S, Quist AP, Sunqvist BUR, Reimann CT. Defect formation on surfaces bombarded by energetic multiply charged proteins: implications for the conformation of gas-phase electrosprayed ions. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 1996; 7: 329.
22. Downard KM, Biemann K. Charging behavior of highly basic peptides during electrospray ionization. A predilection for protons. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes 1995; 148: 191.
23. Loo JA, Ogorzalek Loo RR, Light KJ, Edmonds CG, Smith RD. Multiply charged negative ions by electrospray ionization of polypeptides and proteins. Anal. Chem. 1992; 64: 81.
24. Loo JA, Edmonds CG, Udseth HR, Smith RD. Effect of reducing disulfide-containing proteins on electrospray ionization mass spectra. Anal. Chem. 1990; 62: 693.
25. Gandini D, Gogioso L, Bolognesi M, Bordo D. Patterns in ionizable side chain interactions in protein structures. Proteins 1996; 24: 439.
26. Yang A-S, Honig B. On the pH dependence of protein stability. J. Mol. Biol. 1993; 231: 459.
27. Yang A-S, Honig B. Structural origins of pH and ionic strength effects on protein stability. Acid denaturation of sperm whale apomyoglobin. J. Mol. Biol. 1994; 237: 602.
28. Antosiewicz J, McCammon JA, Gilson MK. Prediction of pH-dependent properties of proteins. J. Mol. Biol. 1994; 238: 415.
29. Creighton TE. Proteins, structure and molecular properties (2nd edn). Freeman: San Francisco, 1993.
30. Mansoori BA, Volmer DA, Boyd RK. 'Wrong-way-round' electrospray ionization of amino acids. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 1997; 11: 1120.
31. Wang G, Cole RB. Disparity between solution-phase equilibria and charge state distributions in positive-ion electrospray mass spectrometry. Org. Mass Spectrom. 1994; 29: 419.
32. Wang G, Cole RB. Solution, gas-phase, and instrumental parameter influences on charge-state distributions in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. In Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry, Cole RB (ed). Wiley: New York, 1997; 137-174.
33. Guevremont R, Siu KWM, Le Blanc JCY, Berman SS. Are the electrospray mass spectra of proteins related to their aqueous solution chemistry? J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 1992; 3: 216.
34. Gaskell SJ. Electrospray: principles and practice. J Mass Spectrom. 1997; 32: 677.
35. Branden CI, Tooze J. An Introduction to Protein Structure. Garland Publishing: New York, 1991.
36. Babu KR, Moradian A, Douglas DJ. The methanol-induced conformational transitions of β-lactoglobulin, cytochrome c, and ubiquitin at low pH: a study by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 2001; 12: 317.
37. Mirza UA. Heat-induced conformational changes in proteins studied by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 1993; 65: 1.
38. Gross DS, Schnier PD, Rodriguez-Cruz SE, Fagerquist CK, Williams ER. Conformations and folding of lysozyme ions in vacuo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1996; 93: 3143.
39. Williams ER. Proton transfer reactivity of large multiply charged ions. J. Mass Spectrom. 1996; 31: 831.
40. de la Mora JF. Electrospray ionization of large multiply charged species proceeds via Dole's charged residue mechanism. Anal. Chim. Acta 2000; 406: 93.
41. Dole M, Mack LL, Hines RL, Mobley RC, Ferguson LD, Alice MB. Molecular beams of macroions. J. Chem. Phys. 1968; 49: 2240.
42. Kelly MA, Vestling MM, Fenselau CC, Smith PB. Electrospray analysis of proteins: a comparison of positive-ion and negative-ion mass spectra at high and low pH. Org. Mass Spectrom. 1992; 27: 1143.
43. Kang X, Carey J. Role of heme in structural organization of cytochrome c probed by semisynthesis. Biochemistry 1999; 38: 15944.
44. Gunner MR, Saleh MA, Cross E, ud-Doula A, Wise M. Backbone dipoles generate positive potentials in all proteins: origins and implications of the effect. Biophys. J. 2000; 78: 1126.
45. Rumbley J, Hoang L, Mayne L, Englander SW. An amino acid code for protein folding. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2001; 98: 105.
46. Halgand F, Laprévote O. Mean charge state and charge state distribution of proteins as structural probes. An electrospray ionization mass spectrometry study of lysozyme and ribonuclease A. Eur. J. Mass Spectrom. 2001; 7: 433.
47. Fligge TA, Kast J, Bruns K, Przybylski M. Direct monitoring of protein-chemical reactions utilising nanoelectrospray mass spectrometry. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 1999; 10: 112.
48. Pan XM, Sheng XR, Zhou JM. Probing subtle acid-induced conformational changes of ribonuclease A by electrospray mass spectrometry. FEBS Lett. 1997; 402: 25.
49. Lee VWS, Chen Y-L, Konermann L. Reconstitution of acid-denatured holomyoglobin studied by time-resolved electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 1999; 71: 4154.
50. Dobo A, Kaltashov IA. Detection of multiple protein conformational ensembles in solution via deconvolution of charge-state distributions in ESI MS. Anal. Chem. 2001; 73: 4763.
51. Chernushevich IV, Ens W, Standing KG. Electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. In Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry, Cole RB. (ed). Wiley: New York, 1997; 203-204.
52. Hu P, Ye Q-Z, Loo JA. Calcium stoichiometry determination for calcium binding proteins by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 1994; 66: 4190.
53. Schmidt A, Karas M. The influence of electrostatic interactions on the detection of heme-globin complexes in ESI-MS. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 2001; 12: 1092.
54. Kitmura S, Matsuo H, Narita K. Hydrogen-tritium exchange titration of the histidine residues in bovin heart cytochrome c and analysis of their microenvironment. Int. J. Pept. Protein Res. 1979; 14: 472.