The military backbone of globalisation

Race and Class

Volumn 44, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 23-39

  Sharma, Sohan ^a   Kumar, Surinder ^b  

^a CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b MAHARSHI DAYANAND UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0037239318     PISSN: 03063968     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0306396803044003023     Document Type: Review

References (94)

1. See K. Loewe, 'The School of the Americas: the militarization link to globalization'. Fifty Years is Enough: Economic Justice News (December 2000), pp. 6, 11.
2. Center for Research on Globalization, 'CIA and School of the Americas' (12 April 2001), 〈http://globalresearch.ca/artuckers/KER112A.html〉
3. L. Panetta and R. Serraglio, 'Training assassins', NACLA (November/December 2000), pp. 28-9.
4. Witness for Peace, 'Annual report', (Washington DC, 1998); Center for Research on Globalization, op. cit., 2001.
5. In These Times (26 December 1999), p. 6.
6. See 'US: SOA protesters sentenced", Weekly News Update on the Americas (24 June 2001), p. 6; L. Panetta and R. Serraglio, Training assassins', NACLA (November/December 2000), pp. 28-9 and J. P. MCSherry, 'Preserving hegemony: national security doctrine in the post-cold war era', NACLA (November/December 2000), pp. 26-34.
7. See 'US: SOA protesters sentenced", Weekly News Update on the Americas (24 June 2001), p. 6; L. Panetta and R. Serraglio, Training assassins', NACLA (November/December 2000), pp. 28-9 and J. P. MCSherry, 'Preserving hegemony: national security doctrine in the post-cold war era', NACLA (November/December 2000), pp. 26-34.
8. See 'US: SOA protesters sentenced", Weekly News Update on the Americas (24 June 2001), p. 6; L. Panetta and R. Serraglio, Training assassins', NACLA (November/December 2000), pp. 28-9 and J. P. MCSherry, 'Preserving hegemony: national security doctrine in the post-cold war era', NACLA (November/December 2000), pp. 26-34.
9. In brief, NACLA (January/February 2001), p. 53.
10. T. J. Allen, 'School ties: what are Indonesia's special forces doing in Vermont?', In These Times (31 October 1999); J. Pilger, Hidden Agendas (New York, New Press 1998), pp. 103-4, 119-20; J. Pilger, 'How Britain's armament fuelled war and poverty', Mirror (29 May 2002); Guardian Weekly (23-9 September 1999), pp. 2, 8.
11. T. J. Allen, 'School ties: what are Indonesia's special forces doing in Vermont?', In These Times (31 October 1999); J. Pilger, Hidden Agendas (New York, New Press 1998), pp. 103-4, 119-20; J. Pilger, 'How Britain's armament fuelled war and poverty', Mirror (29 May 2002); Guardian Weekly (23-9 September 1999), pp. 2, 8.
12. T. J. Allen, 'School ties: what are Indonesia's special forces doing in Vermont?', In These Times (31 October 1999); J. Pilger, Hidden Agendas (New York, New Press 1998), pp. 103-4, 119-20; J. Pilger, 'How Britain's armament fuelled war and poverty', Mirror (29 May 2002); Guardian Weekly (23-9 September 1999), pp. 2, 8.
13. T. J. Allen, 'School ties: what are Indonesia's special forces doing in Vermont?', In These Times (31 October 1999); J. Pilger, Hidden Agendas (New York, New Press 1998), pp. 103-4, 119-20; J. Pilger, 'How Britain's armament fuelled war and poverty', Mirror (29 May 2002); Guardian Weekly (23-9 September 1999), pp. 2, 8.
14. 'Colombia: paramilitary use aircraft', Weekly News Update on the Americas (13 January 2002), pp. 2-3: 'Argentina: Duhalde is the latest president', Weekly News Update on the Americas (6 January 2002), pp. 1, 16.
15. 'Colombia: paramilitary use aircraft', Weekly News Update on the Americas (13 January 2002), pp. 2-3: 'Argentina: Duhalde is the latest president', Weekly News Update on the Americas (6 January 2002), pp. 1, 16.
16. 'US troops in Philippines', New York Times (18 February 2002); see also New York Times for 22 April 2002, p. A14 and 8 June 2002, pp. Al, A68.
17. 'US troops in Philippines', New York Times (18 February 2002); see also New York Times for 22 April 2002, p. A14 and 8 June 2002, pp. Al, A68.
18. For the figures as at July 2002, see http://www.dior.whs.mil/mmid/military/ms0.pdf.
19. Becker, 'Globalization, militarism, and the US/NATO war against Yugoslavia', 28 November 1999, p. 5 〈http://www.oacenter.org/becker.htm〉.
20. J. Pilger, 'Venezuela: the next Chile', New Statesman (11 March 2002); see also, S. Milne, 'Can the US be defeated?', Guardian (15 February 2002); F. Berrigan, 'Sky high: the military busts the 2003 federal budget', In These Times (18 March 2002), p. 3; 'Bush seeks £27 billion emergency fund', New York Times (22 March 2002), p. A23.
21. J. Pilger, 'Venezuela: the next Chile', New Statesman (11 March 2002); see also, S. Milne, 'Can the US be defeated?', Guardian (15 February 2002); F. Berrigan, 'Sky high: the military busts the 2003 federal budget', In These Times (18 March 2002), p. 3; 'Bush seeks £27 billion emergency fund', New York Times (22 March 2002), p. A23.
22. J. Pilger, 'Venezuela: the next Chile', New Statesman (11 March 2002); see also, S. Milne, 'Can the US be defeated?', Guardian (15 February 2002); F. Berrigan, 'Sky high: the military busts the 2003 federal budget', In These Times (18 March 2002), p. 3; 'Bush seeks £27 billion emergency fund', New York Times (22 March 2002), p. A23.
23. J. Pilger, 'Venezuela: the next Chile', New Statesman (11 March 2002); see also, S. Milne, 'Can the US be defeated?', Guardian (15 February 2002); F. Berrigan, 'Sky high: the military busts the 2003 federal budget', In These Times (18 March 2002), p. 3; 'Bush seeks £27 billion emergency fund', New York Times (22 March 2002), p. A23.
24. 'Can Haitian democracy survive?', Witness for Peace Newsletter (Summer/Fall 2000), pp. 4-5.
25. 'Ecuador: first repercussions', Latinamerica Press (16 October 2000), p. 6.
26. J. Israel, M. Sinclair, P. Mahar, K. Talbot, M. Chossudovsky and N. Varkevisser, The nuts and bolts of a scam: how the US has created a corrupt opposition in Serbia' (1 October 2000) 〈http://emperors-clothes.com/analysis/scam2.htm〉.
27. S. Erlanger, 'Milosevic trailing in polls, rails against NATO', New York Times (20 September 2000).
28. See W. Blum, Killing Hope (Monroe, Common Courage Press, 1995), pp. 314-20.
29. See Fidel Castro, Fidel Castro on Imperialist Globalizatlon (New Delhi, LeftWord Books, 1999), pp. 104-5 and W. Blum, Rogue State (Monroe, Common Courage Press, 2000), p. 13.
30. See Fidel Castro, Fidel Castro on Imperialist Globalizatlon (New Delhi, LeftWord Books, 1999), pp. 104-5 and W. Blum, Rogue State (Monroe, Common Courage Press, 2000), p. 13.
31. See J. Petras and H. Veltmeyer, Globalization Unmasked (New Delhi, Madhyam Books and London, Zed Books, 2001), p. 52.
32. Sacramento Bee (16 and 17 May 1998), pp. A18, 14, respectively.
33. 'Cash strapped Pakistan will get $596 million loan', Sacramento Bee (1 December 2000), p. A21.
34. S. Bolsen, The Pakistan coup', Z Magazine (December 1999), p. 14.
35. Latinamerica Press (9 October 2001), p. 1.
36. J. Petras, 'Rebellion in Ecuador', Z Magazine (9 October 2000), p. 1.
37. J. Petras, The coup was directed by the White House' (10 May 2002), 〈http://cocialistworker.org/2002-l/406/406_08PtrasOnChavez.shtml〉; M. Arvelez and T. P. Ponceleon, 'US pushing for a coup d'etat: Venezuela, target of opportunity', Covert Action Quarterly (Spring 2002), pp. 12-14.
38. J. Petras, The coup was directed by the White House' (10 May 2002), 〈http://cocialistworker.org/2002-l/406/406_08PtrasOnChavez.shtml〉; M. Arvelez and T. P. Ponceleon, 'US pushing for a coup d'etat: Venezuela, target of opportunity', Covert Action Quarterly (Spring 2002), pp. 12-14.
39. 'U.S. bankrolling is under scrutiny for ties to Chavez ouster', New York Times (25 April 2002), p. A8.
40. See, for example, J. Pilger, 'Venezuela: the next Chile', New Statesman (11 March 2002); issues of Latinamerica Press (25 February 2002; 17 June 2002).
41. 'Concerns over possible AFL-CIO involvement in the Venezuela coup led to February picket', Labor Notes (May 2002), p. 5.
42. B. Stoller, 'Coup plotters had orders to kill him' (6 June 2002), 〈6/6/02http://lists.econ.utah.edu/pipermail/rad-green/2002-June/00383.html 〉.
43. 'Venezuela: coup fails, Chavez returns', Weekly News Update on the Americas (14 April 2002); 'U.S. cautioned leaders of plot against Chavez ouster', New York Times (17 April 2002).
44. 'Venezuela: coup fails, Chavez returns', Weekly News Update on the Americas (14 April 2002); 'U.S. cautioned leaders of plot against Chavez ouster', New York Times (17 April 2002).
45. 'US fuels Colombia's dirty war against unions', Labor Notes (May 2002), p. 5.
46. U.S./Labor Education in the Americas Project (December 2001), pp. 3-4.
47. J. Petras, 'Neo-mercantilist empire in Latin America, part 1', Z Magazine (July/ August 2001), pp. 89-94.
48. 'Colombia', Weekly News Update on the Americas (28 April 2002), pp 1-2.
49. International Action Center, 'Fact-sheet Colombia: the Pentagon's new target in Latin America' (30 March 2001), 〈http://www.iacenter.org/Colombia_fact.htm〉.
50. Radio Havana, 'Right-wing Venezuelan coup leader gets asylum from Colombia. FMLN blasts Salvadorian asylum for Venezuela coup leader", 〈http://www.radio-hec.org/Distribution/RA_a_English/Radio_Havana_Cuba-27_ May_2002〉, and 〈06 June 2002〉 and J. Hagen, 'New Colombian president promises more war', NACLA (July/August 2002).
51. Radio Havana, 'Right-wing Venezuelan coup leader gets asylum from Colombia. FMLN blasts Salvadorian asylum for Venezuela coup leader", 〈http://www.radio-hec.org/Distribution/RA_a_English/Radio_Havana_Cuba-27_ May_2002〉, and 〈06 June 2002〉 and J. Hagen, 'New Colombian president promises more war', NACLA (July/August 2002).
52. A. Huffington, The Bush oil-igarchy's pipeline protection package', Progressive Populist (1 April 2002), p. 14.
53. M. Chernick, 'Elusive peace: struggle against the logic of violence', NACLA (September/October 2000), pp. 32-7; International Action Center, 'Fact-sheet Colombia: the Pentagon's new target in Latin America" (30 March 2001), 〈http://www.iacenter.org/Colombia_fact.htm〉.
54. M. Chernick, 'Elusive peace: struggle against the logic of violence', NACLA (September/October 2000), pp. 32-7; International Action Center, 'Fact-sheet Colombia: the Pentagon's new target in Latin America" (30 March 2001), 〈http://www.iacenter.org/Colombia_fact.htm〉.
55. E. S. Herman and C. Zarate-Laun, 'Globalization and instability', Z Magazine (September 1999), pp. 30-4; 'Colombia: union leader survives assassination attempt', Weekly News Update on the Americas (17 December 2000), p. 3.
56. E. S. Herman and C. Zarate-Laun, 'Globalization and instability', Z Magazine (September 1999), pp. 30-4; 'Colombia: union leader survives assassination attempt', Weekly News Update on the Americas (17 December 2000), p. 3.
57. Issues of Latinamerica Press, 11 December 2000, p. 7 and 16 April 2001, p. 2; International Action Center, 'Message from the FARC: open letter to governments and people bordering Colombia' (30 March 2001), 〈http://www.iacenter.org/colombia-fact.htm〉; D. Bacon, The Colombian connection', In These Times (23 July 2001), p. 13.
58. Issues of Latinamerica Press, 11 December 2000, p. 7 and 16 April 2001, p. 2; International Action Center, 'Message from the FARC: open letter to governments and people bordering Colombia' (30 March 2001), 〈http://www.iacenter.org/colombia-fact.htm〉; D. Bacon, The Colombian connection', In These Times (23 July 2001), p. 13.
59. Issues of Latinamerica Press, 11 December 2000, p. 7 and 16 April 2001, p. 2; International Action Center, 'Message from the FARC: open letter to governments and people bordering Colombia' (30 March 2001), 〈http://www.iacenter.org/colombia-fact.htm〉; D. Bacon, The Colombian connection', In These Times (23 July 2001), p. 13.
60. Bacon, op. cit.
61. Cited in 'Blueprints for the Colombian war', Counter Punch (1-15 July 2001), p. 1.
62. 'An urgent message from our Colombian partners', Witness for Peace Newsletter (Summer/Fall 2001), p. 8.
63. In fact, Plan Colombia (often referred to as the Andean Plan or Plan Andes) is an enormous operation covering all the Andean nations - Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and north western parts of Argentina. Some 1,500 troops from the US and eight South American countries participated in military exercises in August 2001 in Argentina's north-western province, Salta, financed by the US. (See Weekly News Update on the Americas, 26 August 2001, p. 6 and Latinamerica Press, 16 July 2001, p. 6.) The CIA, together with military intelligence in Peru, Argentina and Nicaragua, has established recruitment and training centres for mercenaries with 'experience in the Central American conflict and the Andean region' at bases in Ecuador, Curacao and Nicaragua. (See Weekly News Update on the Americas, 16 September 2001, p. 4.) On Europe's contribution, see Witness for Peace Newsletter (Summer/Fall 2000), p. 8 and 'Sand in the wheels'. ATTAC Weekly Newsletter (4 October 2000), 〈newsletler@attac.org-http://attac.org〉.
64. In fact, Plan Colombia (often referred to as the Andean Plan or Plan Andes) is an enormous operation covering all the Andean nations - Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and north western parts of Argentina. Some 1,500 troops from the US and eight South American countries participated in military exercises in August 2001 in Argentina's north-western province, Salta, financed by the US. (See Weekly News Update on the Americas, 26 August 2001, p. 6 and Latinamerica Press, 16 July 2001, p. 6.) The CIA, together with military intelligence in Peru, Argentina and Nicaragua, has established recruitment and training centres for mercenaries with 'experience in the Central American conflict and the Andean region' at bases in Ecuador, Curacao and Nicaragua. (See Weekly News Update on the Americas, 16 September 2001, p. 4.) On Europe's contribution, see Witness for Peace Newsletter (Summer/Fall 2000), p. 8 and 'Sand in the wheels'. ATTAC Weekly Newsletter (4 October 2000), 〈newsletler@attac.org-http://attac.org〉.
65. In fact, Plan Colombia (often referred to as the Andean Plan or Plan Andes) is an enormous operation covering all the Andean nations - Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and north western parts of Argentina. Some 1,500 troops from the US and eight South American countries participated in military exercises in August 2001 in Argentina's north-western province, Salta, financed by the US. (See Weekly News Update on the Americas, 26 August 2001, p. 6 and Latinamerica Press, 16 July 2001, p. 6.) The CIA, together with military intelligence in Peru, Argentina and Nicaragua, has established recruitment and training centres for mercenaries with 'experience in the Central American conflict and the Andean region' at bases in Ecuador, Curacao and Nicaragua. (See Weekly News Update on the Americas, 16 September 2001, p. 4.) On Europe's contribution, see Witness for Peace Newsletter (Summer/Fall 2000), p. 8 and 'Sand in the wheels'. ATTAC Weekly Newsletter (4 October 2000), 〈newsletler@attac.org-http://attac.org〉.
66. In fact, Plan Colombia (often referred to as the Andean Plan or Plan Andes) is an enormous operation covering all the Andean nations - Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and north western parts of Argentina. Some 1,500 troops from the US and eight South American countries participated in military exercises in August 2001 in Argentina's north-western province, Salta, financed by the US. (See Weekly News Update on the Americas, 26 August 2001, p. 6 and Latinamerica Press, 16 July 2001, p. 6.) The CIA, together with military intelligence in Peru, Argentina and Nicaragua, has established recruitment and training centres for mercenaries with 'experience in the Central American conflict and the Andean region' at bases in Ecuador, Curacao and Nicaragua. (See Weekly News Update on the Americas, 16 September 2001, p. 4.) On Europe's contribution, see Witness for Peace Newsletter (Summer/Fall 2000), p. 8 and 'Sand in the wheels'. ATTAC Weekly Newsletter (4 October 2000), 〈newsletler@attac.org-http://attac.org〉.
67. In fact, Plan Colombia (often referred to as the Andean Plan or Plan Andes) is an enormous operation covering all the Andean nations - Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and north western parts of Argentina. Some 1,500 troops from the US and eight South American countries participated in military exercises in August 2001 in Argentina's north-western province, Salta, financed by the US. (See Weekly News Update on the Americas, 26 August 2001, p. 6 and Latinamerica Press, 16 July 2001, p. 6.) The CIA, together with military intelligence in Peru, Argentina and Nicaragua, has established recruitment and training centres for mercenaries with 'experience in the Central American conflict and the Andean region' at bases in Ecuador, Curacao and Nicaragua. (See Weekly News Update on the Americas, 16 September 2001, p. 4.) On Europe's contribution, see Witness for Peace Newsletter (Summer/Fall 2000), p. 8 and 'Sand in the wheels'. ATTAC Weekly Newsletter (4 October 2000), 〈newsletler@attac.org-http://attac.org〉.
68. See 'Clinton stands by Colombia', Sacramento Bee (31 Ugust 200), pp. 1-18; 'Blue-prints for the Colombian war', Counter Punch (1-15 July 2001), p. 6; N. Richani, 'The paramilitary connection', NACLA (September/October 2000), p. 40.
69. See 'Clinton stands by Colombia', Sacramento Bee (31 Ugust 200), pp. 1-18; 'Blue-prints for the Colombian war', Counter Punch (1-15 July 2001), p. 6; N. Richani, 'The paramilitary connection', NACLA (September/October 2000), p. 40.
70. See 'Clinton stands by Colombia', Sacramento Bee (31 Ugust 200), pp. 1-18; 'Blue-prints for the Colombian war', Counter Punch (1-15 July 2001), p. 6; N. Richani, 'The paramilitary connection', NACLA (September/October 2000), p. 40.
71. Weekly News Update on the Americas (April 2002), p. 1.
72. C. Younger, 'Cocaine madness: counter narcotics and militarization in the Andes', NACLA (November/December 2000), pp. 22-3; D. Brackley, 'Yanquis return to El Salvador', NACLA (November/December 2000), p. 21; Weekly News Update on the Americas (8 April 2001), pp. 4-5; P. Bannowsky, 'In the grip of the Anaconda', NACLA (July/August 2001), p. 38.
73. C. Younger, 'Cocaine madness: counter narcotics and militarization in the Andes', NACLA (November/December 2000), pp. 22-3; D. Brackley, 'Yanquis return to El Salvador', NACLA (November/December 2000), p. 21; Weekly News Update on the Americas (8 April 2001), pp. 4-5; P. Bannowsky, 'In the grip of the Anaconda', NACLA (July/August 2001), p. 38.
74. C. Younger, 'Cocaine madness: counter narcotics and militarization in the Andes', NACLA (November/December 2000), pp. 22-3; D. Brackley, 'Yanquis return to El Salvador', NACLA (November/December 2000), p. 21; Weekly News Update on the Americas (8 April 2001), pp. 4-5; P. Bannowsky, 'In the grip of the Anaconda', NACLA (July/August 2001), p. 38.
75. C. Younger, 'Cocaine madness: counter narcotics and militarization in the Andes', NACLA (November/December 2000), pp. 22-3; D. Brackley, 'Yanquis return to El Salvador', NACLA (November/December 2000), p. 21; Weekly News Update on the Americas (8 April 2001), pp. 4-5; P. Bannowsky, 'In the grip of the Anaconda', NACLA (July/August 2001), p. 38.
76. 'Did the US pilots set up bombing?' Weekly News Update on the Americas (17 June 2001), pp. 1-2.
77. 'Fumigating Colombia: a war against the poor', Witness for Peace (Summer 2001), p. 7.
78. 'Colombia: paras linked to drug trade', Weekly News Update on the Americas (13 May 2001), p. 4.
79. O. M. Leech, 'Death falls from the sky', In These Times (April 2001), pp. 7-8.
80. War and profits in Colombia', NACLA (July/August 2000), p. 5.
81. Latinamerica Press (16 October 2000), p. 2.
82. 'Ecuador/Colombia', Latinamerica Press (20 August 2001), p. 8.
83. 'Colombia: Indians resist spray campaign', Weekly News Update on the Americas (4 February 2001), p. 3.
84. S. Negus, 'Egypt', Middle East International (12 October 2001), pp. 12-13.
85. S. Aburish, 'The coming Arab crash' (October 2001), 〈http://MiddleEast.org〉.
86. R. Naiman, 'No jubilee for the Middle East', Middle East Report (Winter 1999), pp. 13-15.
87. S. Negus, op. cit.
88. Ibid., pp. 12-13.
89. Islamic Republic News Agency, 'Pakistan - Musharraf - Afghanistan' (22 October 2001) 〈http://www.com/newshtm/eng/30223024.htm〉.
90. J. E. Duskin, 'Permanent installation', In These Times (29 April 2002), pp. 19-21.
91. N. Pope, 'Money for troops?', Middle East International (November 2001), p. 21.
92. 'U.S. offers aid to Turkey to lead Kabul peace force', New York Times (20 March 2002), p. A12; 'Turkey says yes', Middle East International (April 2002), p. 21; 'Turkey fills the breach', Middle East International (12 July 2002), pp. 20-1.
93. 'U.S. offers aid to Turkey to lead Kabul peace force', New York Times (20 March 2002), p. A12; 'Turkey says yes', Middle East International (April 2002), p. 21; 'Turkey fills the breach', Middle East International (12 July 2002), pp. 20-1.
94. 'U.S. offers aid to Turkey to lead Kabul peace force', New York Times (20 March 2002), p. A12; 'Turkey says yes', Middle East International (April 2002), p. 21; 'Turkey fills the breach', Middle East International (12 July 2002), pp. 20-1.