Analysis of the effects of malaria chemoprophylaxis in children on haematological responses, morbidity and mortality

Bulletin of the World Health Organization

Volumn 81, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 205-216

  Prinsen Geerligs, Paul D ^a   Brabin, Bernard J ^a,b   Eggelte, Teunis A ^b  

^a LIVERPOOL SCHOOL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Anemia drug therapy; Antimalarials blood therapeutic use; Child; Controlled clinical trials; Infant mortality; Malaria, falciparum drug therapy epidemiology; Malaria drug therapy epidemiology; Meta analysis; Treatment outcome

Indexed keywords

AMODIAQUINE; ANTIMALARIAL AGENT; CHLOROQUINE; CHLORPROGUANIL; MALOPRIM; PROGUANIL; PYRIMETHAMINE; PYRIMETHAMINE SULFADIAZINE;

CHILD HEALTH; IMMUNITY; MALARIA; META-ANALYSIS; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY;

ANEMIA; ARTICLE; CHILD HOSPITALIZATION; CHILDHOOD MORTALITY; CLINICAL TRIAL; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG RESPONSE; HEALTH CARE UTILIZATION; HEMATOLOGY; HEMOGLOBIN DETERMINATION; HOSPITAL ADMISSION; HUMAN; IMMUNITY; INFECTION PREVENTION; MALARIA; MALARIA FALCIPARUM; MORBIDITY; PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PROTECTION;

ANEMIA; ANTIMALARIALS; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIALS; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; DRUG RESISTANCE; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; GAMBIA; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT MORTALITY; MALARIA, FALCIPARUM; PREMEDICATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 0037232377     PISSN: 00429686     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Expert Committee on Malaria. Ninth Report. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1962:35. Technical Report Series No. 243.
2. Greenwood BM. Malaria chemoprophylaxis in endemic regions. In: Targett GAT, editor. Malaria, waiting for the vaccine. London: John Wiley & Sons; 1991. p.83-102.
3. Brabin BJ, Premji Z, Verhoeff F. An analysis of anaemia and child mortality. Journal of Nutrition 2001;131:636S-48S.
4. Lacroix M, Mazzuca M, Bonnet M. Chloroquine et prophylaxie antimalarique dans deux villages de Kabylie. [Chloroquine antimalarial prophylaxis in two villages of Kabylie.] Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie exotique et de ses Filiales 1952;45:460-4 (in French).
5. Saarinen M, Thoren E, lyambo N, Carlstedt A, Shinyafa L, Fernanda M, et al. Malaria prophylaxis with proguanil to Namibian refugee children in Angola. Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 1988;39:40-2.
6. Bosman A, Sabatinelli G, Lamizana L. Further observations on chemoprophylaxis and prevalence of malaria using questionnaire data in urban and rural areas of Burkina Faso. Parasitologia 1988;30:257-62.
7. Laing ABG. The impact of malaria chemoprophylaxis in Africa, with special reference to Madagascar, Cameroon and Senegal. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1984;62:42-8.
8. Wolde B, Pickering J, Wotton K. Chloroquine chemoprophylaxis in children during peak transmission period in Ethiopia. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1994;97:215-8.
9. Lell B, Luckner D, Ndjave M, Scott T, Kremsner PG. Randomised placebo-controlled study of atovaquone plus proguanil for malaria prophylaxis in children. Lancet 1998;351:709-13.
10. Lell B, Faucher JF, Missinou, MA, Borrmann S, Dangelmaier O, Horton J, et al. Malaria chemoprophylaxis with tafenoquine: a randomised study. Lancet 2000;355:2041-5.
11. McGregor IA, Gilles HM, Walters JH, Davies AM, Pearson FA. Effects of heavy and repeated malarial infections in Gambian infants and children. BMJ 1956;ii:686-92.
12. Voller A, Wilson H. Immunological aspects of a population under prophylaxis against malaria. BMJ 1964;2:551-2.
13. Laing AB. Malaria suppression with fortnightly doses of pyrimethamine with sulfadoxine in the Gambia. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1970;43:513-20.
14. Greenwood BM, Greenwood AM, Bradley AK, Snow RW, Byass P, HaYes RJ, et al. Comparison of two strategies for control of malaria within a primary health care programme in the Gambia, West Africa. Lancet 1988;i:1121-7.
15. Greenwood BM, Greenwood AM, Smith AW, Menon A, Bradley AK, Snow RW, et al. A comparative study of Lapudrine (chlorproguanil) and Maloprim (pyrimethamine and dapsone) as chemoprophylaxis against malaria in Gambian children. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1989;83:182-8.
16. Menon A, Snow RW, Byass P, Greenwood BM, HaYes RJ, N'Jie ABH. Sustained protection against mortality and morbidity from malaria in rural Gambian children by chemoprophylaxis given by village health workers. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1990;84:768-72.
17. Otoo LN, Snow RW, Menon A, Byass P, Greenwood BM. Immunity to malaria in young Gambian children after a two year period of chemoprophylaxis. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1988;82:59-65.
18. Greenwood BM, David PH, Otoo-Forbes LN, Allen SJ, Alonso PL, Armstrong Schellenberg JR, et al. Mortality and morbidity from malaria after stopping malaria chemoprophylaxis. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1995;89:629-33.
19. Fuller NJ, Bates LJ, HaYes RJ, Bradley AK, Greenwood AM, Tulloch S, et al. The effects of antimalarials and folate supplements on haematological indices and red cell folate levels in Gambian children. Annals of Tropical Paediatrics 1988;8:61-7.
20. Otoo LN, Riley EM, Menon A, Byass P, Greenwood BM. Cellular immune responses to Plasmodium falciparum antigens in children receiving long term antimalarial chemoprophylaxis. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1989;83:778-82.
21. Alonso PL, Lindsay SW, Armstrong Schellenberg JR, Kouteh M, Keita K, Marshall C, et al. A malaria control trial using insecticide-treated bed nets and targeted chemoprophylaxis in a rural area of the Gambia, West Africa. 5. Design and implementation of the trial. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1993;87:31-6.
22. Alonso PL, Lindsay SW, Armstrong-Schellenberg JRM, Keita K, Gomez P, Shenton FC, et al. A malaria control trial using insecticide-treated bed nets and targeted chemoprophylaxis in a rural area of the Gambia, West Africa. 6. The impact of the interventions on mortality and morbidity from malaria. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1993;87 Suppl 2:7-44.
23. Colbourne MJ. The effect of malaria suppression in a group of Accra school children. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1955;49:356-69.
24. Charles LJ. Field trials with chlorproguanil in the prophylaxis of malaria in Ghana. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1961;24:457-63.
25. Dobrovolny CG, White WC, Coatney GR. Chloroquine and chlorguanide as suppressants of malaria in Guatemala. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1953;12:808-45.
26. Avery Jones S. Mass treatment with pyrimethamine. A study of resistance and cross-resistance resulting from a field trial in the hyperendemic malarious area of Makueni, Kenya, September 1952-September 1953. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1958;52:547-61.
27. Mello JP, Mello RN. Camoquin as a malaria suppressant. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1955;59:162-3.
28. Watkins WM, Brandling-Bennett AD, Oloo AJ, Howells RE, Gilles HM, Koech DK. Inadequacy of chlorproguanil 20 mg per week as chemoprophylaxis for falciparum malaria in Kenya. Lancet 1987;332:125-7.
29. Nevill CG, Lary JD, Mosobo MK, Watkins HM, Watkins WM. Daily chlorproguanil is an effective alternative to daily proguanil in the prevention of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Kenya. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1994;88:319-20.
30. Nevill CG, Watkins WM, Carter JY, Munafu CG. Comparison of mosquito nets, proguanil hydrochloride, and placebo to prevent malaria. BMJ 1988;297: 401-3.
31. Weiss WR, Oloo AJ, Johnson AJ, Koech D, Hoffman SL. Daily primaquine is effective for prophylaxis against falciparum malaria in Kenya: comparison with mefloquine, doxycycline, and chloroquine plus proguanil. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1995;171:1569-75.
32. Miller MJ. A comparison of the antimalarial effects of suppressive doses of chloroquine, amodiaquine and pyrimethamine. American Journal of Tropical Medicine 1954;3:458-63.
33. Miller MJ. Suppression of malaria by monthly drug administration. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1955;4:790-9.
34. Björkman A, Brohult J, Sirleaf V, Willcox M, Bengtsson E. Plasmodium falciparum resistance to pyrimethamine and chlorproguanil - host or parasite dependent? Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 1980;4:245-8.
35. Björkman A, Brohult J, Pehrson PO, Wilcox M, Rombo L, Hedman P, et al. Monthly antimalaria chemotherapy to children in a holoendemic area of Liberia. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 1986;80:155-67.
36. Hogh B, Marbiah NT, Petersen E, Dolopaye E, Willcox M, Björkman A, et al. Classification of clinical falciparum malaria and its use for the evaluation of chemosuppression in children under six years of age in Liberia, West Africa. Acta Tropica 1993;54:105-15.
37. Lewis AN, Ponnampalam JT. Suppression of malaria with monthly administration of combined sulphadoxine and pyrimethamine. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 1975;69:1-12.
38. Delmont J, Ranque P, Balique H, Tounkara A, Soula G, Quilici M, et al. Influence d'une chimioprophylaxie antipaludique sur l'état de santé d'une communauté rurale en Afrique de l'Ouest. [Influence of antimalaria chemoprophylaxis on the state of health of a rural West African community.] Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie exotique et de ses Filiales 1981;74:600-10 (in French).
39. Houel G, Van Goor WT. Prophylaxie médicamenteuse du paludisme par des doses mensuelles de chloroquine et d'amodiaquine. [Antimalaria prophylaxis with monthly doses of chloroquine and amodiaquine.] Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie exotique et de ses Filiales 1954;47:254-60 (in French).
40. Houel G. Prophylaxie du paludisme par une dose unique mensuelle de pyriméthamine. [Malaria prophylaxis with a monthly dose of pyrimethamine.] Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie exotique et de ses Filiales 1954;47:260-2 (in French).
41. Himpe NE, Pierquin L. Essai de prophylaxie antipaludique par l'Aralen et la Paludrine en milieu rural. [Malaria prophylaxis trial with Aralen and Paludrin in a rural area.] Annales de la Société belge de Médecine tropicale 1950; 30:217-46 (in French).
42. Brou M. Essais de prophylaxie antipaludique en milieu indigène au moyen du Daraprim. [Malaria prophylaxis trial in an indigenous area using Daraprim.] Annales de la Societé belge de Médecine tropicale 1953;33:365-70 (in French).
43. Favre J, Joigny JR. Un an de chimioprophylaxie par le flavoquine effectués a Pointe-Noire (Moyen Congo). [A year of flavoquine chemoprophylaxis in Pointe-Noire, Central Congo.] Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie exotique et de ses Filiales 1955;48:99-111 (in French).
44. Schapira A, Da Costa F. Studies on malaria prophylaxis with chlorproguanil or chloroquine in Mozambique. Central African Medical Journal 1988;34:44-5.
45. Hogh B, Thompson R, Kobo V, Dgedge M, Dziegiel M, Borre M, et al. The influence of Maloprim chemoprophylaxis on cellular and humoral immune responses to Plasmodium falciparum asexual blood stage antigens in schoolchildren living in a malaria endemic area of Mozambique. Acta Tropica 1994;57:265-77.
46. Pividal J, Viktinski V, Streat E, Schapira A. Efficacy of dapsone with pyrimethamine (Maloprim) for malaria prophylaxis in Maputo, Mozambique. East African Medical Journal 1992;69:303-5.
47. Archibald HM, Bruce-Chwatt LJ. Suppression of malaria with pyrimethamine in Nigerian school children. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1956;15:775-84.
48. Lucas AI, Hendrickse RG, Okubadejo OA, Richards WHG, Neal RA, Kofie BAK. The suppression of malaria parasitaemia by pyrimethamine in combination with dapsone or sulphormethoxine. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1969;63:216-29.
49. Fasan PO. Field trial of cycloquanil pamoate in the treatment and suppression of malaria in Nigerian school children: a preliminary report. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1970;64:839-49.
50. Fasan PO. Trimethoprim plus sulphamethoxazole compared with chloroquine in the treatment and suppression of malaria in African schoolchildren. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 1971;5:117-21.
51. Bradley-Moore AM, Greenwood BM, Bradley AK, Bartlett A, Bidwell DE, Voller A, et al. Malaria chemoprophylaxis with chloroquine in young Nigerian children. IV. Its effect on haematological measurements. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 1985;79:585-95.
52. Bradley-Moore AM, Greenwood BM, Bradely AK, Bartlett A, Bidwell DE, Voller A, et al. Malaria chemoprophylaxis with chloroquine in young Nigerian children. I. Its effect of mortality, morbidity and prevalence of malaria. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 1985;79:549-62.
53. Oyediran AB, Topley E, Osunkoya BO, Bamgboye A, Williams AIO, Ogunba EO, et al. Severe morbidity among children in a trial of malaria chemoprophylaxis with pyrimethamine or chloroquine in Ibarapa, Nigeria. African Journal of Medical Science 1993;22:55-63.
54. Akenzua GI, Ihongbe JC, Imasuen IW. Haemopoietic response of Nigerian village children to iron, folate supplementation and malaria prophylaxis. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 1985;31:59-62.
55. Urbova H, Gibney S, Gibson FD, Jolley D, Heywood PF, Stace J, et al. Chemoprophylaxis against malaria in Papua New Guinea: a trial of amodiaquine and a combination of dapsone and pyrimethamine. Papua New Guinea Medical Journal 1992;35:275-84.
56. Stace JD, Pariwa S. Reduction in malaria parasite rate in young children by distribution of prophylactic amodiaquine through voluntary village workers. Papua New Guinea Medical Journal 1981;24:254-60.
57. Diallo S, Coulibaly A, Konate M, Samba O. Chimioprévention à la chloroquine et prévalence du plaudisme. [Chloroquine chemoprophylxis and malaria prevalence.] Médecine d'Afrique noire 1979;24:117-5 (in French).
58. Marbiah NT, Petersen E, David K, Magbity E, Lines J, Bradley DJ. A controlled trial of lambda-cyhalothrin-impregnated bed nets and/or dapsone/pyrimethamine for malaria control in Sierra Leone. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1998;58:1-6.
59. Karunakaran CS. A clinical trial of malaria prophylaxis using a single dose of chloroquine at different intervals in an endemic malarious area. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1980;83:195-201.
60. Rooth I, Sinani HM, Bjorkman A. Proguanil daily or chlorproguanil twice weekly are efficacious against falciparum malaria in a holoendemic area of Tanzania. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1991;94:45-9.
61. Lemnge MM, Msangeni HA, Ronn AM, Salum FM, Jakobsen PH, Mhina JI, et al. Maloprim malaria prophylaxis in children living in a holoendemic village in north-eastern Tanzania. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1997;91:67-73.
62. Menendez C, Kahigwa E, Hirt R, Vounatsou P, Aponte JJ, Font F, et al. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of iron supplementation and malaria chemoprophylaxis for prevention of severe anaemia and malaria in Tanzanian infants. Lancet 1997;350:844-50.
63. Schellenberg D, Menendez C, Kahigwa E, Aponte J, Vidal J, Tanner M, et al. Intermittent treatment for malaria and anaemia control at time of routine vaccinations in Tanzanian infants: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2001;357:1471-7.
64. Pang LW, Limsomwong N, Singharaj P, Canfield CJ. Malaria prophylaxis with proguanil and sulfisoxazole in children living in a malaria endemic area. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1989;67:51-8.
65. Karwacki JJ, Shanks GD, Limsomwong N, Singharaj P. Proguanil-sulphonamide for malaria chemoprophylaxis. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1990;84:55-7.
66. Harland PS, Frood JD, Parkin JM. Some effects of partial malaria suppression in Ugandan children during the first three years of life. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medidne and Hygiene 1975;69:261-2.
67. Schneider J, Escudié A, Ouedraogo A, Sales P. Chimoprophylaxie du paludisme par distributions hebdomadaires de chloroquine ou d'une association chloroquine-primaquine-pyriméthamine. [Malaria chemoprophylaxis with weekly chloroquine or a combination of chloroquine, primaquine and pyrimethamine.] Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie exotique et de ses Filiales 1962;55:280-90 (in French).
68. Escudie A, Haman J, Ricosse JH, Chartol A. Rėsultats de deux annėes de chimioprophylaxie antipaludique en milieu rural Africain dans la zone pilote de Bolo Dioulasso (Haute Volta). [Results of two years of malaria chemoprophylaxis in the rural pilot study area of Bolo Dioulasso (Upper Volta).] Médecine tropicale 1961;21:689-728 (in French).
69. Bradley-Moore AM, Greenwood BM, Bradley AK, Akintunde A, Attai EDE, Fleming AF, et al. A comparison of chloroquine and pyrimethamine as malaria chemoprophylaxis in young Nigerian children. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1985;79:722-7.
70. Brandicourt O, Carnevale P, Baudon D, Molex JF, Gazin P, Danis M, et al. Influence de la chimioprophylaxie ou de la chimiothérapie par le chloroquine sur l'acquisition des anticorps fluorescents antipalustres en zone de savane. [Influence of chloroquine chemoprophylaxis or chemotherapy on the acquisition of malaria fluorescent antibodies in a savanna region.] Annales de la Société belge de Médecine tropicale 1987;67:17-22 (in French).
71. Tomashek KM, Woodruff BA, Gotway CA, Bloland P, Mbaruku G. Randomised intervention study comparing several regimens for the treatment of moderate anemia among refugee children in Kigoma region, Tanzania. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2001;64:164-71.
72. Brabin BJ. An analysis of malaria parasite rates in infants, 40 years after Macdonald. Tropical Diseases Bulletin 1990;87:1-21.
73. Wone I, Michel R. Bilan de la chimioprophylaxie systémique par chloroquine au Sénégal 1963-6. [Assessment of systemic chloroquine chemoprophylaxis in Senegal, 1963-1966.] Médecine d'Afrique noire 1967;14:267-9 (in French).
74. Bjorkman A, Willcox M, Marbiah N, Payne D. Susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum to different doses of quinine in vivo and to quinine and quinidine in vitro in relation to chloroquine in Liberia. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1991;69:459-65.
75. Jelliffe DB, Onwumere RE. Malarial chemoprophylaxis and weight gain in West African infants. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1953;57:187-9.
76. Richard-Lenoble D, Kombila M, Poinsot J, Deseny M, Martz M. Paudisme au Gabon. Passage transplacentaire et dynamique de développement des anticorps antipalustres fluorescents selon l'âge. [Malaria in Gabon. Transplacental passage and age dependent acquisition of fluorescent malaria antibodies.] Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie exotique et de ses Filiales 1988;81:732-7.
77. Charles LJ. Aftermath of a field trial in self-administered pyrimethamine in a Ghanaian community: the appearance of P. falciparum resistance. Preliminary report. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1960. WHO document WHO/MAL/260.
78. Ricosse J, Bailly-Choumara H, Adam JP, Hamon J. Rêsultats d'une expérimentation de chimioprophylaxie par la pyriméthamine dans la zone pilote de lutte antipaludique de Bobo-Dioulasso. [Results of pyrimethamine chemoprophylaxis in a pilot antimalaria prevention study in Bobo-Dioulasso] Bulletin de la Societé de Pathologie exotique et de ses Filiales 1959;52:516-35.
79. Resistance of malaria parasites to drugs. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1965.p.28.
80. Hamon J, Monchet J, Chauvet G, Lumaret R. Bilan de quatorze années de lutte contre le paludisme dans les pays francophones d'Afrique tropicale et à Madagascar. Considérations sur la persistance de la transmission et perspectives d'avenir. [Assessment of fourteen years of malaria prevention in francophone countries in tropical Africa and Madagascar. Considerations on persistence of transmission and future perspectives.] Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie exotique et de ses Filiales 1963;56:933-71 (in French).
81. Allen SJ, Otool LN, Cooke GA, O'Donnell A, Greenwood BM. Sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum to Maloprim after five years of targeted chemoprophylaxis in a rural area of the Gambia. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1990;84:666-7.
82. Bjorkman A, Rombo L, Hetland G, Willcox M, Hanson AP. Susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine in northern Liberia. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 1985;79:603-6.
83. Bjorkman A, Brohult J, Willcox M, Peherson PO, Rombo L, Hedman P, et al. Malaria control by chlorproguanil. I. Clinical effects and susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum in vivo after seven years of monthly chlorproguanil administration to children in a Liberian village. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 1985;79:597-601.
84. Brabin BJ. The role of malaria in nutritional anaemias. In: Formon SJ, Zlotkin S, editors. Nutritional anaemias. Nestle nutrition workshop series, volume 30. New York: Nestle and Vevey/Raven Press; 1992.p.65-80.
85. Molineaux L, Gramiccia G. The Garki Project. Research on the epidemiology and control of malaria in the Sudan savanna of West Africa. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1980.
86. Advances in malaria chemotherapy. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1984.p.28. WHO Technical Report Series No. 711.
87. Bradley-Moore AM, Greenwood BM, Bradley AK, Bartlett A, Budwell DE, Voller A, et al. Malaria chemoprophylaxis with chloroquine in young Nigerian children. II. Effect of the immune response to vaccination. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 1985;79:563-73.
88. Pappaioanou M, Fishbein DB, Dreesen DW, Schwartz IK, Campbell GH, Sumner JW, et al. Antibody response to pre-exposure human diploid-cell rabies vaccine given concurrently with chloroquine. New England Journal of Medicine 1986;314:280-6.
89. Robert V, Henry JP, Baudon P, Roux J, Legros F, Carnevale P. Influence de deux stratégies médicamenteuses par chloroquine (prophylaxie et thérapie des accès fébriles sur la transmission du paludisme). [Influence of two chloroquine drug strategies (prophylaxis and treatment of febrile episodes and malaria transmission).] Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie exotique et de ses Filiales 1989;82:243-7 (in French).
90. Tjitra E, Suprianto S, Anstey NM. Higher gametocyte prevalence following failure of treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and the combination of chloroquine plus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine: implications for progression of anti-folate resistance. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2002;96:434-7.
91. Brabin BJ. Chemoprophylaxis in endemic regions - workshop report and recommendations. In: Targett GAT, editor. Malaria, waiting for the vaccine. London: John Wiley & Sons; 1991.p.102-4.
92. Bruce Chwatt LJ, Black RH, Canfield CJ, Clyde DF, Peters W, Wernsdorfer WH. Chemotherapy of malaria. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1981.p.157.
93. Roux J, Bauxon D, Arnevale P, Guiguemole TR, Picq JJ. La chimioprophylaxie collective du paludisme, ses objectifs, ses limites, ses difficultés. [General malaria chemoprophylaxis, objectives, limitations, difficulties.] Médecine tropicale 1983;41:347-54 (in French).
94. Allen SJ, Snow RW, Menon A, Greenwood BM. Compliance with malaria chemoprophylaxis over a five-year period among children in a rural area of the Gambia. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1990;93:313-22.
95. WHO Expert Committee on Malaria. Eighteenth report. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1986.p.65-6. WHO Technical Report Series No. 735.
96. WHO Expert Committee on Malaria. Twentieth Report. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2000.p.42. WHO Technical Report Series No. 892.
97. Alonzo Gonzalez MA, Menendez C, Font F, Kahigwa E, Kimario J, Mshinda H, et al. Cost-effectiveness of iron supplementation and malaria chemoprophylaxis in the prevention of anaemia and malaria among Tanzanian infants. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2000;78:97-107.
98. MacCormack CP, Lwihula G. Failure to participate in a malaria chemosuppression programme: North Mara, Tanzania. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1983;86:99-107.
99. Garner P, Gülmexoglu AM. Prevention versus treatment for malaria in pregnant women (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2002. Oxford: Update Software; 2002.