White paper on pharmacy technicians 2002: Needed changes can no longer wait

American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy

Volumn 60, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 37-51

  Bertin, Richard J ^a   Maine, Lucinda L ^b   Murer, Melissa M ^b   Vlasses, Peter H ^b   Zellmer, William A ^b  

^a c/o Bd of Pharmaceut Specialties ^*  (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CERTIFICATION; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HEALTH CARE SYSTEM; HEALTH PROMOTION; HUMAN; MEDICAL EDUCATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TRAINING;

EID: 0037221981     PISSN: 10792082     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/60.1.37     Document Type: Review

References (94)

1. Sonnedecker G, Kremers E. Kremers and Urdang's History of Pharmacy. 4th Ed. Madison, WI: American Institute of the History of Pharmacy; 1976:241.
2. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. White paper on pharmacy technicians. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1996; 53:1793-6.
3. Kohn LT, Corrigan JM, Donaldson MS, eds. To Err is Human: Building a Safer Health System. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1999.
4. Committee on Quality of Health Care in America. Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2001.
5. Bureau of Health Professions. Report to Congress. The pharmacist workforce: a study of the supply and demand for pharmacists. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2000.
6. 1995 Candidate Handbook - National Pharmacy Technician Certification Examination. Washington, DC: Pharmacy Technician Certification Board; 1995:15.
7. American Society of Hospital Pharmacists. ASHP outcome competencies for institutional pharmacy technician training programs (with training guidelines). Am J Hosp Pharm. 1982; 39:317-20.
8. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Occupational outlook handbook. www.bls.gov/oco/ocos252.htm (accessed 2002 Apr 3).
9. Ervin KC, Skledar S, Hess MM et al. Data analyst technician: An innovative role for the pharmacy technician. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2001; 58:1815-8.
10. Pharmacists, technicians, and technology: Serving the patient. Schering Report XXIII. Kenilworth, NJ: Schering Laboratories; 2001.
11. Traynor K. Technician careers continue to evolve. Newsl MD Society Health-Syst Pharm. 2001; 24(4):1,4.
12. Accrediting Commission of Career Schools and Colleges of Technology directory. www.accsct.org/resource/resource_mainframe.html (accessed 2002 Apr 3).
13. 2001-2002 Survey of Pharmacy Law. Park Ridge, IL: National Association of Boards of Pharmacy; 2001:34-44.
14. American Society of Hospital Pharmacists. Final report of the ASHP Task Force on Technical Personnel in Pharmacy. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1989; 46:1420-9.
15. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Chronology of ASHP activities for pharmacy technicians. www.ashp.org/technicians/chronology. html (accessed 2002 Mar 27).
16. Zellmer WA. Priorities for hospital pharmacy in the 1980s. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1980; 37:481. Editorial.
17. American Pharmaceutical Association. Report of the task force practitioner's and subprofessional's roles in pharmacy. J Am Pharm Assoc. 1969; 9:415-7.
18. Pharmacy Technician Certification Board: published and unpublished research, surveys, and employer consultations.
19. Ringold DJ, Santell JP, Schneider PJ. ASHP national survey of pharmacy practice in acute care settings: Dispensing and administration. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2000; 57:1759-75.
20. Arthur Andersen LLP. Pharmacy Activity Cost and Productivity Study. www.nacds.org/user-assets/PDF_files/arthur_andersen.PDF (accessed 2002 Mar 27).
21. Muenzen PM, Greenberg S, Murer MM. PTCB task analysis identifies role of certified pharmacy technicians in pharmaceutical care. J Am Pharm Assoc. 1999; 39: 857-64.
22. Model curriculum for pharmacy technician training. 2nd ed. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists; 2001:iv,1.
23. Pew Health Professions Commission. Critical Challenges: Revitalizing the Health Professions for the Twenty-First Century. San Francisco: Center for Health Professions; 1995.
24. Gershon SK, Cultice JM, Knapp KK. How many pharmacists are in our future? The Bureau of Health Professions projects supply to 2020. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2000; 40:757-64.
25. National Association of Chain Drug Stores. Pharmacy: Playing a Growing Role in America's Health Care. www.nacds.org/wmspage.cfm?parm1=378 (accessed 2001 Nov 29).
26. IMS HEALTH and NACDS Economics Department. Used with permission.
27. Kelly WN. Pharmacy contributions to adverse medication events. Conference Report: Understanding and Preventing Drug Misadventures. www.ashp.com/ public/proad/mederror/pkel.html (accessed 2002 Mar 27).
28. National Association of Chain Drug Stores, American Pharmaceutical Association, National Community Pharmacists Association. White Paper. Implementing Effective Change in Meeting the Demands of Community Pharmacy Practice in the United States; 1999.
29. Hepler CD, Strand LM. Opportunities and responsibilities in pharmaceutical care. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1990; 47:533-43.
30. American Pharmaceutical Association Foundation. Project ImPACT. www.aphafoundation.org/Project.Impact/Impact.htm (accessed 2002 Mar 28).
31. Johnson JA, Bootman JL. Drug-related morbidity and mortality: A cost-of-illness model. Arch Intern Med. 1995; 155:1949-56.
32. Johnson JA, Bootman JL. Drug-related morbidity and mortality and the economic impact of pharmaceutical care. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1997; 54:554-8.
33. Bootman JL, Harrison DL, Cox E. The health care cost of drug-related morbidity and mortality in nursing facilities. Arch Intern Med. 1997; 157:2089-96.
34. Strand LM. Building a practice in pharmaceutical care: Hoechst Marion Roussell lecture. Pharm J. 1998; 260:874-6.
35. Strand LM. Pharmaceutical care: Liverpool John Moores University seminar. Pharm J. 1998; 260:877-8.
36. Pharmacy Technician Certification Board Web site. www.ptcb.org/ (accessed 2002 Mar 28).
37. Ernst FR, Grizzle AJ. Drug-related morbidity and mortality: Updating the cost-of-illness model. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2001; 41:192-9.
38. Lease D. Can You Trust Your Pharmacist? http://speakout.com/activism/opinions/ 2850-1.html (accessed 2002 Mar 28).
39. Schuman D. When Pharmacies Make Mistakes. www.news-sentinel.com (accessed 2002 Mar 28).
40. Levine J. Assistants' Role in the Spotlight: Study Finds Mistakes by Pharmacy Technicians. http://my.webmd.com/content/ article/1728.55198 (accessed 2002 Mar 28).
41. Stolberg SG. Death by Prescription: The Boom in Medications Brings Rise in Fatal Risks. www.nytimes.com/library/national/ science/060399sci-prescriptions.html (accessed 2002 Mar 28).
42. Hendren J. Pharmacy Technicians Dispense Drugs: Prescriptions Often Filled by Lower Paid Technicians. www. capecodonline.com/cctimes/archives/ 2000/mar/7/prescriptionsoften7.htm (accessed 2002 Mar 28).
43. Dooley K. 'Support personnel' handle pills: Few standards regulate important job. Lexington Herald-Leader. 2001; Oct 22:11.
44. Kalman MK, Witkowski DE, Ogawa GS. Increasing pharmacy productivity by expanding the role of pharmacy technicians. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1992; 49:84-9.
45. Woller TW, Stuart J, Vrabel R et al. Checking of unit dose cassettes by pharmacy technicians at three Minnesota hospitals: Pilot study. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1991; 48:1952-6.
46. Ness JE, Sullivan SD, Stergachis A. Accuracy of technicians and pharmacists in identifying dispensing errors. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1994; 51:354-7.
47. Cowley E, Baker KR. Liability for errors in expanded pharmacy practice: Issues for technicians and pharmacists. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2000; 40(suppl 1):S56-7.
48. National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention. Recommendations for Avoiding Error-Prone Aspects of Dispensing Medications. www.nccmerp.org/rec_990319.htm (accessed 2002 Apr 1).
49. Ray MD. Training hospital pharmacy technicians. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1984; 41:2595. Editorial.
50. Reeder CE, Dickson M, Kozma CM et al. ASHP national survey of pharmacy practice in acute care settings - 1996. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1997; 54:653-69.
51. Keresztes J, Palmer M, Lang SM et al, eds. National pharmacy technician conference: Looking toward the future. J Pharm Technol. 2001; 17 (suppI):S1-26.
52. Sanford ME, Faccinetti NJ, Broadhead RS. Observational study of job satisfaction in hospital pharmacy technicians. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1984; 41:2599-606.
53. American Society of Hospital Pharmacists. ASHP long-range position statement on pharmacy manpower needs and residency training. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1980; 37:1220.
54. Eichelberger BM. College-based technician training programs: Producing without planning? Am J Hosp Pharm. 1979; 36:992-3.
55. Schafermeyer KW, Hobson EH, eds. The Community Retail Pharmacy Technician Training Manual. 3rd Ed. Alexandria, VA: National Association of Chain Drug Stores and National Community Pharmacists Association; 1999.
56. Marks SM, Hopkins WA Jr. Pharmacy Technician Certification: Quick-Study Guide, 2nd Ed. Washington, DC: American Pharmaceutical Association; 2000.
57. Posey LM. Complete Review for the Pharmacy Technician. Washington, DC: American Pharmaceutical Association; 2001.
58. Hopkins WA Jr. Complete MATH Review for the Pharmacy Technician. Washington, DC: American Pharmaceutical Association; 2001.
59. Manual for Pharmacy Technicians. 2nd Ed. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists; 1998.
60. Pharmacy Technician Certification Review and Practice Exam. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists; 1998.
61. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists Commission on Credentialing. Accreditation Standard for Pharmacy Technician Training Programs. www.ashp. org/technicians/techstnd.pdf (accessed 2002 Apr 1).
62. The Pharmacy Technician Educators Council. PTEC Recommended Pharmacy Technology Program Content. www.rxptec.org/rptpc.html (accessed 2002 Apr 1).
63. Rouse MJ. Analysis of 36 Pharmacy Technician Programs, 36 Barbering and Styling Programs, and 34 Cosmetology and Styling Programs Listed in the ACCSCT Directory; 2001 Nov.
64. Moscou K. Pharmacy technician educators' attitudes toward education and training requirements for pharmacy technicians. J Pharm Technol. 2000; 16:133-7.
65. Pharmacy Technician Certification Board. Third Annual Stakeholder Forum; Leesburg, VA: 2001 Jun 13-14, (Proceedings not yet published.)
66. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Model Curriculum for Pharmacy Technician Training. www.ashp.org/technicians/model_curriculum/ (accessed 2002 Apr 1).
67. Summary of the final report of the Scope of Pharmacy Practice Project. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1994; 51:2179-82.
68. Rouse MJ. Personal communication with Nimmo CM, model curriculum committee leader. 2001 Oct.
69. Technical personnel in pharmacy: Directions for the profession in society. Proceedings of an invitational conference conducted by the University of Maryland Center on Drugs and Public Policy and sponsored by the ASHP Research and Education Foundation. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1989; 46:491-557.
70. American Pharmaceutical Association Policy statements.
71. Professional policies adopted at the 54th annual session of the ASHP House of Delegates. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2002; 59:1563-7.
72. Barrow W, Milburn G, eds. A Critical Dictionary of Educational Concepts. 2nd Ed. New York, NY: Teachers College Press; 1970.
73. Council on Credentialing in Pharmacy. Guiding Principles or Pharmacy Credentialing Activities. www.pharmacy credentialing.org/ (accessed 2002 Apr 1).
74. Accrediting Commission of Career Schools and Colleges of Technology. Getting accredited. www.accsct.org/getting/get.mainframe.html (accessed 2002 Apr 1).
75. Rouse MJ. (Letters to Eaton CJ, Associate Executive Director, Accrediting Bureau of Health Education Schools, and Puckett G, Associate Executive Director, Council on Occupational Education.) 2001 Nov.
76. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. ASHP-Accredited Pharmacy Technician Training Program Directory. www.ashp.org/directories/technician/ index.cfm (accessed 2002 Apr 1).
77. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists Commission on Credentialing. ASHP Regulations on Accreditation of Pharmacy Technician Training Programs. www.ashp.org/technicians/techregs.pdf (accessed 2002 Apr 1).
78. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Pharmacy Technicians. www.ashp.org/technicians/index. html (accessed 2002 Apr 1).
79. Pharmacist.com. Getting Your License. www.pharmacist.com/articles/l.t.0001.cfm (accessed 2002 Apr 1).
80. Association of Specialized and Professional Accreditors. Member Code of Good Practice. www.aspa-usa.org/ (accessed 2002 Apr 1).
81. Burkhart A. Pharmacy's challenging environment: Technicians as part of the solution. Paper presented at APhA Annual Meeting. San Francisco, CA; 2001 Mar 19.
82. Nouri L. The utilization of certified pharmacy technicians with automation and technology. Paper presented at APhA Annual Meeting. Washington, DC; 2000 Mar 12.
83. Murer MM. Innovations for enhancing patient safety and new roles for certified pharmacy technicians. Paper presented at ASHP Midyear Clinical Meeting. New Orleans, LA; 2001 Dec 4.
84. 1996-1997 Survey of Pharmacy Law. Park Ridge, IL: National Association of Boards of Pharmacy; 1997:32-40.
85. The Model State Pharmacy Act and Model Rules. Park Ridge, IL: National Association of Boards of Pharmacy; 2001.
86. Gans JA, Manasse HR. Memorandum to Executive Directors of State Boards of Pharmacy, State Pharmacists Associations, and State Health-System Pharmacists Societies. Bethesda, MD: 1997 Oct 20.
87. National Association of Chain Drug Stores. Issue brief. 2002 Apr.
88. National Association of Boards of Pharmacy. Report of the Task Force on Standardization of Technicians' Roles and Competencies. 2000 May 8.
89. Texas State Board of Pharmacy. Rule §291.29: Exemption from Pharmacy Technician Certificationrequirements. www.tsbp.state.tx.us/Pharmacytechs.htm (accessed 2002 Apr 2).
90. Utah Division of Occupational and Professional Licensing. Pharmacy Practice Act. www.dopl.utah.gov/licensing/statutes.and.rules/58-17a.pdf (accessed 2002 Apr).
91. National Association of Boards of Pharmacy. Report of the NABP Committee on Law Enforcement/Legislation. 2000 Jan.
92. Madigan M. Regulatory evolution of pharmacy technicians. Paper presented at PTEC Annual Meeting. Toronto, Canada; 2001 Jul 10.
93. Pharmacy Technician Certification Board. News Release 02-001. www.ptcb. org (accessed 2002 Apr 2).
94. Shine KI. President's report to the members. www.iom.edu/iom/iomhome.nsf/ pages/2000+iom+president+report (accessed 2002 Apr 2).