Deep in the heart of Dixie: Pre-Alleghanian eclogite and HP granulite metamorphism in the Carolina Terrane, South Carolina, USA

Journal of Metamorphic Geology

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 65-80

  Shervais, J W ^a   Dennis, A J ^b   McGee, J J ^c   Secor, D ^c  

^a UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA AIKEN   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

Amphibolite; Carolina terrane; Eclogite; HP granulite; Southern Appalachians

Indexed keywords

AMPHIBOLITE; ECLOGITE; GRANULITE; METAMORPHISM; P-T-T PATH; PETROGENESIS; TECTONIC EVOLUTION;

UNITED STATES;

EID: 0037220435     PISSN: 02634929     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1525-1314.2003.00416.x     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Adams, M. G., Stewart, K. G., Trupe, C. H. & Willard, R. A., 1995. Tectonic Significance of High-Pressure Metamorphic Rocks and Dextral Strike Slip Faulting in the Southern Appalachians. In: New Perspectives in the Appalachian- Caledonian Orogen, Geological Association of Canada Special Paper (eds. Hibbard, J., van Staal. C. R. Cawood, P. & Colman-Sid, S.), 41, 21-42.
2. Adams, M. G. & Trupe, C. H., 1997. Conditions and timing of metamorphism in the Blue Ridge thrust complex, northwestern North Carolina and eastern Tennesee. In: Paleozoic Structure, Metamorphism, and Tectonics of the Blue Ridge of Western North Carolina. Field Trip Guide, (eds Stewart, K. G. Adams, M. G. & Trupe, C. H.), pp. 33-48. Carolina Geological Society, Banner Elk.
3. Barker, C. A., Secor, D. T., Pray, J. R. & Wright, J. E., 1998. Age and deformation of the Longtown metagranite, South Carolina Piedmont: a possible constraint on the origin of the Carolina terrane. Journal of Geology, 106, 711-723.
4. von Blanckenburg, F. & Davies, J. H., 1995. Slab breakoff: a model for syncollisional magmatism and tectonics in the Alps. Tectonics, 14, 120-131.
5. Bohlen, S. R. & Liotta, J. J., 1986. A barometer for garnet amphibolites and garnet granulites. Journal of Petrology, 27, 1025-1034.
6. Carswell, D. A., 1990. Eclogites and the eclogite facies: definitions and classification. In: Eclogite Facies Rocks. (ed. D.A. Carswell), p. 1-13. Blackie, London.
7. Carswell, D. A. & Harley, S. L., 1990. Mineral barometry and thermometry. In: Eclogite Facies Rocks. (ed. D.A. Carswell), p. 83-110. Blackie, London.
8. Carswell, D. A. & O'Brien, P. J., 1993. Thermobarometry and geotectonic significance of High-Pressure Granulites: Examples from the Moldanubian zone of the Bohemian Massif in lower Austria. Journal of Petrology, 22, 85-126.
9. Cooke, R. A., O'Brien, P. J. & Carswell, D. A., 2000. Garnet zoning and the identification of equilibrium mineral composition in high-pressure-temperature granulites from the Moldanubian zone, Austria. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 18, 551-569.
10. Coward, M. P., Butler, R. W. H., Khan, M. Asif & Knipe, R. J., 1987. The tectonic history of Kohistan and its implications for Himalayan structure. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 144, 377-391.
11. Cuthbert, S. J. & Carswell, D. A., 1990. Formation and exhumation of medium temperature eclogites in the Scandinavian Caledonides. In: Eclogite Facies Rocks. (ed. D.A. Carswell), p. 180-203. Blackie, London.
12. Cuthbert, S. J., Carswell, D. A., Krough-Ravna, E. J. & Wain, A., 2000. Eclogites and eclogites in the Western Gneiss Region, Norwegian Caledonides. Lithos, 52, 165-195.
13. Dal Piaz, G. V. & Lombardo, B., 1986. Early Alpine eclogite metamorphism in the Penninic Monte Rosa-Gran Paradiso basement nappes of the northwestern Alps. In: Blueschists and Eclogites, Memoir 164, (eds B. W. Evans & G. H. Brown), pp. 249-265. Geological Society of America, Boulder.
14. Dallmeyer, R. D., Wright, J. E., Secor, D. T. & Snoke, A. W., 1986. Character of the Alleghanian orogeney in the southern Appalachians. Part II. geochronological constraints on the tectonothermal evolution of the eastern Piedmont in South Carolina. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 97, 1329-1344.
15. Dennis, A. J. & Shervais, J. W., 1991. Evidence for arc rifting along the Carolina terrane boundary in northwestern South Carolina. Geology, 19, 226-229.
16. Dennis, A. J. & Shervais, J. W., 1996. The Carolina Terrane in northwestern South Carolina: Insights into the development of an evolving island arc. In: Avalonian and Related PeriGondwanan Terranes of the Circum North Atlantic. Special Paper 304, (eds Nance, R. D. & M. D. Thompson), p. 237-256. Geological Society of America, Boulder.
17. Dennis, A. J., Shervais, J. W. & Secor, D. T., 2000. Newberry, South Carolina Eclogite. Structural Setting and Style of Occurrence. In: A Compendium of Field Trips of South Carolina Geology, (eds C. Abate & A. B. Maybin), 29-38. South Carolina Geological Survey, Columbia
18. Dennis, A. J. & Wright, J. E., 1995. Mississippian (ca. 326-323 Ma) U-Pb crystallization ages for two granitoids in Spartanburg and Union Counties, South Carolina. In: Geology of the Western Part of the Carolina Terrane. (ed. Dennis, A. J.) South Carolina Geology 38, 23-28.
19. Dennis, A. J. & Wright, J. E., 1997. The Carolina terrane in northwestern South Carolina, USA: Late precambrian-Cambrian deformation and metamorphism in a peri-Gondwana oceanic arc. Tectonics, 16, 460-473.
20. Ellis, D. J. & Green, D. H., 1979. An experimental study of the effect of Ca upon garnet-clinopyroxene Fe-Mg exchange equilibria. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 71, 13-22.
21. Elvevold, S. & Gilotti, J.A., 2000. Pressure-temperature evolution of retrogressed kyanite eclogites, Weinschenk Island, North-East Greenland Caledonides. Lithos, 53, 127-147.
22. England, P. C. & Thompson, A. B., 1984. Pressure-temperature time paths of regional metamorphism; I, Heat transfer during the evolution of regions of thickened continental crust. Journal of Petrology, 25, 894-928.
23. Ernst, W. G., Maruyama, S. & Wallis, S. R., 1997. Bouyancy driven rapid exhumation of ultra-high pressure metamorphosed continental crust. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 94, 9532-9537.
24. Farrar, S. S., 1984. The Goochland granulite terrane: Remobilized Grenville basement in the eastern Virginia Piedmont. In: The Grenville Event in the Appalachians and Related Topics. Special Paper 194. (ed. Bartholomew, M. J.), pp. 215-227. Geological Society of America, Boulder.
25. Fullagar, P. D., 1981. Summary of Rb-Sr whole rock ages for South Carolina. South Carolina Geology, 25, 29-32.
26. Galan, G. & Marcos, A., 2000. The metamorphic evolution of the pressure mafic granulites of the Bacariza formation (Cabo Ortegal complex), Hercynian belt, NW Spain. Lithos, 54, 139-171.
27. Graham, C. M. & Powell, R., 1984. A garnet-hornblende geothermometer: calibration, testing, and application to the Pelona Schist, Southern California. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 2, 13-31.
28. Halik, R. S., 1983. Characterization of the Charlotte belt- Carolina slate belt boundary in the Silverstreet and Denny quadrangles, South Carolina: A stratigraphic, structural and metamorphic study. MSc Thesis University of South Carolina, Columbia.
29. Hauck, M. L., 1984. Geologic characterization of the Charlotte belt in South Carolina. MSc Thesis University of South Carolina, Columbia.
30. Heatherington, A. L., Mueller, P. A. & Nutman, A. P., 1996. Neoproterozoic magmatism in the Suwannee terrane: Implications for terrane correlations. In: Avalonian and Related Peri-Gondwanan Terranes of the Circum-North Atlantic, Special Paper 304 (eds Nance, R. D. & Thompson, M.), pp. 219-236. Geological Society of America, Boulder.
31. Hibbard, J. P. & Samson, S. D., 1995. Orogenesis Exotic to the lapetan Cycle in the Southern Appalachians. In: Current Perspectives in the Appalachian Caledonian Orogen, Special Paper 41, (eds Hibbard, J.P., van Staal, C., Cawood, P.), pp. 191-205. Geological Association of Canada, Ottawa.
32. Holland, T. J. B., 1980. The reaction albite = jadeite + quartz determined experimentally in the range 600-1200 °C. American Mineralogist, 65, 129-134.
33. Holland, T. & Blundy, J., 1994. Non-ideal interactions in calcic amphiboles and their bearing on amphibole-plagioclase thermometry. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 116, 433-447.
34. Horton, J. W. & Dicken, C. L., 2001. Preliminary Digital Geologic Map of the Appalachian Piedmont and Blue Ridge, South Carolina Segment. US Geological Survey Open-File Report 01-298, Scale 1: 500,000, CD ROM.
35. Horton, J. W., Drake, A. A. & Rankin, D. W., 1989. Tectonostratigraphic terranes and their Paleozoic boundaries in the central and southern Appalachians. In: Terranes in the Circum-Atlantic Paleozoic Orogens, Special Paper 230. (ed. Dallmeyer, R. D.), pp. 213-245. Geological Society of America. Boulder.
36. Horton, J. W., Drake, A. A., Rankin, D. W. & Dallmeyer, R. D., 1991. Preliminary tectonostratigraphic terrane map of the central and southern Appalachians. U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series, Map 1-2163, scale I: 2,000,000, 1 sheet.
37. Jamieson, R. A. & Beaumont, C., 1989. Deformation and metamorphism in convergent orogens: a model for uplift and exhumation of metamorphic terranes. In: Evolution of Metamorphic Belts. Special Publication 43, (eds. Daly, J. S., Cliff, R. A. & Yardley, B. W. D.), pp. 117-129. Geological Society, London.
38. Jan, M. Q. & Howie, R. A., 1981. The mineralogy and geochemistry of the metamorphosed basic and ultrabasic rocks of the Jijal complex, Kohistan, NW Pakistan. Journal of Petrology, 22, 85-126.
39. Khan, M. A., Jan, M. Q., Windley, B. F., Tarney, J. & Thirwall, M.F., 1989. The Chilas mafic-ultramafic complex; the root of the Kohistan island arc in the Himalaya of northern Pakistan. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 232, 75-94.
40. Kohn, M. J. & Spear, F. S., 1989. Empirical calibration of geobarometers for the assemblage garnet-hornblende-plagioclase-quartz. American Mineralogist, 74, 77-84.
41. Kohn, M. J. & Spear, F. S., 1990. Two new barometers for garnet amphibolites with applications to SE Vermont. American Mineralogist, 75, 89-96.
42. Krogh, E. J., 1982. Metamorphic evolution of Norwegian country rock eclogites as deduced from mineral inclusions and compositional zoning of garnets. Lithos. 15, 305-321.
43. Libby, W. G. & Carpenter, J. R., 1969. Petrography and geochemistry of a mafic granofels in Newberry County, South Carolina. Southeastern Geology, 10, 55-62.
44. Lindsley, D. H. & Anderson, D., 1983. A two-pyroxene thermometer. Journal of Geophysical Research, 88, A887-A906.
45. McSween, H. Y., Speer, J. A. & Fullagar, P. D., 1991. Plutonic rocks. In: The Geology of the Carolinas, Carolina Geological Society Fiftieth Anniversary Volume. (eds Horton, J W. & Zullo, V.A.), pp. 109-126. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.
46. Messiga, B., Tribuzio, R. & Vannucci, R., 1990. Mafic and ultramafic pods with eclogitic relics from the Proterozoic Nagssugtoqidian mobile belt of East Greenland. Lithos, 25, 101-118.
47. Moecher, D. P., Essene, E. & Anovitz, L. M., 1988. Calculation and application of cpx-gar-plag-qtz geobarometer. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 100, 92-106.
48. Mueller, P. A., Kozuch, M., Heatherington, A. L., Wooden, J. L., Offield, T. W., Koeppen, R. P. & Klein, T. L., 1996. Evidence for Mesoproterozoic basement in the Carolina terrane and speculations on its origin. In: Avalonian and Related Per-Gondwanan Terranes of the Circum-North Atlantic, Special Paper 304 (eds R. D. Nance & M. D. Thompson). pp. 207-217. Geological Society of America, Boulder.
49. Newton, R. C. & Perkins, D., 1982. Thermodynamic calibration of geobarometers based on the assemblages garnet - plagioclase - orthopyroxene (clinopyroxene) - quartz. American Mineralogist, 67, 203-222.
50. O'Brien, P. J., 1997. Garnet zoning and reaction textures in overprinted eclogites. Bohemian Massif, European Variscides: a record of their thermal history during exhumation. Lithos, 41, 119-133.
51. O'Brien, P. J., Carswell, D. A. & Gebauer, D., 1990. Eclogite formation and distribution in the European Variscides. In: Eclogite Facies Rocks. (ed. D.A. Carswell), pp. 204-224. Blackie, London.
52. O'Brien, P. J. & Rotzler, J., 2003. High-Pressure granulites: Formation, Recovery of peak conditions, and implications for tectonics. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, this volume.
53. Offield, T. W., 1995. Structural contrasts of the Carolina slate belt and Charlotte belt. In: South Carolina, Dennis, A. J., ed. Geology of the Western Part of the Carolina Terrane. South Carolina Geology 38, 61-70.
54. Offield, T. W. & Sutphin, D., 2000. Revised Stratigraphic and Tectonic Framework of the Carolina Slate Belt from Southern Virginia to the South Carolina-Georgia Border (with Observations Bearing on the Origin of Slate-Belt Gold Deposits). U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 99-2, CD-ROM containing text and digital maps, scales 1: 100,000 and 1: 500,000.
55. Pattison, D. R. M., 2003. Petrogenetic significance of orthopyroxene-free garnet + clinopyroxene + plagioclase-bearing metabasites with respect to the amphibolite and granulite facies. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, this volume.
56. Pearce, J. A. & Cann, J. R., 1973. Tectonic setting of basic volcanic rocks determined using trace element analyses. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 19, 290-300.
57. Pin, C. & Vielzeuf, D., 1988. Les granulites de haute pression d'Europe moyenne terrains d'une subduction eo-hercynienne: Implications sur l'origine des groupes leptyno-amphiboliques. Bulletin Des Societie Geologique France, 8, 13-200.
58. Platt, J.P., 1986. Dynamics of orogenic wedges and the uplift of high-pressure metamorphic rocks. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 97, 1037-1053.
59. Platt, J.P., 1993. Exhumation of high pressure rocks: a review of concepts and processes. Terra Nova, 5, 119-133.
60. Pouchou, J.-L. & Pichoir, F., 1991. Quantitative analysis of homogeneous or stratified microvolumes applying the model 'PAP'. In: Electron Probe Quantitation, (eds K. F. J. Heinrich & D. E. Newbury), pp. 31-76. Plenum Press, New York.
61. Powell, R., 1985. Regression diagnostics and robust regression in geothermometer/geobarometer calibration: the garnet-clinopyroxene geothermometer revisited. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 3, 231-243.
62. Powell, R. & Holland, T. J. B., 1988. An internally consistent thermodynamic dataset with uncertainties and correlations: 3. Applications to geobarometry, worked examples and a computer program. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 6, 173-204.
63. Ring, U., Brandon, M. T., Willett, S. D. & Lister, G. S., 1999. Exhumation processes. In: Ring, U., Brandon, M. T., Lister, G. S. & Willett, S. D., eds. Exhumation Processes: Normal Faulting, Ductile Flow and Erosion. Special Publication 154, 1-27. Geological Society, London.
64. Robinson, P., 1980. The Composition Space of Terrestrial Pyroxenes. Reviews in Mineralogy, 7, 419-494.
65. Rubie, D. C., 1990. Role of kinetics in the formation and preservation of eclogites. In: Eclogite Facies Rocks. (ed. D.A. Carswell), pp. 111-140. Blackie, London.
66. Samson, S. D., 1995. Is the Carolina Terrane Part of Avalon?. In: Current Perspectives in the Appalachian Caledonian Orogen, Special Paper 41, (eds Hibbard, J.P., van Staal, C., Cawood, P.), pp. 253-264. Geological Association of Canada, Ottawa.
67. Samson, S. D., Hibbard, J. P. & Wortman, G. L., 1995. Nd isotopic evidence for juvenile crust in the Carolina terrane, southern Appalachians. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 121, 171-184.
68. Samson, S., Palmer, A. R., Robison, R. A. & Secor, D. T. 1990. Biogeographical significance of Cambrian trilobites from the Carolina slate belt. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 102, 1459-1470.
69. Samson, S. D. & Secor, D. T., 2000. New U-Pb geochronological evidence for a Silurian magmatic event in central South Carolina. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 32/4.
70. Secor, D. T., 1988. Geology of the eastern Piedmont in central South Carolina. In: D. T. Secor, ed. Southeastern Geological Excursions Geological Society of America, Southeastern Section, Field Trip Guidebook for 1988. 204-225.
71. Secor, D. T., Dennis, A. J., Maher, H. D. & Sacks, P. E., 1989. Geology and terrane analysis of the eastern Piedmont, South Carolina and Georgia. In: Dallmeyer, R. D., ed. Tectonostratigraphic Expression of Terrane Accretion in the Southern Appalachian Orogen: a Geotraverse Excursion, the University of Georgia, I G C, p. 233. Guidebook Series, 8/25-8/91 and 9/1-9/17.
72. Secor, D. T., Peck, L. S., Pitcher, D. M. et al., 1982. Geology of the area of induced seismic activity at Monticello Reservoir, South Carolina. Journal of Geophysical Research, 87, 6945-6957.
73. Secor, D. T., Samson, S. L., Snoke, A. W. & Palmer, A. R., 1983. Confirmation of the Carolina slate belt as an exotic terrane. Science, 221, 649-650.
74. Secor, D. T., Snoke, A. W., Bramlett, K. W., Costello, O. P. & Kimbrell, O. P., 1986. Character of the Alleghanian orogeney in the southern Appalachians. Part I. Alleghanian deformation in the eastern Piedmont of South Carolina. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 97, 1314-1328.
75. Shervais, J. W., 1982. Ti-V plots and the petrogenesis of modern and ophiolitic lavas. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 59, 101-118.
76. Shervais, J. W., Shelley, S. A. & Secor, D. T., 1996. Geochemistry of volcanic rocks of the Carolina and Augusta terranes in central South Carolina: An exotic rifted volcanic arc?. In: Avalonian and Related Per-Gondwanan Terranes of the Circum-North Atlantic, Special Paper 304. (eds Nance, R. D. & M. D. Thompson), pp. 237-256. Geological Society of America, Boulder.
77. Spear, F. S., 1993. Metamorphic Phase Equilibria and Pressure-Temperature Time Paths. Monograph I, Mineralogical Society of America, Washington DC.
78. Spear, F. S. & Kohn, M. A., 2001. GTB: Program Geothermobarometry, Version 2.1. February 2001. computer program, http://ees2.geo.rpi.edu/MetaPetaRen/Frameftware.html.
79. van Staal, C. R., Dewey, J. F., MacNiocaill, C. & McKerrow, W. S., 1998. The Cambrian-Silurian tectonic evolution of the northern Appalachians and British Caledonides: history of a complex, west and southwest Pacific-type segment of lapetus. In: Lyell: the Past Is the Key to the Present. Special Publication, 143, (eds Blundell, D. J. & Scott, A. C.). pp. 199-242. Geological Society, London.
80. Stewart, K. G., Adams, M. G. & Trupe, C. H., 1997. Paleozoic structural evolution of the Blue Ridge thrust complex, western North Carolina. In: Paleozoic Structure. Metamorphism, and Tectonics of the Blue Ridge of Western North Carolina, Field Trip Guide, (eds Stewart, K. G., Adams, M. G. & Trupe, C. H.), pp. 21-31. Carolina Geological Society, Banner Elk.
81. West, T. E., 1998. Structural analysis of the Carolina-Inner Piedmont terrane boundary: Implication for the age and kinematics of the central Piedmont suture, a terrane boundary that records Paleozoic Laurentia-Gondwana interactions. Tectonics, 17, 379-394.
82. Will, T. M. & Schmädicke, E., 2001. A first find of retrogressed eclogites in the Odenwald crystalline complex, mid-German Crystalline Rise, Germany: evidence for a so far unrecognized high-pressure metamorphism in the central Variscides. Lithos, 59, 109-125.
83. Willard, R. A. & Adams, M. G., 1994. Newly discovered eclogite in the southern Appalachian orogen, northwestern North Carolina. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 123, 61-70.
84. Williams, H. & Hatcher, R. D. 1983. Appalachian suspect terranes. In: Contributions to the Tectonics and Geophysics of Mountain Chains. Memoir 158, (eds Hatcher, R. D., Williams, H. & Zietz, I.), pp. 33-53. Geological Society of America, Boulder.
85. Wortman, G. L., Samson, S. D. & Hibbard, J. P., 1996. Discrimination of the Milton belt and Carolina terrane in the southern Appalachians: a Nd isotopic approach. Journal of Geology, 104, 239-247.
86. Wortman, G. L., Samson, S. D. & Hibbard, J. P., 2000. Precise U-Pb zircon constraints on the earliest magmatic history of the Carolina terrane. Journal of Geology, 108.