Evolutionary clues to the functions of the Toll-like family as surveillance receptors

Trends in Immunology

Volumn 24, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 19-24

  Johnson, Geoffrey B ^a   Brunn, Gregory J ^b   Tang, Amy H ^b   Platt, Jeffrey L ^b  

^a MAYO GRADUATE SCHOOL   (United States)

^b MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ELASTASE; HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN; HEPARAN SULFATE; HEPARANASE; HYALURONIC ACID; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 2; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 4;

ANTIGEN PRESENTATION; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS; CELL DAMAGE; CELL DEATH; DROSOPHILA; ENZYME DEGRADATION; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; GENETIC STABILITY; GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIUM; IMMUNITY; METABOLIC ACIDOSIS; METASTASIS; MICROBIAL ACTIVITY; NONHUMAN; PHYLOGENY; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; PROTEIN FAMILY; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REVIEW; TISSUE INJURY; TISSUE REGENERATION;

EID: 0037213692     PISSN: 14714906     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1471-4906(02)00014-5     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Hoffmann J.A., Reichhart J.M. Drosophila innate immunity: an evolutionary perspective. Nat. Immunol. 3:2002;121-126.
2. Akira S., et al. Toll-like receptors: critical proteins linking innate and acquired immunity. Nat. Immunol. 2:2001;675-680.
3. Hulbert S.H., et al. Resistance gene complexes: evolution and utilization. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 39:2001;285-312.
4. Ehrlich P. On immunity with special reference to cell life. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Biol. Sci. 66:1900;424-448.
5. Medzhitov R., Janeway C.A. Jr. Decoding the patterns of self and nonself by the innate immune system. Science. 296:2002;298-300.
6. Janeway C.A. The immune system evolved to discriminate infectious nonself from noninfectious self. Immunol. Today. 13:1992;11-16.
7. Poltorak A., et al. Physical contact between lipopolysaccharide and Toll-like receptor 4 revealed by genetic complementation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 97:2000;2163-2167.
8. Hajjar A.M., et al. Human Toll-like receptor 4 recognizes host-specific LPS modifications. Nat. Immunol. 3:2002;354-359.
9. Lawrence O., et al. Diphosphoryl lipid A from Rhodobacter sphaeroides transiently activates NF-κB but inhibits lipopolysaccharide induction of κ light chain and Oct-2 in the B-cell lymphoma line 70Z/3. Infect. Immun. 63:1995;1040-1046.
10. Matzinger P. Tolerance, danger and the extended family. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 12:1994;991-1045.
11. Matzinger P. The danger model: a renewed sense of self. Science. 296:2002;301-305.
12. Vabulas R.M., et al. The endoplasmic reticulum-resident heat shock protein Gp96 activates dendritic cells via the Toll-like receptor 2/4 pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 277:2002;20847-20853.
13. Asea A., et al. Novel signal transduction pathway utilized by extracellular HSP70: role of toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4. J. Biol. Chem. 277:2002;15028-15034.
14. Kol A., et al. Cutting edge: heat shock protein (HSP) 60 activates the innate immune response: CD14 is an essential receptor for HSP60 activation of mononuclear cells. J. Immunol. 164:2000;13-17.
15. Wallin R.P., et al. Heat-shock proteins as activators of the innate immune system. Trends Immunol. 23:2002;130-135.
16. Saadi S., et al. Regional manifestations and control of the immune system. FASEB J. 16:2002;849-856.
17. Johnson G.B., et al. Receptor-mediated monitoring of tissue well-being via detection of soluble heparan sulfate by Toll-like receptor 4. J. Immunol. 168:2002;5233-5239.
18. Termeer C., et al. Oligosaccharides of hyaluronan activate dendritic cells via Toll-like receptor 4. J. Exp. Med. 195:2002;99-111.
19. De Gregorio E., et al. The Toll and Imd pathways are the major regulators of the immune response in Drosophila. EMBO J. 21:2002;2568-2579.
20. Pujol N., et al. A reverse genetic analysis of components of the Toll signaling pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans. Curr. Biol. 11:2001;809-821.
21. Baker B., et al. Signaling in plant-microbe interactions. Science. 276:1997;726-733.
22. Morisato D., Anderson K.V. Signaling pathways that establish the dorsal-ventral pattern of the Drosophila embryo. Annu. Rev. Genet. 29:1995;371-399.
23. Leist M., Jaattela M. Four deaths and a funeral: from caspases to alternative mechanisms. Nat. Rev. Mol. Biol. 2:2001;589-598.
24. Li M., et al. An essential role of the NF-κB/Toll-like receptor pathway in induction of inflammatory and tissue-repair gene expression by necrotic cells. J. Immunol. 166:2001;7128-7135.
25. Bernfield M., et al. Functions of cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 68:1999;729-777.
26. Fitzgerald M.L., et al. Shedding of syndecan-1 and -4 ectodomains is regulated by multiple signaling pathways and mediated by a TIMP-3-sensitive metalloproteinase. J. Cell Biol. 148:2000;811-824.
27. Tumova S., et al. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans on the cell surface: versatile coordinators of cellular functions. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 32:2000;269-288.
28. Cote F., Hahn M.G. Oligosaccharins: structures and signal transduction. Plant Mol. Biol. 26:1994;1379-1411.
29. 2-chloride system. Am. J. Pathol. 143:1993;907-917.
30. Bame K.J. Heparanases: endoglycosidases that degrade heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Glycobiology. 11:2001;91R-98R.
31. Ihrcke N.S., et al. Regulation of platelet heparanase during inflammation: role of pH and proteinases. J. Cell. Physiol. 175:1998;255-267.
32. Kramer R.H., et al. Solubilization and degradation of subendothelial matrix glycoproteins and proteoglycans by metastatic tumor cells. J. Biol. Chem. 257:1982;2678-2686.
33. Baker J.R., Pritchard D.G. Action pattern and substrate specificity of the hyaluronan lyase from group B streptococci. Biochem. J. 348:2000;465-471.
34. Cote F., et al. Oligosaccharide elicitors in host-pathogen interactions. Generation, perception and signal transduction. Subcell. Biochem. 29:1998;385-432.
35. Darvill A., et al. Oligosaccharins - oligosaccharides that regulate growth, development and defence responses in plants. Glycobiology. 2:1992;181-198.
36. Matzner Y., et al. Degradation of heparan sulfate in the subendothelial extracellular matrix by a readily released heparanase from human neutrophils: possible role in invasion through basement membranes. J. Clin. Invest. 76:1985;1306-1313.
37. Bashkin P., et al. Degranulating mast cells secrete an endoglycosidase that degrades heparan sulfate in subendothelial extracellular matrix. Blood. 75:1990;2204-2212.
38. Naparstek Y., et al. Activated T lymphocytes produce a matrix-degrading heparan sulfate endoglycosidase. Nature. 310:1984;241-244.
39. Shimada K., Ozawa T. Subendothelial extracellular-matrix heparan sulfate proteoglycan-degrading activity of human monocyte macrophages. Heart Vessels. 3:1987;175-181.
40. Fallon P.G., et al. Primitive Toll signalling: bugs, flies, worms and man. Trends Immunol. 22:2001;63-66.
41. Hulbert S.H., et al. Resistance gene complexes: evolution and utilization. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 39:2001;285-312.
42. Magor B.G., Magor K.E. Evolution of effectors and receptors of innate immunity. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 25:2001;651-682.
43. Rich T., et al. How low can toll go? Trends Genet. 16:2000;292-294.
44. Darvill A., et al. Oligosaccharins involved in plant growth and host-pathogen interactions. Biochem. Soc. Symp. 60:1994;89-94.
45. Darvill A.G., Albersheim P. Phytoalexins and their elicitors - a defense against microbial infection in plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 35:1984;243-275.
46. Williams M.J., et al. The 18-wheeler mutation reveals complex antibacterial gene regulation in Drosophila host defense. EMBO J. 16:1997;6120-6130.
47. Sen J., et al. Spatially restricted expression of pipe in the Drosophila egg chamber defines embryonic dorsal-ventral polarity. Cell. 95:1998;471-481.
48. LeMosy E.K., Hashimoto C. The nudel protease of Drosophila is required for eggshell biogenesis in addition to embryonic patterning. Dev. Biol. 217:2000;352-361.
49. Turcotte C.L., Hashimoto C. Evidence for a glycosaminoglycan on the nudel protein important for dorsoventral patterning of the Drosophila embryo. Dev. Dyn. 224:2002;51-57.
50. LeMosy E.K., et al. Activation of a protease cascade involved in patterning the Drosophila embryo. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 98:2001;5055-5060.
51. Heil M., Baldwin I.T. Fitness costs of induced resistance: emerging experimental support for a slippery concept. Trends Plant Sci. 7:2002;61-67.
52. Poltorak A., et al. Defective LPS signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr mice: mutations in Tlr4 gene. Science. 282:1998;2085-2088.
53. Gomi K., et al. Toll-like receptor 4-MD-2 complex mediates the signal transduction induced by flavolipin, an amino acid-containing lipid unique to Flavobacterium meningosepticum. J. Immunol. 168:2002;2939-2943.
54. Frendeus B., et al. Escherichia coli P fimbriae utilize the Toll-like receptor 4 pathway for cell activation. Mol. Microbiol. 40:2001;37-51.
55. Flo T.H., et al. Involvement of Toll-like receptor(TLR)2 and TLR4 in cell activation by mannuronic acid polymers. J. Biol. Chem. 277:2002;35489-35495.
56. Opitz B., et al. Toll-like receptor-2 mediates Treponema glycolipid and lipoteichoic acid-induced NF-κB translocation. J. Biol. Chem. 276:2001;22041-22047.
57. Means T.K., et al. Human Toll-like receptors mediate cellular activation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Immunol. 163:1999;3920-3927.
58. Shoham S., et al. Toll-like receptor 4 mediates intracellular signaling without TNF-α release in response to Cryptococcus neoformans polysaccharide capsule. J. Immunol. 166:2001;4620-4626.
59. Rassa J.C., et al. Murine retroviruses activate B cells via interaction with Toll-like receptor 4. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 99:2002;2281-2286.
60. Kurt-Jones E.A., et al. Pattern recognition receptors TLR4 and CD14 mediate response to respiratory syncytial virus. Nat. Immunol. 1:2000;398-401.
61. Kawasaki K., et al. Mouse Toll-like receptor 4.MD-2 complex mediates lipopolysaccharide-mimetic signal transduction by Taxol. J. Biol. Chem. 275:2000;2251-2254.
62. Bulut Y., et al. Chlamydial heat shock protein 60 activates macrophages and endothelial cells through Toll-like receptor 4 and MD2 in a MyD88-dependent pathway. J. Immunol. 168:2002;1435-1440.
63. Ohashi K., et al. Cutting edge: heat shock protein 60 is a putative endogenous ligand of the Toll-like receptor-4 complex. J. Immunol. 164:2000;558-561.
64. Okamura Y., et al. The extra domain A of fibronectin activates Toll-like receptor 4. J. Biol. Chem. 276:2001;10229-10233.
65. Smiley S.T., et al. Fibrinogen stimulates macrophage chemokine secretion through Toll-like receptor 4. J. Immunol. 167:2001;2887-2894.
66. Guillot L., et al. Cutting edge: the immunostimulatory activity of the lung surfactant protein-A involves Toll-like receptor 4. J. Immunol. 168:2002;5989-5992.