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Volumn 298, Issue 5599, 2002, Pages 1756-1759

Formation of giant planets by fragmentation of protoplanetary disks

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GASES; HYDRODYNAMICS;

EID: 0037195639     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.1077635     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (276)

References (35)
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    • C. Briceno et al., Science 291, 93 (2001).
    • (2001) Science , vol.291 , pp. 93
    • Briceno, C.1
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    • A. P. Boss, Science 276, 1836 (1997).
    • (1997) Science , vol.276 , pp. 1836
    • Boss, A.P.1
  • 27
    • 0000311829 scopus 로고
    • Artificial viscosity is used in both the momentum and the energy equation, but its contribution is minimized when the local flow is purely shearing by means of a correction term originally introduced by D. S. Balsara [Comput. Phys. 121, 357 (1995)]; the latter term is necessary to prevent SPH from generating a large artificial viscosity in a purely shearing flow. In addition, when the disk evolves following a locally isothermal equation of state, any entropy generated by the viscosity term is assumed to be instantly radiated away.
    • (1995) Comput. Phys. , vol.121 , pp. 357
  • 28
    • 0000144343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Jeans mass is always resolved by more than several thousand particles at the locations of the clumps; this resolution is more than an order of magnitude higher than required to avoid artificial fragmentation based on the criteria developed by M. Bate and A. Burkert [Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 288, 1060 (1997)] for 3D SPH simulations.
    • (1997) Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. , vol.288 , pp. 1060
  • 29
    • 2242452598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • In this regime, reversible heating arising from compressions is not radiated away, and the artificial viscosity creates irreversible heating in regions where shock waves occur.
  • 31
    • 2242421181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • For this test, we increased the temperature of the more massive disk model (resolved by 200,000 partic[es) by a factor of two, reaching 100 K in the outer region; 350 years after the start of the simulations, the disk was still fairly axisymmetric and we started cooling it at the constant rate of about 0.2 K/year. The disk underwent increasingly strong spiral instabilities as it was cooled down, which produced an inward flux of mass and outward flux of angular momentum, but, overall, the outer surface density barely changed. Therefore, reaching a temperature only slightly smaller than that used in the standard initial conditions (42 K as opposed to 50 K) was enough to compensate for the decrease of surface density and give rise to clump formation after about 650 years. (Cooling was stopped when fragmentation was approached.)
  • 35
    • 2242475067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The authors thank G. Laughlin, D. Hollenbach, and A. Boss for useful and stimulating discussions. Simulations were carried outat the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center and at Consorzio Interuniversitario per il Calcolo Automatico dell'Italia Nord Orientale. This research was supported by a grant from the NSF and by the NASA Astrobiology Institute.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.