Scanning probe microscopy explorations on conjugated (macro)molecular architectures for molecular electronics

Journal of Physics Condensed Matter

Volumn 14, Issue 42, 2002, Pages 9955-9973

  Samorí, Paolo ^a,b   Rabe, Jürgen P ^a  

^a HUMBOLDT UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^b Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING; MOLECULAR DYNAMICS; OLIGOMERS; SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPY; SUBSTRATES; THIN FILMS;

SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY;

MACROMOLECULES;

EID: 0037191108     PISSN: 09538984     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/14/42/309     Document Type: Article

References (177)

1. Yazdani A. and Lieber C.M. 1999 Nature 401 227-30.
2. Gimzewski J.K. and Joachim C. 1999 Science 283 1683-8.
3. Jung T.A., Schlittler R.R., Gimzewski J.K., Tang H. and Joachim C. 1996 Science 271 181-4.
4. Stabel A., Heinz R., De Schryver F.C. and Rabe J.P. 1995 J. Phys. Chem. 99 505.
5. Heinz R., Stabel A., Rabe J.P., Wegner G., De Schryver F.C., Corens D., Dehaen W. and Süling C. 1994 Angew. Chem., Int. Edn Engl. 33 2080.
6. Abdel-Mottaleb M.M.S., De Feyter S., Gesquière A., Sieffert M., Klapper M., Müllen K. and De Schryver F.C. 2001 Nano Lett. 1 353-9.
7. Gimzewski J.K., Stoll E. and Schlittler R.R. 1987 Surf Sci. 181 267-77.
8. Stabel A., Herwig P., Müllen K. and Rabe J.P. 1995 Angew. Chem., Int. Edn Engl. 34 1609-11.
9. Lidzey D., Bradley D.D.C., Alvarado S.F. and Seidler P.F. 1997 Nature 386 135.
10. Binnig G., Rohrer H., Gerber C. and Weibel E. 1982 Helv. Phys. Acta 55 726.
11. Binnig G., Rohrer H., Gerber C. and Weibel E. 1982 Appl. Phys. Lett. 40 178.
12. Wiesendanger R. 1998 Scanning Probe Microscopy and Spectroscopy, Methods and Applications (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
13. Binnig G., Quate C.F. and Gerber C. 1986 Phys. Rev. Lett. 56 930.
14. Rugar D. and Hansma P.K. 1990 Phys. Today 23-30.
15. Bustamante C. and Keller D. 1995 Phys. Today 32-8.
16. Takano H., Kenseth J.R., Wong S.S., O'Brien J.C. and Porter M.D. 1999 Chem. Rev. 99 2845.
17. Bucher J.P., Santesson L. and Kern K. 1994 Langmuir 10 979.
18. Vekilov P.G. and Alexander J.I.D. 2000 Chem. Rev. 100 2061-89.
19. Gimzewski J.K. and Möller R. 1987 Phys. Rev. B 36 1284.
20. Hansma P.K. and Tersoff J. 1987 J. Appl. Phys. 61 R1.
21. Sautet P. 1997 Chem. Rev. 97 1097-116.
22. Biscarini F., Bustamante C. and Kenkre V.M. 1995 Phys. Rev. B 51 11 089-102.
23. Lazzaroni R., Calderone A., Brédas J.L. and Rabe J.P. 1997 J. Chem. Phys. 107 99.
24. Orlandi G., Troisi A. and Zerbetto F. 1999 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121 5392.
25. Yajima A. and Tsukada M. 1996 Surf Sci. 366 L715.
26. Lang N.D. 1985 Phys. Rev. Lett. 55 230.
27. Samorí P., Fechtenkötter A., Jäckel F., Böhme T., Müllen K. and Rabe J.P. 2001 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123 11462-7.
28. Delamarche E., Michel B., Biebuyck H.A. and Gerber C. 1996 Adv. Mater. 8 719.
29. Zhong Q., Inniss D. and Elings V. 1993 Surf. Sci. 290 L688.
30. Tamayo J. and Garcia R. 1996 Langmuir 12 4430.
31. Leclere P., Lazzaroni R., Brédas J.L., Yu J.M., Dubois, P. and Jerome R. 1996 Langmuir 12 4317.
32. Finot M.O. and McDermot M.T. 1997 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119 8564.
33. Stocker W., Karakaya B., Schürmann B.L., Rabe J.P. and Schlüter A.D. 1998 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120 7691.
34. Forrest S.R. 1997 Chem. Rev. 97 1793-896.
35. Feast W.J., Parker D., Winter J.N., Bott D.C. and Walker S.N. 1985 Electronic Properties of Polymers and Related Compounds (Springer Series in Solid-State Science vol 63) ed H. Kuzmany, M. Mehring and S. Roth (Heidelberg: Springer) p 45.
36. Orthmann E. and Wegner G. 1986 Angew. Chem., Int. Edn 25 1105-7.
37. Ballauff M. 1989 Angew. Chem., Int. Edn 28 253.
38. Rehahn M., Schlüter A.D., Wegner G. and Feast J. 1989 Polymer 30 1054-60.
39. Braun D. and Heeger A.J. 1991 Appl. Phys. Lett. 58 1982-4.
40. Greenham N.C., Moratti S.C., Bradley D.D.C., Friend R.G. and Holmes A.B. 1993 Nature 365 628-30.
41. Hegner M., Wagner P. and Semenza G. 1993 Surf. Sci. 291 39.
42. Wagner P., Hegner M., Güntherodt H.J. and Semenza G. 1995 Langmuir 10 3867.
43. Stamou D., Gourdon D., Liley M., Burnham N.A., Kulik A., Vogel H. and Duschl C. 1997 Langmuir 13 2425.
44. Samorí P., Diebel J., Löwe H. and Rabe J.P. 1999 Langmuir 15 2592.
45. Diebel J., Löwe H., Samorí P. and Rabe J.P. 2001 Appl. Phys. A. 73 273-9.
46. Kim J.S., Granström M., Friend R.H., Johansson N., Salaneck W.R., Daik R., Feast W.J. and Cacialli F. 1998 J. Appl. Phys. 84 6859-70.
47. Dhirani A.A., Zehner R.W., Hsung R.P., Guyot-Sionnest P. and Sita L.R. 1996 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118 3319-20.
48. Dhirani A., Lin P.H., GuyotSionnest P., Zehner R.W. and Sita L.R. 1997 J. Chem. Phys. 106 5249-53.
49. Bumm L.A., Arnold J.J., Cygan M.T., Dunbar T.D., Burgin T.P., Jones L. II, Allara D.L., Tour J.M. and Weiss P.S. 1996 Science 271 1705-7.
50. Ishida T., Mizutani W., Choi N., Akiba U., Fujihira M. and Tokumoto H. 2000 J. Phys. Chem. B 104 11 680-8.
51. SamorÍ P. 2000 PhD Thesis Humboldt University Berlin (available at http://dochost.rz.huberlin.de/dissertationen/samori-paolo-2000-10-24/PDF/Samori. pdf).
52. Wei A., Samorí P., Rabe J.P. and Lehn J.M., unpublished.
53. Biscarini F., Zamboni R., Samorí P., Ostoja P. and Taliani C. 1995 Phys. Rev. B. 52 14 868-77.
54. Biscarini F., Samorí P., Greco O. and Zamboni R. 1997 Phys. Rev. Lett. 78 2389-92.
55. Müller E. and Ziegler C. 2000 J. Mater Chem. 10 47-53.
56. Marks R.N., Biscarini F., Zamboni R. and Taliani C. 1995 Europhys. Lett. 32 523-8.
57. Muccini M., Murgia M., Biscarini F. and Taliani C. 2001 Adv. Mater. 13 355-8.
58. Viville P., Lazzaroni R., Brédas J.L., Moretti P., Samorí P. and Biscarini F. 1998 Adv. Mater. 10 57-60.
59. Ludwig C., Gompf B., Glatz W., Petersen J., Eisenmenger W., Möbus M., Zimmermann U. and Karl N. 1992 J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 86 397-404.
60. Schmitz-Hübsch T., Fritz T., Staub R., Back A., Armstrong N.R. and Leo K. 1999 Surf Sci. 437 163-72.
61. Fritz T., Hoffmann M., Schmitz-Hübsch T. and Leo K. 1998 Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 314 279-84.
62. Glöckler K., Seidel C., Soukopp A., Sokolowski M., Umbach E., Bohringer M., Berndt R. and Schneider W.D. 1998 Surf. Sci. 405 1-20.
63. Schmitz-Hübsch T., Fritz T., Sellam F., Staub R. and Leo K. 1997 Phys. Rev. B 55 7972-6.
64. Seidel C., Awater C., Liu X.D., Ellerbrake R. and Fuchs H. 1997 Surf. Sci. 371 123-30.
65. Kendrick C. and Kahn A. 1998 Appl. Surf. Sci. 123 405-11.
66. Seidel C., Schafer A.H. and Fuchs H. 2000 Surf. Sci. 459 310-22.
67. Umbach E., Glöckler K. and Sokolowski M. 1998 Surf Sci. 404 20-31.
68. Böhringer M., Schneider W.D., Berndt R., Glöckler K., Sokolowski M. and Umbach E. 1998 Phys. Rev. B 57 4081-7.
69. Prato S., Floreano L., Cvetko D., De Renzi V., Morgante A., Modesti S., Biscarini F., Zamboni R. and Taliani C. 1999 J. Phys. Chem. B 103 7788-95.
70. Schunack M., Petersen L., Ktihnle A., Lægsgaard E., Stensgaard I., Johannsen I. and Besenbacher D. 2001 Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 456-9.
71. Baumgärtner K.M., Volmer-Übing M., Taborski J., Bäuerle P. and Umbach E. 1991 Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 95 1488.
72. Vaterlein P., Schmelzer M., Taborski J., Krause T., Viczian F., Bassler M., Fink R., Umbach E. and Wurth W. 2000 Surf. Sci. 452 20-32.
73. Li R., Bäuerle P. and Umbach E. 1995 Surf. Sci. 333 100-4.
74. Soukopp A., Seidel C., Li R., Bassler M., Sokolowski M. and Umbach E. 1996 Thin Solid Films 285 343-6.
75. [75] Atkins P.W. 1994 Physical Chemistry (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
76. Gimzewski J.K., Joachim C., Schlittler R.R., Langlais V., Tang H. and Johannsen I. 1998 Science 281 531-3.
77. Moresco F., Meyer G., Rieder K.H., Tang H., Gourdon A. and Joachim C. 2001 Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 672-5.
78. Moresco F., Meyer G., Rieder K.H., Tang H., Gourdon A. and Joachim C. 2001 Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 8302.
79. Langlais V.J., Schlittler R.R., Tang H., Gourdon A., Joachim C. and Gimzewski J.K. 1999 Phys. Rev. Lett. 83 2809-12.
80. Keil M., Samorí P., dos Santos D.A., Kugler T., Stafström S., Brand J.D., Müllen K., Brédas J.L., Rabe J.P. and Salaneck W.R. 2000 J. Phys. Chem. B 104 3967-75.
81. Samorí P., Keil M., Friedlein R., Birgerson J., Watson M., Müllen K., Salaneck W.R. and Rabe J.P. 2001 J. Phys. Chem. B 105 11 114-19.
82. Scudiero L., Barlow D.E., Mazur U. and Hipps K.W. 2001 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123 4073-80.
83. Proehl H., Toerker M., Sellam F., Fritz T., Leo K., Simpson C. and Müllen K. 2001 Phys. Rev. B. 63 205409.
84. Salaneck W.R., Stafström S. and Brédas J.L. 1996 Conjugated Polymer Surfaces and Interfaces (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
85. Yokoyama T., Yokoyama S., Kamikado T., Okuno Y. and Mashiko S. 2001 Nature 413 619-21.
86. Weiss K., Beernick G., Dötz F., Birkner A., Müllen K. and Wöll C.H. 1999 Angew. Chem. 111 3974-8.
87. Weiss K., Beernick G., Dötz F., Birkner A., Müllen K. and Wöll C.H. 1999 Angew. Chem., Int. Edn Engl. 38 3748-52.
88. Beerninck G., Gunia M., Dötz F., Öström H., Weiss K., Müllen K. and Wöll C. 2001 Chem. Phys. Chem. 2 317-20.
89. Dai H., Wong E.W. and Lieber C.M. 1996 Science 272 523.
90. Loiacono M.J., Granstrom E.L. and Frisbie C.D. 1998 J. Phys. Chem. B 102 1679-88.
91. Kelley T.W., Granstrom E.L. and Frisbie C.D. 1999 Adv. Mater 11 261-4.
92. Kelley T.W. and Frisbie C.D. 2001 J. Phys. Chem. B 105 4538-40.
93. McGonical G.C., Bernhardt R.H. and Thomson D.J. 1990 Appl. Phys. Lett. 57 28-30.
94. Rabe J.P. and Buchholz S. 1991 Science 253 424-7.
95. Giancarlo L.C. and Flynn G.W. 2000 Acc. Chem. Res. 33 492-501.
96. De Feyter S., Hofkens J., Van der Auweraer M., Nolte R.J.M., Müllen K. and De Schryver F.C. 2001 Chem. Commun. 585-92.
97. Samorí P., Severin N., Müllen K. and Rabe J.P. 2000 Adv. Mater. 12 579-82.
98. Samorí P., Francke V., Müllen K. and Rabe J.P. 1999 Chem. Eur. J. 5 2312-17.
99. Mena-Osteritz E., Meyer A., Langeveld-Voss B.M.W., Janssen R.A.J., Meijer E.W. and Bäuerle P. 2000 Angew. Chem., Int. Edn 39 2680-4.
100. Stabel A. and Rabe J.P. 1994 Synth. Met. 67 47-53.
101. Bäuerle P., Fischer T., Bidlingmaier B., Stabel A. and Rabe J.P. 1995 Angew. Chem., Int. Edn Engl. 34 303-7.
102. Stecher R., Gompf B., Münter J.R.S. and Effenberger F. 1999 Adv. Mater. 11 927-31.
103. Stecher R., Drewnick F. and Gompf B. 1999 Langmuir 15 6490-4.
104. Azumi R., Götz G. and Bäuerle P. 1999 Synth. Met. 101 569-72.
105. Vollmer M.S., Effenberger F., Stecher R., Gompf B. and Eisenmenger W. 1999 Chem. Eur. J. 5 96-101.
106. Azumi R., Gotz G., Debaerdemaeker T. and Bäuerle P. 2000 Chem. Eur. J. 6 735-44.
107. Gesquière A. et al. 2000 Langmuir 16 20 385-91.
108. Gesqnière A., De Feyter S., De Schryver F.C., Schoonbeek F., van Esch J., Kellogg R.M. and Feringa B.L. 2001 Nano Lett. 1 201-6.
109. Clar E. 1952 Aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe: Polycyclische Systeme (Berlin: Springer).
110. Clar E. 1972 The Aromatie Sextet (London: Wiley).
111. Diederich F. and Rubin Y. 1992 Angew. Chem., Int. Edn Engl. 31 1101-23.
112. Faust R. 1995 Angew. Chem., Int. Edn Engl. 34 1429-32.
113. Hudgins D.M. and Allamandola L.J. 1995 J. Phys. Chem. 99 3033-46.
114. Scott L.T., Cheng P.C., Hashemi M.M., Bratcher M.S., Meyer D.T. and Warren H.B. 1997 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119 10963-8.
115. Tong L., Lau H., Ho D.M. and Pascal R.A. Jr 1998 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120 6000-6.
116. Debad J.D. and Bard A.J. 1998 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120 2476-7.
117. Adam D., Schuhmacher P., Simmerer J., Häussling L., Siemensmeyer K., Etzbach K.H., Ringsdoff H. and Haarer D. 1994 Nature 371 141-3.
118. Simmerer J. et al. 1996 Adv. Mater 8 815-19.
119. van de Craats A.M., Warman J.M., de Haas M.P., Adam D., Simmerer J., Haarer D. and Schuhmacher P. 1996 Adv. Mater 8 823-6.
120. Askadskaya L., Boeffel C. and Rabe J.P. 1993 Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 97 517-21.
121. Gabriel J.C., Larsen N.B., Larsen M., Harrit N., Pedersen J.S., Schaumburg K. and Bechgaard K. 1996 Langmuir 12 1690-2.
122. Charra F. and Cousty J. 1998 Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 1682-5.
123. Goddard R., Haenel M.W., Herndon W.C., Kniger C. and Zander M. 1995 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117 30-41.
124. Herwig P., Kayser C.W., Müllen K. and Spiess H.W. 1996 Adv. Mater. 8 510-13.
125. Müller M., Kübel Ch and Müllen K. 1998 Chem. Eur. J. 4 2099-109.
126. Iyer V.S., Yoshimura K., Enkelmann V., Epsch R., Rabe J.P. and Müllen K. 1998 Angew. Chem., Int. Edn 37 2696-9.
127. Fechtenkötter A., Saatwächter K., Harbison M.A., Müllen K. and Spiess H.W. 1999 Angew. Chem., Int. Edn 38 3039-42.
128. van de Craats A.M., Warman J.M., Fechtenkötter A., Brand J.D., Harbison M.A. and Müllen K. 1999 Adv. Mater. 11 1469-72.
129. Ito S., Wehmeier M., Brand J.D., Kübel Ch, Epsch R., Rabe J.P. and Müllen K. 2000 Chem. Eur. J. 6 4327-42.
130. Schmitz-Hübsch T., Sellam F., Staub R., Törker M., Fritz T., Kübel Ch, Müllen K. and Leo K. 2000 Surf. Sci. 445 358-67.
131. van de Craats A.M. and Warman J.M. 2001 Adv. Mater. 13 130.
132. Wu P., Zeng Q., Xu S., Wang C., Yin S. and Bai C.L. 2001 Chem. Phys. Chem. 2 750-4.
133. Samorí P., Simpson C., Müllen K. and Rabe J.P. 2002 Langmuir 18 4183.
134. Grim P.C.M., De Feyter S., Gesquière A., Vanoppen P., Rucker M., Valiyaveettil S., Moessner G., Müllen K. and De Schryver F.C. 1997 Angew. Chem., Int. Edn 36 2601-3.
135. Okawa Y. and Aono M. 2001 Nature 409 683-4.
136. Kaneda Y., Stawasz M.E., Sampson D.L. and Parkinson B.A. 2001 Langmuir 17 6185-95.
137. Qiu X.H., Wang C., Yin S.X., Zeng Q.D., Xu B. and Bai C.L. 2000 J. Phys. Chem. B. 104 3570-4.
138. Qiu X.H., Wang C., Zeng Q.D., Xu B., Yin S.X., Wang H.N., Xu S.D. and Bai C.L. 2000 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122 5550-6.
139. Xu B., Yin S.X., Wang C., Qiu X.H., Zeng Q.D. and Bai C.L. 2000 J. Phys. Chem. B 104 10 502-5.
140. Lei S.B., Wang C., Yin S.X. and Bai C.L. 2001 J. Phys. Chem. B. 105 12 272-7.
141. Lei S.B., Wang C., Yin S.X., Wang H.N., Xi F., Liu H.W., Xu B., Wan L.J. and Bai C.L. 2001 J. Phys. Chem. B 105 10 838-41.
142. Höger S., Bonrad K., Mourran A., Beginn U. and Möller M. 2001 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123 5651-9.
143. Krömer J., Rios-Carreras I., Fuhrmann G., Musch C., Wunderlin M., Debaerdemaeker T., Mena-Osteritz E. and Bäuerle P. 2000 Angew. Chem. 112 3623-8.
144. Mena-Osteritz E. and Bäuerle P. 2001 Adv. Mater. 13 243-6.
145. Samorí P., Jäckel F., Godt A. and Rabe J.P. 2001 Chem. Phys. Chem. 2 461-4.
146. Samorí P., Engelkamp H., de Witte P., Rowan A.E., Nolte R.J.M. and Rabe J.P. 2001 Angew. Chem., Int. Edn 40 2348-50.
147. Feenstra R.M. 1994 Surf. Sci. 299-300 965.
148. Slonczewski J.C. 1989 Phys. Rev. B 39 6995-7002.
149. Dekker C., Tans S.J., Oberndorff B., Meyer R. and Venema L.C. 1997 Synth. Met. 84 853-4.
150. Barlow D.E. and Hipps K.W. 2000 J. Phys. Chem. B 104 5993-6000.
151. Hipps K.W., Barlow D.E. and Mazur U. 2000 J. Phys. Chem. B. 104 2444-7.
152. Datta S., Tian W., Hong S., Reifenberger R., Henderson J.I. and Kubiak C.P. 1997 Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 2530-3.
153. Walzer K., Sternberg M. and Hietschold M. 1998 Surf. Sci. 415 376-84.
154. Alvarado S.F., Seidler P.F., Lidzey D.G. and Bradley D.D.C. 1998 Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 1082-5.
155. Rinaldi R., Cingolani R., Jones K.M., Baski A.A. and Morkoc J. 2001 Phys. Rev. B 63 075311.
156. Hah W., Durantini E.N., Moore T.A., Moore A.L., Gust D., Rez P., Leatherman G., Seely G.R., Tao N. and Lindsay S.M. 1997 J. Phys. Chem. B 101 10719-25.
157. Onipko A.I., Berggren K.F., Klymenkko Yu O., Malysheva L.I., Rosink J.J.W.W., Geerligs L.J., van der Drift E. and Radelaar S. 2000 Phys. Rev. B 61 11 118-24.
158. Rosink J.J.W.M., Blauw M.A., Geerligs L.J., van der Drift E. and Radelaar S. 2000 Phys. Rev. B 62 10 459-66.
159. Perahia D., Traiphol R. and Bunz U.G.F. 2001 Macromolecules 34 151-5.
160. Leclere P., Calderone A., Marsitzky D., Francke V., Geerts Y., Mullen K., Brédas J.L. and Lazzaroni R. 2000 Adv. Mater. 12 1042-6.
161. Leclere P., Parente V., Brédas J.L., Francois B. and Lazzaroni R. 1998 Chem. Mater. 10 4010-14.
162. Bjørnholm T., Hassenkam T., Greve D.R., McCullough R.D., Jazaraman M., Savoy S.M., Jones C.E. and McDevitt J.T. 1999 Adv. Mater. 11 1218-21.
163. Smolenyak P., Peterson R., Nebesny K., Törker M., O'Brien D.F. and Armstrong N.R. 1999 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121 8628-36.
164. Zangmeister A.P., Smolenyak P.E., Drager A.S., O'Brien D.F. and Armstrong N.R. 2001 Langmuir 17 7071-8.
165. Drager A.S., Zangmeister A.P., Armstrong N.R. and O'Brien D.F. 2001 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123 3595-6.
166. Berresheim A.J., Müller M. and Müllen K. 1999 Chem. Rev. 99 1747-86.
167. Loi S., Wiesler U.M., Butt H.J. and Mullen K. 2000 Chem. Commun. 1169-70.
168. Loi S., Wiesler U.M., Butt H.J. and Mullen K. 2001 Macromolecules 34 3661-71.
169. Rosa-Zeiser A., Weilandt E., Weilandt H. and Marti O. 1997 Meas. Sci. Technol. 8 1333.
170. Zhang H., Grim P.C.M., Vosch T., Wiesler U.M., Berresheim A.J., Müllen K. and De Schryver F.C. 2000 Langmuir 16 9294-8.
171. Zhang H., Grim P.C.M., Foubert P., Vosch T., Vanoppen P., Wiesler U.M., Berresheim A.J., Müllen K. and De Schryver F.C. 2000 Langmuir 16 9009-14.
172. Feynman R. 1959 Lecture at the Annual Meeting of the American Physical Society (California Institute of Technology, Dec. 1959).
173. Halls J.J.M., Walsh C.A., Greenham N.C., Marseglia E.A., Friend R.H., Moratti S.C. and Holmes A.B. 1995 Nature 376 498-500.
174. Sariciftci N.S. 1999 Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater Sci. 4 373-8.
175. Dittmer J.J. et al. 2000 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 6 53-61.
176. Eckert J.-F., Nicoud J.F., Nierengarten J.-F., Liu S.G., Barigelletti F., Armaroli N., Ouali L., Krasnikov V. and Hadziioannou G. 2000 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122 7467.
177. Schmidt-Mende L., Fechtenkötter A., Müllen K., Moons E., Friend R.H. and MacKenzie J.D. 2001 Science 293 1119.