Bias and causal associations in observational research

Lancet

Volumn 359, Issue 9302, 2002, Pages 248-252

  Grimes, David A ^a   Schulz, Kenneth F ^a  

^a FAMILY HEALTH INTERNATIONAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ERROR; MEDICAL INFORMATION; MEDICAL LITERATURE; MEDICAL RESEARCH; OBSERVER VARIATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; VALIDATION PROCESS;

EID: 0037132876     PISSN: 01406736     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07451-2     Document Type: Review

References (46)

1. Technology follies: The uncritical acceptance of medical innovation
2. Bias in treatment assignment in controlled clinical trials
3. The national diet-heart study final report
4. Profile of men randomized to the prostate cancer prevention trial: Baseline health-related quality of life, urinary and sexual functioning, and health behaviors
5. Recruitment of older adults for a randomized, controlled trial of exercise advice in a general practice setting
6. Does quality of reports of randomised trials affect estimates of intervention efficacy reported in meta-analyses?
7. Empirical evidence of bias. Dimensions of methodological quality associated with estimates of treatment effects in controlled trials
8. The case for confidence intervals
9. The importance of beta, the type II error and sample size in the design and interpretation of the randomized control trial: Survey of 71 "negative" trials
10. Statistical power, sample size, and their reporting in randomized controlled trials
11. Bias in analytic research
12. Association between intrauterine device and pelvic inflammatory disease
13. The intrauterine device and pelvic inflammatory disease: The women's health study reanalyzed
14. Oestrogen treatment and endometrial carcinoma
15. Mail survey response by smoking status
16. The intrafamilial transmission of rheumatoid arthritis: 3, the lack of support for a genetic hypothesis
17. The alleged association between induced abortion and risk of breast cancer: Biology or bias?
18. Response bias in a case-control study: Analysis utilizing comparative data concerning legal abortions from two independent Swedish studies
19. Risk of cancer of the breast after legal abortion during first trimester: A Swedish register study
20. Induced abortion and the risk of breast cancer
21. Association between oral contraceptives and myocardial infarction: A review
22. Estimates of the risk of cardiovascular death attributable to low-dose oral contraceptives in the United States
23. Cigarette smoking, use of oral contraceptives, and myocardial infarction
24. Type of intrauterine device and the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease
25. The intrauterine device and pelvic inflammatory disease revisited: New results from the women's health study
26. Measures of sexual behavior and the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease
27. Cancer of the breast and reproductive tract in relation to use of oral contraceptives
28. Oral contraceptives as risk factors for cervical adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas
29. Smoking, diet, pregnancy and oral contraceptive use as risk factors for cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia in relation to human papillomavirus infection
30. Statistical aspects of the analysis of data from retrospective studies of disease
31. A show of confidence
32. Sifting the evidence: What's wrong with significance tests?
33. The environment and disease association or causation
34. Primary prevention of gynecologic cancers
35. Bendectin and birth defects: 1, a meta-analysis of the epidemiologic studies