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2 and was heated to 75° for 5 min. The mixture was then slowly cooled to 20°C over a period of 2 hours. The transcription elongation complex was then assembled by mixing the annealed substrate with equimolar T7 RNAP.
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Data were collected at two synchrotron sources for this work ID-19 at Argonne National Labs (APS) and X25 at National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS). Use of the Argonne National Laboratory Structural Biology Center beamlines at the Advanced Photon Source was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Biological and Environmental Research, under Contract No. W-31-109-ENG-38. Research carried out in part at the NSLS, BNL, was supported by the DOE, Division of Materials Sciences and Division of Chemical Sciences, under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886. We thank M. Becker (X25) and A. Joachimiak (ID-19) for their support during beam[ine data collections; W. Kennedy, C. Joyce, and S. Kamtekar for many helpful discussions and critical reading of the manuscript; and D. Crothers for help with the thermodynamic calculations. The coordinates for the T7 RNAP elongation complex have been deposited in the PDB under accession code 1msw. Supported by NIH grant GMS7510 to T.A.S.
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