Reappraisal of the pharmacologic approach to treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus

American Journal of Cardiology

Volumn 90, Issue 5 SUPPL., 2002, Pages 42-50

  Weissman, Peter N ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI MILLER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACARBOSE; ATORVASTATIN; CHLORPROPAMIDE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; FRUCTOSAMINE; GLIBENCLAMIDE; GLIMEPIRIDE; GLIPIZIDE; GLUCOSE; HEMOGLOBIN A1C; INSULIN; LISINOPRIL; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; METFORMIN; MIGLITOL; PIOGLITAZONE; PRAVASTATIN; RAMIPRIL; REPAGLINIDE; ROSIGLITAZONE; SIMVASTATIN; TOLAZAMIDE; TOLBUTAMIDE; TROGLITAZONE;

AMPUTATION; BLINDNESS; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CAUSE OF DEATH; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIET THERAPY; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG METABOLISM; DYSLIPIDEMIA; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HEALTH CARE COST; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HUMAN; HYPERINSULINEMIA; HYPOGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; INSULIN SENSITIVITY; KIDNEY FAILURE; KINESIOTHERAPY; LACTIC ACIDOSIS; LIVER TOXICITY; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NAUSEA; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SKIN MANIFESTATION; VOMITING; WEIGHT GAIN;

EID: 0037026741     PISSN: 00029149     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0002-9149(02)02558-4     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Harris M.I., Flegal K.M., Cowie C.C., Eberhardt M.S., Goldstein D.E., Little R.R., Wiedmeyer H.M., Byrd-Holt D.D. Prevalence of diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance in US adults. The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Diabetes Care. 21:1998;518-524.
2. Klein R. Hyperglycemia and microvascular and macrovascular disease in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 18:1995;258-268.
3. Stratton I.M., Adler A.I., Neil A.W., Matthews D.R., Manley S.E., Cull C.A., Hadden D., Turner R.C., Holman R.R., UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group . Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35) prospective observational study . Br Med J. 321:2000;405-412.
4. Teutsch S., Newman J., Eggers P. The problem of diabetic renal failure in the United States an overview . Am J Kidney Dis. 13:1989;11-13.
5. Haffner S.M., Lehto S., Ronnemaa T., Pyorala K., Laakso M. Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 339:1998;229-234.
6. Hu F.B., Stampfer M.J., Solomon C.G., Liu S., Willett W.C., Speizer F.E., Nathan D.M., Manson J.E. The impact of diabetes mellitus on mortality from all causes and coronary heart disease in women 20 years of follow-up . Arch Intern Med. 161:2001;1717-1723.
7. Kannel W.B., McGee D.L. Diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors the Framingham Study . Circulation. 59:1979;8-13.
8. Bjornholt J.V., Erikssen G., Aaser E., Sandvik L., Nitter-Hauge S., Jervell J., Erickssen J., Thaulow E. Fasting blood glucose an underestimated risk factor for cardiovascular death. Results from a 22-year follow-up of healthy nondiabetic men . Diabetes Care. 22:1999;45-49.
9. Pyörälä M., Miettinen H., Laakso M., Pyörälä K. Hyperinsulinemia predicts coronary heart disease risk in healthy middle-aged men the 22-year follow-up results of the Helsinki Policemen Study . Circulation. 98:1998;398-404.
10. Kannel W.B., D'Agostino R.B., Wilson P.W., Belanger A.J., Gagnon D.R. Diabetes, fibrinogen, and risk of cardiovascular disease the Framingham experience . Am Heart J. 120:1990;672-676.
11. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults . Executive summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 285:2001;2486-2497.
12. Laditka S.B., Mastanduno M.P., Laditka J.N. Health care use of individuals with diabetes in an employer-based insurance population. Arch Intern Med. 161:2001;1301-1308.
13. Rubin R.J., Altman W.M., Mendelson D.N. Health care expenditures for people with diabetes mellitus, 1992. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 78:1994;809A-809F.
14. American Diabetes Association . Economic consequences of diabetes mellitus in the US in 1997. Diabetes Care. 21:1998;296-309.
15. Strutton D.R., Stang P.E., Erbey J.R., Lydick E. Estimated coronary heart disease attributable to insulin resistance in populations with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Managed Care. 7:2001;765-773.
16. Gilmer T.P., O'Connor P.J., Manning W.G., Rush W.A. The cost to health plans of poor glycemic control. Diabetes Care. 20:1997;1847-1853.
17. Eastman R.C., Javitt J.C., Herman W.H., Dasbach E.J., Copley-Merriman C., Maier W., Dong F., Manninen D., Zbrozek A.S., Kotsanos J., Garfield S.A., Harris M. Model of complications of NIDDM analysis of the health benefits and cost-effectiveness of treating NIDDM with the goal of normoglycemia . Diabetes Care. 20:1997;735-744.
18. El-Kebbi I.M., Ziemer D.C., Cook C.B., Miller C.D., Gallina D.L., Phillips L.S. Comorbidity and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Arch Intern Med. 161:2001;1295-1300.
19. Ohkubo Y., Kishikawa H., Araki E., Miyata T., Isami S., Motoyoshi S., Kojima Y., Furuyoshi N., Shichiri M. Intensive insulin therapy prevents the progression of diabetic microvascular complications in Japanese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus a randomized prospective 6-year study . Diabetes Res Clin Pract Suppl. 28:1995;103-117.
20. Kruszynska Y.T., Olefsky J.M. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. J Invest Med. 44:1996;413-428.
21. Reaven G.M., Hollenbeck C.B., Chen Y.D.I. Relationship between glucose tolerance, insulin secretion, and insulin action in non-obese individuals with varying degrees of glucose tolerance. Diabetologia. 32:1989;52-55.
22. DeFronzo R.A. The triumvirate β-cell, muscle, liver. A collusion responsible for NIDDM . Diabetes. 37:1988;667-687.
23. DeFronzo R.A. Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes metabolic and molecular implications for identifying diabetes genes . Diabetes Rev. 5:1997;177-269.
24. Dagogo-Jack S., Santiago J.V. Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes and modes of action of therapeutic interventions. Arch Intern Med. 157:1997;1802-1817.
25. American Diabetes Association . Standards of medical care for patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 25:2002;S13-S29.
26. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group . UK Prospective Diabetes Study 16. Overview of 6 years' therapy of type II diabetes a progressive disease . Diabetes. 44:1995;1249-1258.
27. Haffner S.M., Stern M.P., Hazuda H.P., Mitchell B.D., Patterson J.K. Cardiovascular risk factors in confirmed prediabetic individuals does the clock for coronary heart disease start ticking before the onset of clinical diabetes? JAMA. 263:1990;2893-2898.
28. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group . Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). Lancet. 352:1998;854-865.
29. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group . Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet. 352:1998;837-853.
30. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group . Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 346:2002;393-403.
31. Goldstein B.J. Current views on the mechanism of action of thiazolidinedione insulin sensitizers. Diabetes Technol Ther. 1:1999;267-275.
32. Kahn C.R., Chen L., Cohen S.E. Unraveling the mechanism of action of thiazolidinediones. J Clin Invest. 106:2000;1305-1307.
33. Saltiel A.R., Olefsky J.M. Thiazolidinediones in the treatment of insulin resistance and type II diabetes. Diabetes. 45:1996;1661-1669.
34. Spiegelman B.M. PPAR-γ adipogenic regulator and thiazolidinedione receptor . Diabetes. 47:1998;507-514.
35. Porter L.E., Freed M.I., Jones N.P., Biswas N. Rosiglitazone improves β-cell function as measured by proinsulin/insulin ratio in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 49:(suppl 1):2000;A122.
36. American Diabetes Association . Medical Management of Type 2 Diabetes. 4th ed: 1998;56-72 American Diabetes Association, Alexandria, VA.
37. Raskin P., Rendell M., Riddle M.C., Dole J.F., Freed M.I., Rosenstock J., Rosiglitazone Clinical Trials Study Group . A randomized trial of rosiglitazone therapy in patients with inadequately controlled insulin-treated type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 24:2001;1226-1232.
38. Barman Balfour J.A., Plosker G.L. Rosiglitazone. Drugs. 57:1999;921-930.
39. Malinowski J.M., Bolesta S. Rosiglitazone in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus a critical review . Clin Ther. 22:2000;1151-1168.
40. Scheen A.J. Hepatotoxicity with thiazolidinediones is it a class effect? Drug Saf. 24:2001;873-888.
41. Salzman A., Patel I. Rosiglitazone is not associated with hepatotoxicity. Diabetes. 48:(suppl 1):1999;A95.
42. Rubin C., Schneider R. Pioglitazone liver enzyme profile is similar to placebo in US controlled clinical trials. Diabetes. 49:(suppl 1):2000;A123.
43. Michalets E.L. Update clinically significant cytochrome P-450 drug interactions . Pharmacotherapy. 18:1998;84-112.
44. DiCicco R.A., Miller A.K., Patterson S., Freed M.I. Rosiglitazone does not affect the steady-state pharmacokinetics of digoxin. J Clin Pharmacol. 40:2000;1516-1521.
45. Freed M.I., Miller A.K., Inglis A.M., et al. Rosiglitazone, a PPAR-gamma agonist, does not alter the pharmacokinetics of nifedipine, a cytochrome P450 3A4-substrate. Diabetes. 57:(suppl 1):1998;A94.
46. Freed M.I., Miller A., Jorkaskky D.K., et al. Rosiglitazone pharmacokinetics are not affected by coadministration of ranitidine. Diabetes. 47:(suppl 1):1998;A353.
47. Werner A.L., Travaglini M.T. A review of rosiglitazone in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Pharmacotherapy. 21:2001;1082-1099.
48. DeFronzo R.A., Goodman A.M., Multicenter Metformin Study Group . Efficacy of metformin in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 333:1995;541-549.
49. Bailey C.J., Turner R.C. Metformin. N Engl J Med. 334:1996;574-579.
50. Bell P.M., Hadden D.R. Metformin. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 26:1997;523-537.
51. DeFronzo R.A. Pharmacologic therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med. 131:1999;281-303.
52. Garber A.J., Duncan T.G., Goodman A.M., Mills D.J., Rohlf J.L. Efficacy of metformin in type II diabetes results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response trial . Am J Med. 103:1997;491-497.
53. Misbin R.I., Green L., Stadel B.V., Gueriguian J.L., Gubbi A., Fleming G.A. Lactic acidosis in patients with diabetes treated with metformin. N Engl J Med. 338:1998;265-266.
54. Chiasson J.L., Josse R.G., Hunt J.A., Palmason C., Rodger N.W., Ross S.A., Ryan E.A., Tan M.H., Wolever T.M. The efficacy of acarbose in the treatment of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus a multicenter controlled clinical trial . Ann Intern Med. 121:1994;928-935.
55. Turner R., Cull C., Holman R., United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study Group . United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study 17 a 9-year update of a randomized, controlled trial on the effect of improved metabolic control on complications in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus . Ann Intern Med. 124:1996;136-145.
56. Fonseca V., Biswas N., Salzman A. Once-daily rosiglitazone in combination with metformin effectively reduces hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 48:(suppl 1):1999;A100.
57. Fonseca V., Rosenstock J., Patwardhan R., Salzman A. Effect of metformin and rosiglitazone combination therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus a randomized controlled trial . JAMA. 283:2000;1695-1702.
58. Inzucchi S.E., Maggs D.G., Spollett G.R., Page S.L., Rife F.S., Walton V., Shulman G.I. Efficacy and metabolic effects of metformin and troglitazone in type II diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 338:1998;867-872.
59. Kipnes M.S., Krosnick A., Rendell M.S., Egan J.W., Mathisen A.L., Schneider R.L. Pioglitazone hydrochloride in combination with sulfonylurea therapy improves glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus a randomized, placebo-controlled study . Am J Med. 111:2001;10-17.
60. Wolffenbuttel B.H.R., Gomis R., Squatrito S., Jones N.P., Patwardhan R.N. Addition of low-dose rosiglitazone to sulphonylurea therapy improves glycaemic control in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabet Med. 17:2000;40-47.
61. Yale J.-F., Valiquett T.R., Ghazzi M.N., Owens-Grillo J.K.M., Whitcomb R.W., Foyt H.L., Troglitazone Triple-Therapy Study Group . The effect of a thiazolidinedione drug, troglitazone, on glycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus poorly controlled with sulfonylurea and metformin a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial . Ann Intern Med. 134:2001;737-745.
62. Curb J.D., Pressel S.L., Cutler J.A., Savage P.J., Applegate W.B., Black H., Camel G., Davis B.R., Frost P.H., Gonzalez N., Guthrie G., Oberman A., Rutan G.H., Stamler J. Effect of diuretic-based antihypertensive treatment on cardiovascular disease risk in older diabetic patients with isolated systolic hypertension. Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program Cooperative Research Group. JAMA. 276:1996;1886-1892.
63. Pyörälä K., Pedersen T.R., Kjekshus J., Faergeman O., Olsson A.G., Thorgeirsson G., Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S) Group . Cholesterol lowering with simvastatin improves prognosis of diabetic patients with coronary heart disease a subgroup analysis of the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S) . Diabetes Care. 20:1997;614-620.
64. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group . Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes. UKPDS 38. Br Med J. 317:1998;703-713.
65. Goldberg R.B., Mellies M.J., Sacks F.M., Moy L.A., Howard B.V., Howard W.J., Davis B.R., Cole T.G., Pfeffer M.A., Braunwald E., CARE Investigators . Cardiovascular events and their reduction with pravastatin in diabetic and glucose-intolerant myocardial infarction survivors with average cholesterol levels: subgroup analyses in the Cholesterol And Recurrent Events (CARE) trial. Circulation. 98:1998;2513-2519.
66. Reaven G.M., Chen Y.D.I., Jeppesen J., Maheux P., Krauss R.M. Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia in individuals with small, dense, low density lipoprotein particles. J Clin Invest. 92:1993;141-146.
67. Lamarche B., Tchernof A., Moorjani S., Cantin B., Dagenais G.R., Lupien P.J., Depres J.P. Small, dense low-density lipoprotein particles as a predictor of the risk of ischemic heart disease in men prospective results from the Quebec Cardiovascular Study . Circulation. 95:1997;69-75.
68. Brunzell J., Cohen B.R., Kreider M., Biswas N., Ratner R.E., Freed M.I., Marcovina S. Rosiglitazone favorably affects LDL-C and HDL-C heterogeneity in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 50:(suppl 2):2001;A141.
69. Cohen BR, Kreider M, Biswas N, Brunzell J, Ratner RE, Freed MI. Rosiglitazone in combination with an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor: safety and effects on lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes [abstract 1884-PO]. Presented at the 61st Scientific Session of the American Diabetes Association; June 22-26, 2001; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
70. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators . Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 342:2000;145-153.
71. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) Study Investigators . Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy . Lancet. 355:2000;253-259.
72. Zuanetti G., Latini R., Maggioni A.P., Franzosi M., Santoro L., Tognoni G., GISSI-3 Investigators . Effect of the ACE inhibitor lisinopril on mortality in diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction data from the GISSI-3 study . Circulation. 96:1997;4239-4245.
73. Weston WM, Heise MA, Porter LE, Bakris G, Vibertis G, Freed MI. Rosiglitazone-mediated reductions in urinary albumin excretion are associated with changes in ambulatory blood pressure in type 2 diabetes patients. Presented at the 61st Scientific Session of the American Diabetes Association; June 22-26, 2001; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
74. Dandona P, Mohanty P, Aljada A, Ghanim H, Tripathy D, Syed T, Hofmeyer D. Evidence of a potent anti-inflammatory effect of rosiglitazone in mononuclear cells [abstract]. Presented at the 37th European Association for the Study of Diabetes Annual Meeting; September 9-13, 2001; Glasgow, United Kingdom.
75. Manning P.J., Allum A., Jones S., Sutherland W.H., Willams S.M. The effect of hormone replacement therapy on cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes a randomized controlled trial . Arch Intern Med. 161:2001;1772-1776.
76. Gambacciani M., Ciaponi M., Cappagli B., Piaggesi L., De Simone L., Orlandi R., Genazzani A.R. Body weight, body fat distribution, and hormonal replacement therapy in early postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 82:1997;414-417.
77. Akazawa S., Sun F., Ito M., Kawasaki E., Eguchi K. Efficacy of troglitazone on body fat distribution in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 23:2000;1067-1071.
78. Arioglu E., Duncan-Morin J., Sebring N., Rother K.I., Gottlieb N., Lieberman J., Herion D., Kleiner D.E., Reynolds J., Premkumar A., Sumner A.E., Hoofnagle J., Reitman M.L., Taylor S.I. Efficacy and safety of troglitazone in the treatment of lipodystrophy syndromes. Ann Intern Med. 133:2000;263-274.
79. Carey DG, Galloway G, Dodrell D, Richards J, Jones NP, Zhou B. Rosiglitazone reduces hepatic fat and increases subcutaneous but not intra-abdominal fat depots [abstract 271]. Presented at the 36th European Association for the Study of Diabetes Annual Meeting; September 17-21, 2000; Jerusalem, Israel.