Comparison of in vitro-cultured and wild-type Perkinsus marinus. I. pathogen virulence

Diseases of Aquatic Organisms

Volumn 51, Issue 3, 2002, Pages 187-201

  Ford, Susan E ^a   Chintala, Marnita M ^a   Bushek, David ^a  

^a RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Crassostrea virginica; Culture phase; Disease; Loss of virulence; Oyster; Parasite

Indexed keywords

CULTURE; MOLLUSC; PARASITE; PATHOGEN; VIRULENCE;

BIVALVIA; CRASSOSTREA; CRASSOSTREA VIRGINICA; MOLLUSCA; OSTREIDAE; PERKINSUS; PERKINSUS MARINUS;

EID: 0037020427     PISSN: 01775103     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3354/dao051187     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Abacus Concepts (1994) Survival tools for StatView. Abacus Concepts, Berkeley, CA
2. Andrews JD (1961) Measurement of shell growth in oysters by weighing in water. Proc Natl Shellfish Assoc 52:1-11
3. Andrews JD, Hewatt WG (1957) Oyster mortality studies in Virginia. II. The fungus disease caused by Dermocystidium marinum in oysters of Chesapeake Bay. Ecol Monogr 27:1-26
4. Bricelj VM, Ford SE, Borrero FJ, Perkins FO, Rivara G, Hillman RE, Elston RA, Chang J (1992) Unexplained mortalities of hatchery-reared, juvenile oysters, Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin). J Shellfish Res 11:331-347
5. Burreson EM, Ragone Calvo LM, La Peyre JF, Counts F, Paynter KT (1994) Acute osmotic tolerance of cultured cells of the oyster pathogen Perkinsus marinus (Apicomplexa: Perkinsida). Comp Biochem Physiol A 109:575-582
6. Bushek D (1994) Dermo disease in the American oyster. Genetics of host-parasite interactions. PhD dissertation, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
7. Bushek D, Allen SK Jr (1996) Host-parasite interactions among broadly distributed populations of the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica, and the protozoan Perkinsus marinus. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 139:127-141
8. Bushek D, Ford SE, Allen J, SK (1994) Evaluation of methods using Ray's fluid thioglycollate medium for diagnosis of Perkinsus marinus infection in the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. Annu Rev Fish Dis 4:201-217
9. Bushek D, Allen SK, Alcox KA, Gustafson R, Ford SE (1997) Response of Crassostrea virginica to in vitro cultured Perkinsus marinus: preliminary comparison of three inoculation methods. J Shellfish Res 16:479-485
10. Bushek D, Holley RA, Reece KS (2000) Use of micromanipulation and 'feeder' cultures to clone the protozoan oyster pathogen Perkinsus marinus. J Eukaryot Microbiol 47:164-166
11. Bushek D, Ford SE, Chintala MM (2002) Comparison of in vitro-cultured and wild-type Perkinsus marinus. III. Fecal elimination and its role in transmission. Dis Aquat Org 51:217-225
12. Carson CA, Timms P, Cowman AF, Stewart NP (1990) Babesia bovis-evidence for selection of subpopulations during attenuation. Exp Parasitol 70:404-410
13. Chang KP, Fish WR (1983) Leishmania. In: Jensen JB (ed) In vitro cultivation of protozoan parasites. Press, Boca Raton, FL, p 111-153
14. Chintala MM, Bushek D, Ford SE (2002) Comparison of in vitro-cultured and wild-type Perkinsus marinus. II. Dosing methods and host response. Dis Aquat Org 51:203-216
15. Choi KS, Wilson EA, Lewis DH, Powell EN, Ray SM (1989) The energetic cost of Perkinsus marinus parasitism in oysters. Quantification of the thioglycollate method. J Shellfish Res 8:117-125
16. Chu FLE, Volety AK (1997) Disease processes of the parasite Perkinsus marinus in eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica: minimum dose for infection initiation, and interaction of temperature, salinity, and infective cell dose. Dis Aquat Org 28:61-68
17. da Silva R, Sacks D (1987) Metacyclogenesis is a major determinant of Leishmania promastigote virulence and attenuation. Infect Immun 55:2802-2806
18. Dungan CF, Hamilton RM (1995) Use of a tetrazolium-based cell proliferation assay to measure effects of in vitro conditions on Perkinsus marinus (Apicomplexa) proliferation. J Eukaryot Microbiol 42:379-388
19. Faulkner P, Potter K, Jaques RP (1976) Modification of virulence of nuclearpolyhedrosis virus following serial passage in vivo. Proc Int Colloq Invertebr Pathol 1:18-19
20. Fisher WS, Oliver LH (1996) A whole-oyster procedure for diagnosis of Perkinsus marinus disease using Ray's fluid thioglycollate culture medium. J Shellfish Res 15:109-117
21. Ford SE, Schotthoefer A, Spruck C (1999) In vivo dynamics of the microparasite Perkinsus marinus during progression and regression of infections in eastern oysters. J Parasitol 85:273-282
22. Freshney RI (1987) Culture of animal cells: a manual of basic technique. Wiley-Liss Publishers, New York, NY
23. Gauthier JD, Vasta G (1993) Continuous in vitro culture of the eastern oyster parasite Perkinsus marinus. J Invertebr Pathol 62:321-323
24. Gauthier JD, Vasta GR (1995) In vitro culture of the eastern oyster parasite Perkinsus marinus: optimization of the methodology. J Invertebr Pathol 66:156-168
25. Giannini MS (1974) Effects of promastigote growth phase, frequency of subculture, and host age on promastigote-initiated infections with Leishmania donovani in the golden hamster. J Protozool 21:521-527
26. Hall R, Ilhan T, Kirvar E, Wilkie G, Preston PM, Darghouth M, Somerville R, Adamson R (1999) Mechanism(s) of attenuation of Theileria annualta vaccine cell lines. Trop Med Int Health 4:A78-A84
27. Hare JM, McConough KA (1999) High-frequency RecA-dependent and -independent mechanisms of Congo red binding mutations in Yersinia pestis. J Bacteriol 181:4896-4904
28. Hassan MK, Alnatour MQ, Ward LA, Sail YM (1996) Pathogenicity, attenuation and immunogenicity of infectious bursal disease virus. Avian Dis 40:567-571
29. Hofmann EE, Powell EN, Klinck JM, Saunders G (1995) Modelling diseased oyster populations. I. Modelling Perkinsus marinus infections in oysters. J Shellfish Res 14:121-151
30. Kallinikova VD, Nasyrova RM, Nayrov FS, Safjanova VM (1992) Morphogenesis and virulence of Leishmania major in the process of long-term cultivation. Arch Protistenkd 141:327-334
31. Kleinschuster SJ, Swink SL (1993) A simple method for the in vitro culture of Perkinsus marinus. Nautilus 107:76-78
32. La Peyre JF, Chu FL (1994) A simple procedure for the isolation of Perkinsus marinus merozoites, a pathogen of the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. Bull Eur Assoc Fish Pathol 14:101-103
33. La Peyre JF, Faisal M (1995) An improved method for the initiation of continuous culture of the oyster pathogen Perkinsus marinus (Apicomplexa). Trans Am Fish Soc 124:144-146
34. La Peyre JF, Faisal M, Burreson EM (1993) In vitro propagation of the protozoan Perkinsus marinus, a pathogen of the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. J Eukaryot Microbiol 40:304-310
35. La Peyre JF, Schafhauser DY, Rizkalla EM, Faisal M (1995) Production of serine proteases by the oyster pathogen Perkinsus marinus (Apicomplexa) in vitro. J Eukaryot Microbiol 42:544-551
36. La Peyre JF, Yarnell HF, Faisal M (1996) Contribution of Perkinsus marinus extracellular products in the infection of eastern oysters (Crassostrea virgninica). J Invertebr Pathol 68:312-313
37. Mackin JG, Boswell JL (1955) The life cycle and relationships of Dermocystidium marinum. Proc Natl Shellfish Assoc 46:112-115
38. Mackin JG, Sparks AK (1962) A study of the effect on oysters of crude oil loss from a wild well, Publ Inst Mar Sci Univ Tex 7:230-261
39. Mackin JG, Owen HM, Collier A (1950) Preliminary note on the occurrence of a new protistan parasite, Dermocystidium marinum n. sp. in Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin). Science 111:328-329
40. Moody KD, Barthold SW, Terwilliger GA (1990) Lyme borreliosis in laboratory animals: effect of host species and in vitro passage of Borrelia burgdorferi. Am J Trop Med Hyg 43:87-92
41. Mukhopadhyay S, Sen P, Majumder H, Roy S (1998) Reduced expression of lipophosphoglycan (LPG) and kinetoplastid membrane protein (KMP)-11 in Leishmania donovani promastigotes in axenic culture. J Parasitol 84:644-647
42. Osterhout S (1999) Host-parasite relationships. In: Joklik WK, Willett HP, Amos DB, Wilfert CM (eds) Zinsser microbiology. Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, CT, p 387-392
43. Potter K, Faulkner P, MacKinnon EA (1976) Strain selection during serial passage of Trichoplusia ni nuclear polyhedrosis virus. J Virol 18:1040-1050
44. Ray SM (1952) A culture technique for the diagnosis of infections with Dermocystidium marinum. Mackin, Owen and Collier, in oysters. Science 166:360-361
45. Ray SM (1954) Biological studies of Dermocystidium marinum, a fungus parasite of oysters. Rice Institute, Houston, TX
46. Reece KS, Bushek D, Graves JE (1997) Molecular markers for population genetic analysis of Perkinsus marinus. Mol Mar Biol Biotechnol 6:197-206
47. Reece KS, Bushek D, Hudson KL, Graves JE (2001) Geographic distribution of Perkinsus marinus genetic strains along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the USA. Mar Biol 139:1047-1055
48. Rey JA, Travi BL, Valencia AZ, Saravia NG (1990) Infectivity of the subspecies of the Leishmania braziliensis complex in vivo and in vitro. Am J Trop Med Hyg 43:623-631
49. SAS Institute (1990) SAS language: reference, Version 6, 1st edn. SAS Institute, Cary, NC
50. Saunders GL, Powell EN, Lewis DH (1993) A determination of in vivo growth rates for Perkinsus marinus, a parasite of Crassostrea virginica. J Shellfish Res 12:229-240
51. Stanley LA, Hudson JS, Schwedler TE, Hayasaka SS (1994) Extracellular products associated with virulent and avirulent strains of Edwardsia ictaluri from channel catfish. J Aquat Anim Health 6:38-43
52. Sutherland IA, Shiels BR, Jackson L, Brown DJ, Brown CGD, Preston PM (1996) Theileria annulata: altered gene expression and clonal selection during continuous in vitro culture. Exp Parasitol 83:125-133
53. Tanada Y, Fuxa JR (1987) The pathogen population. In: Fuxa JR, Tanada Y (eds) Epizootiology of insect diseases. Wiley-Interscience, New York, p 113-157
54. Todd D, Connor TJ, Calvert VM, Creelan JL, Meehan BM, McNultry MS (1995) Molecular-cloning of an attenuated chicken anemia virus isolate following repeated cell-culture passage. Avian Pathol 24:171-187
55. Valiulis GA, Haskin HH (1972) Resistance of Crassostrea virginica to Labyrinthomyxa marina. Proc Natl Shellfish Assoc 63:6
56. Willson LL, Burnett LE (2000) Whole animal and gill tissue oxygen uptake in the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica: effects of hypoxia, hypercapnia, air exposure, and infection with the protozoan parasite Perkinsus marinus. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 246:223-240
57. Wozencraft O, Blackwell JM (1987) Increased infectivity of stationary-phase promastigotes of Leishmania donovani: correlation with enhanced C3 binding capacity and CR3-mediated attachment to host macrophages. Immunology 60:559-563