Dendronized molecular knots: Selective synthesis of various generations, enantiomer separation, circular dichroism

Chemistry - A European Journal

Volumn 8, Issue 19, 2002, Pages 4434-4442

  Recker, Janosch ^a   Müller, Walter M ^a   Müller, Ute ^a   Kubota, Takateru ^b   Okamoto, Yoshio ^b   Nieger, Martin ^a   Vögtle, Fritz ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BONN   (Germany)

^b NAGOYA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

Chirality; Dendrimers; Knotanes; Supramolecular chemistry; Template synthesis

Indexed keywords

CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS; DENDRIMERS; ISOMERS; SOLUBILITY; SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS;

ENANTIOSEPERATION;

SYNTHESIS (CHEMICAL);

PYRIDINE DERIVATIVE;

ARTICLE; CHIRALITY; CIRCULAR DICHROISM; CYCLIZATION; ENANTIOMER; REACTION ANALYSIS; SUPRAMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY; SYNTHESIS;

EID: 0037020281     PISSN: 09476539     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/1521-3765(20021004)8:19<4434::aid-chem4434>3.0.co;2-%23     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. G. Schill, Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots, Academic Press, New York, 1971.
2. J.-P. Sauvage, C. Dietrich-Buchecker, Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots, A Journey Through the World of Molecular Topology, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1999, in particular Chapter 6: Molecular Knots-From Early Attempts to High-Yield Template Synthesis, by C. Dietrich-Buchecker, G. Rapenne, J.-P. Sauvage, pp. 107-142.
3. a) F. Vögtle, A. Hünten, E. Vogel, S. Buschbeck, O. Safarowsky, J. Recker, A. Parham, M. Knott, W. M. Müller, U. Müller, Y. Okamoto, T. Kubota, W. Lindner, E. Francotte, S. Grimme. Angew. Chem. 2001, 113, 2534-2537; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 2468-2471;
4. a) F. Vögtle, A. Hünten, E. Vogel, S. Buschbeck, O. Safarowsky, J. Recker, A. Parham, M. Knott, W. M. Müller, U. Müller, Y. Okamoto, T. Kubota, W. Lindner, E. Francotte, S. Grimme. Angew. Chem. 2001, 113, 2534-2537; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 2468-2471;
5. b) O. Safarowsky, B. Windisch, A. Mohry, F. Vögtle, J. Prakt. Chem. 2000, 342, 437-444; in extension of this nomenclature proposal we suggest the name "knotate" for metal complexes of knot molecules;
6. c) A. S. Hünten, dissertation, Universiät Bonn (Germany), 2001.
7. a) C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-P. Sauvage. Angew. Chem. 1989, 101, 192-194; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1989, 28, 189-192;
8. a) C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-P. Sauvage. Angew. Chem. 1989, 101, 192-194; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1989, 28, 189-192;
9. (b) more recent work: G. Rapenne, C. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-P. Sauvage, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 994-1001; S. C. J. Meskers, H. P. J. M. Dekkers, G. Rapenne, J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Eur. J. 2000, 6, 2129-2134.
10. (b) more recent work: G. Rapenne, C. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-P. Sauvage, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 994-1001; S. C. J. Meskers, H. P. J. M. Dekkers, G. Rapenne, J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Eur. J. 2000, 6, 2129-2134.
11. N. C. Seeman, Acc. Chem. Res. 1997, 30, 357-363.
12. P. R. Ashton, O. A. Matthews, S. Menzer, F. M. Raymo, N. Spencer, J. F. Stoddart, D. J. Williams, Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1997, 2485-2494.
13. C. A. Hunter, P. C. Mayers, Nature 2001, 41, 763.
14. C. Liang, K. Mislow, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11189-11190; C. Liang, K. Mislow, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995. 117, 4201-4213.
15. C. Liang, K. Mislow, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11189-11190; C. Liang, K. Mislow, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995. 117, 4201-4213.
16. G. R. Newkome, C. N. Moorefield, F. Vögtle, Dendrimers and Dendrons. VCH, New York, 2001.
17. In analogy to dendrophanes: a) B. Kenda, F. F. Diederich, Angew. Chem. 1998, 101, 3497-3500; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 3303-3306; b) C. Reuter, G. Pawlitzki, U. Wörsdörfer, M. Plevoets, A. Mohry, T. Kubota, Y. Okamoto, F. Vögtle, Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 3059-3067; cf. "fullerenodendrimers" ref. [21].
18. In analogy to dendrophanes: a) B. Kenda, F. F. Diederich, Angew. Chem. 1998, 101, 3497-3500; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 3303-3306; b) C. Reuter, G. Pawlitzki, U. Wörsdörfer, M. Plevoets, A. Mohry, T. Kubota, Y. Okamoto, F. Vögtle, Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 3059-3067; cf. "fullerenodendrimers" ref. [21].
19. In analogy to dendrophanes: a) B. Kenda, F. F. Diederich, Angew. Chem. 1998, 101, 3497-3500; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 3303-3306; b) C. Reuter, G. Pawlitzki, U. Wörsdörfer, M. Plevoets, A. Mohry, T. Kubota, Y. Okamoto, F. Vögtle, Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 3059-3067; cf. "fullerenodendrimers" ref. [21].
20. In analogy to dendrophanes: a) B. Kenda, F. F. Diederich, Angew. Chem. 1998, 101, 3497-3500; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 3303-3306; b) C. Reuter, G. Pawlitzki, U. Wörsdörfer, M. Plevoets, A. Mohry, T. Kubota, Y. Okamoto, F. Vögtle, Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 3059-3067; cf. "fullerenodendrimers" ref. [21].
21. C. A. Hunter, J. Ant. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 5303-5311; F. J. Carver, C. A. Hunter, R. J. Shannon, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1994, 1277-1280; C. A. Hunter, C. M. R. Low, M. J. Packer, S. E. Spey, J. G. Vinter, M. O. Vysotsky, C. Zonta, Angew. Chem. 2001, 40, 2678-2682; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 2678-2682 and earlier work of this group cited therein.
22. C. A. Hunter, J. Ant. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 5303-5311; F. J. Carver, C. A. Hunter, R. J. Shannon, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1994, 1277-1280; C. A. Hunter, C. M. R. Low, M. J. Packer, S. E. Spey, J. G. Vinter, M. O. Vysotsky, C. Zonta, Angew. Chem. 2001, 40, 2678-2682; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 2678-2682 and earlier work of this group cited therein.
23. C. A. Hunter, J. Ant. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 5303-5311; F. J. Carver, C. A. Hunter, R. J. Shannon, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1994, 1277-1280; C. A. Hunter, C. M. R. Low, M. J. Packer, S. E. Spey, J. G. Vinter, M. O. Vysotsky, C. Zonta, Angew. Chem. 2001, 40, 2678-2682; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 2678-2682 and earlier work of this group cited therein.
24. C. A. Hunter, J. Ant. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 5303-5311; F. J. Carver, C. A. Hunter, R. J. Shannon, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1994, 1277-1280; C. A. Hunter, C. M. R. Low, M. J. Packer, S. E. Spey, J. G. Vinter, M. O. Vysotsky, C. Zonta, Angew. Chem. 2001, 40, 2678-2682; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 2678-2682 and earlier work of this group cited therein.
25. A. M. Brouwer, C. Frochot, F. G. Gatti, D. A. Leigh, L. Mottier, F. Paolucci, S. Roffia, G. W. H. Wurpel, Science 2001, 291, 2124-2128; cf. also D. A. Leigh, P. L. Lusby, S. J. Teat, A. J. Wilson, J. K. Y. Wong, Angew. Chem. 2001, 113, 1586-1591: Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 1538-1543 and earlier work of this group cited therein.
26. A. M. Brouwer, C. Frochot, F. G. Gatti, D. A. Leigh, L. Mottier, F. Paolucci, S. Roffia, G. W. H. Wurpel, Science 2001, 291, 2124-2128; cf. also D. A. Leigh, P. L. Lusby, S. J. Teat, A. J. Wilson, J. K. Y. Wong, Angew. Chem. 2001, 113, 1586-1591: Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 1538-1543 and earlier work of this group cited therein.
27. A. M. Brouwer, C. Frochot, F. G. Gatti, D. A. Leigh, L. Mottier, F. Paolucci, S. Roffia, G. W. H. Wurpel, Science 2001, 291, 2124-2128; cf. also D. A. Leigh, P. L. Lusby, S. J. Teat, A. J. Wilson, J. K. Y. Wong, Angew. Chem. 2001, 113, 1586-1591: Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 1538-1543 and earlier work of this group cited therein.
28. a) C. Seel, A. H. Parham, O. Safarowsky, G. M. Hübner, F. Vögtle. J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 7236-7242;
29. b) R. Jäger, F. Vögtle. Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 966-980; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1997, 36, 930-944;
30. b) R. Jäger, F. Vögtle. Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 966-980; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1997, 36, 930-944;
31. c) C. Reuter, R. Schmieder, F. Vögtle. Pure Appl. Chem. 2000, 72, 2233-2241;
32. d) Q. Y. Li, E. Vogel, A. H. Parham, M. Nieger, M. Bolte, R. Fröhlich, P. Saarenketo, K. Rissanen, F. Vögtle, Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2001, 4041-4049;
33. e) F. Vögtle, T. Dünnwald, T. Schmidt, Acc. Chem. Res. 1996, 29, 451-460;
34. f) C. A. Schalley, G. Silva, C. F. Nising, P. Linnartz, Helv. Chim. Acta 2002, 85, 1578-1596.
35. R. Shukla, M. J. Deetz, B. D. Smith, Chem. Commun. 2000, 2397-2398.
36. O. Safarowsky, M. Nieger, R. Fröhlich, F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem. 2000, 112, 1699-1701:
37. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 1616-1618.
38. C. J. Hawker, J. M. J. Fréchet, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 7638-7647;
39. D. C. Tully, J. M. J. Fréchet, Chem. Commun. 2001, 1229-1239.
40. A nomenclature system for naming such knot compounds and for the specification of their chirality has been proposed, see ref. [3b].
41. N. Enomoto, S. Furukawa, Y. Ogasawara, H. Akano, Y. Kawamura, E. Yashima, Y. Okamoto, Anal. Chem. 1996, 68, 2798-2804.
42. a) See for example: A. de Meijere, A. F. Khlebnikov, R. R. Kostikov, S. I. Kozhushkov, P. R. Schreiner, A. Wittkopp, D. S. Yufit, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 3881-3884; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 3669-3672; M. W. E. L. Baars, E. W. Meijer, Top. Curr. Chem. 2000, 210, 131-182; J. Recker, D. J. Tomcik, J. R. Parquette, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 10298-10307; R. Roy, J. M. Kim, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 380-384; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 369-372 and earlier work of this group cited therein; V. Percec, W.-D. Cho, G. Ungar, D. J. P. Yeardley, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 1302-1315 and earlier work of this group cited therein; D. Seebach, P. B. Rheiner, G. Greiveldinger, T. Butz, H. Sellner, Top. Curr. Chem. 1998, 197, 125-164.
43. a) See for example: A. de Meijere, A. F. Khlebnikov, R. R. Kostikov, S. I. Kozhushkov, P. R. Schreiner, A. Wittkopp, D. S. Yufit, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 3881-3884; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 3669-3672; M. W. E. L. Baars, E. W. Meijer, Top. Curr. Chem. 2000, 210, 131-182; J. Recker, D. J. Tomcik, J. R. Parquette, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 10298-10307; R. Roy, J. M. Kim, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 380-384; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 369-372 and earlier work of this group cited therein; V. Percec, W.-D. Cho, G. Ungar, D. J. P. Yeardley, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 1302-1315 and earlier work of this group cited therein; D. Seebach, P. B. Rheiner, G. Greiveldinger, T. Butz, H. Sellner, Top. Curr. Chem. 1998, 197, 125-164.
44. a) See for example: A. de Meijere, A. F. Khlebnikov, R. R. Kostikov, S. I. Kozhushkov, P. R. Schreiner, A. Wittkopp, D. S. Yufit, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 3881-3884; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 3669-3672; M. W. E. L. Baars, E. W. Meijer, Top. Curr. Chem. 2000, 210, 131-182; J. Recker, D. J. Tomcik, J. R. Parquette, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 10298-10307; R. Roy, J. M. Kim, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 380-384; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 369-372 and earlier work of this group cited therein; V. Percec, W.-D. Cho, G. Ungar, D. J. P. Yeardley, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 1302-1315 and earlier work of this group cited therein; D. Seebach, P. B. Rheiner, G. Greiveldinger, T. Butz, H. Sellner, Top. Curr. Chem. 1998, 197, 125-164.
45. a) See for example: A. de Meijere, A. F. Khlebnikov, R. R. Kostikov, S. I. Kozhushkov, P. R. Schreiner, A. Wittkopp, D. S. Yufit, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 3881-3884; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 3669-3672; M. W. E. L. Baars, E. W. Meijer, Top. Curr. Chem. 2000, 210, 131-182; J. Recker, D. J. Tomcik, J. R. Parquette, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 10298-10307; R. Roy, J. M. Kim, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 380-384; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 369-372 and earlier work of this group cited therein; V. Percec, W.-D. Cho, G. Ungar, D. J. P. Yeardley, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 1302-1315 and earlier work of this group cited therein; D. Seebach, P. B. Rheiner, G. Greiveldinger, T. Butz, H. Sellner, Top. Curr. Chem. 1998, 197, 125-164.
46. a) See for example: A. de Meijere, A. F. Khlebnikov, R. R. Kostikov, S. I. Kozhushkov, P. R. Schreiner, A. Wittkopp, D. S. Yufit, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 3881-3884; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 3669-3672; M. W. E. L. Baars, E. W. Meijer, Top. Curr. Chem. 2000, 210, 131-182; J. Recker, D. J. Tomcik, J. R. Parquette, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 10298-10307; R. Roy, J. M. Kim, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 380-384; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 369-372 and earlier work of this group cited therein; V. Percec, W.-D. Cho, G. Ungar, D. J. P. Yeardley, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 1302-1315 and earlier work of this group cited therein; D. Seebach, P. B. Rheiner, G. Greiveldinger, T. Butz, H. Sellner, Top. Curr. Chem. 1998, 197, 125-164.
47. a) See for example: A. de Meijere, A. F. Khlebnikov, R. R. Kostikov, S. I. Kozhushkov, P. R. Schreiner, A. Wittkopp, D. S. Yufit, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 3881-3884; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 3669-3672; M. W. E. L. Baars, E. W. Meijer, Top. Curr. Chem. 2000, 210, 131-182; J. Recker, D. J. Tomcik, J. R. Parquette, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 10298-10307; R. Roy, J. M. Kim, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 380-384; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 369-372 and earlier work of this group cited therein; V. Percec, W.-D. Cho, G. Ungar, D. J. P. Yeardley, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 1302-1315 and earlier work of this group cited therein; D. Seebach, P. B. Rheiner, G. Greiveldinger, T. Butz, H. Sellner, Top. Curr. Chem. 1998, 197, 125-164.
48. a) See for example: A. de Meijere, A. F. Khlebnikov, R. R. Kostikov, S. I. Kozhushkov, P. R. Schreiner, A. Wittkopp, D. S. Yufit, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 3881-3884; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 3669-3672; M. W. E. L. Baars, E. W. Meijer, Top. Curr. Chem. 2000, 210, 131-182; J. Recker, D. J. Tomcik, J. R. Parquette, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 10298-10307; R. Roy, J. M. Kim, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 380-384; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 369-372 and earlier work of this group cited therein; V. Percec, W.-D. Cho, G. Ungar, D. J. P. Yeardley, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 1302-1315 and earlier work of this group cited therein; D. Seebach, P. B. Rheiner, G. Greiveldinger, T. Butz, H. Sellner, Top. Curr. Chem. 1998, 197, 125-164.
49. a) See for example: A. de Meijere, A. F. Khlebnikov, R. R. Kostikov, S. I. Kozhushkov, P. R. Schreiner, A. Wittkopp, D. S. Yufit, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 3881-3884; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 3669-3672; M. W. E. L. Baars, E. W. Meijer, Top. Curr. Chem. 2000, 210, 131-182; J. Recker, D. J. Tomcik, J. R. Parquette, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 10298-10307; R. Roy, J. M. Kim, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 380-384; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 369-372 and earlier work of this group cited therein; V. Percec, W.-D. Cho, G. Ungar, D. J. P. Yeardley, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 1302-1315 and earlier work of this group cited therein; D. Seebach, P. B. Rheiner, G. Greiveldinger, T. Butz, H. Sellner, Top. Curr. Chem. 1998, 197, 125-164.
50. S. Gestermann, R. Hesse, B. Windisch, F. Vögtle in Stimulating Concepts in Chemistry (Eds. F. Vögtle, J. F. Stoddart, M. Shibasaki), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2000; G. R. Newkome, C. N. Moorefield, F. Vögtle, Dendrimers and Dendrons, VCH, New York, 2001.
51. S. Gestermann, R. Hesse, B. Windisch, F. Vögtle in Stimulating Concepts in Chemistry (Eds. F. Vögtle, J. F. Stoddart, M. Shibasaki), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2000; G. R. Newkome, C. N. Moorefield, F. Vögtle, Dendrimers and Dendrons, VCH, New York, 2001.
52. Compare: A. Hirsch, O. Vostrowsky, Top. Curr. Chem. 2001, 217, 51-94: see also A. Hirsch, The Chemistry of the Fullerenes, Thieme, New York, 1994; G. Accorsi, N. Armaroli, J.-F. Eckert, J.-F. Nierengarten, Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 65-68 and earlier work cited therein.
53. Compare: A. Hirsch, O. Vostrowsky, Top. Curr. Chem. 2001, 217, 51-94: see also A. Hirsch, The Chemistry of the Fullerenes, Thieme, New York, 1994; G. Accorsi, N. Armaroli, J.-F. Eckert, J.-F. Nierengarten, Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 65-68 and earlier work cited therein.
54. Compare: A. Hirsch, O. Vostrowsky, Top. Curr. Chem. 2001, 217, 51-94: see also A. Hirsch, The Chemistry of the Fullerenes, Thieme, New York, 1994; G. Accorsi, N. Armaroli, J.-F. Eckert, J.-F. Nierengarten, Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 65-68 and earlier work cited therein.
55. C. A. Hunter, D. H. Purvis, Angew. Chem. 1992, 104. 779-782; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1992, 31, 792-195; V. Berl, I. Huc, R. G. Khoury, M. J. Krische, J.-M. Lehn, Nature 2000, 407, 720-723; V. Berl, M. J. Krische, I. Huc, J.-M. Lehn, M. Schmutz, Chem. Eur. J. 2000, 6, 1938-1946; A. Affeld, G. M. Hübner, C. Seel, C. A. Schalley, Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2001, 2877-2890.
56. C. A. Hunter, D. H. Purvis, Angew. Chem. 1992, 104. 779-782; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1992, 31, 792-195; V. Berl, I. Huc, R. G. Khoury, M. J. Krische, J.-M. Lehn, Nature 2000, 407, 720-723; V. Berl, M. J. Krische, I. Huc, J.-M. Lehn, M. Schmutz, Chem. Eur. J. 2000, 6, 1938-1946; A. Affeld, G. M. Hübner, C. Seel, C. A. Schalley, Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2001, 2877-2890.
57. C. A. Hunter, D. H. Purvis, Angew. Chem. 1992, 104. 779-782; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1992, 31, 792-195; V. Berl, I. Huc, R. G. Khoury, M. J. Krische, J.-M. Lehn, Nature 2000, 407, 720-723; V. Berl, M. J. Krische, I. Huc, J.-M. Lehn, M. Schmutz, Chem. Eur. J. 2000, 6, 1938-1946; A. Affeld, G. M. Hübner, C. Seel, C. A. Schalley, Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2001, 2877-2890.
58. C. A. Hunter, D. H. Purvis, Angew. Chem. 1992, 104. 779-782; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1992, 31, 792-195; V. Berl, I. Huc, R. G. Khoury, M. J. Krische, J.-M. Lehn, Nature 2000, 407, 720-723; V. Berl, M. J. Krische, I. Huc, J.-M. Lehn, M. Schmutz, Chem. Eur. J. 2000, 6, 1938-1946; A. Affeld, G. M. Hübner, C. Seel, C. A. Schalley, Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2001, 2877-2890.
59. C. A. Hunter, D. H. Purvis, Angew. Chem. 1992, 104. 779-782; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1992, 31, 792-195; V. Berl, I. Huc, R. G. Khoury, M. J. Krische, J.-M. Lehn, Nature 2000, 407, 720-723; V. Berl, M. J. Krische, I. Huc, J.-M. Lehn, M. Schmutz, Chem. Eur. J. 2000, 6, 1938-1946; A. Affeld, G. M. Hübner, C. Seel, C. A. Schalley, Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2001, 2877-2890.
60. C. Reuter, C. Seel, M. Nieger, F. Vögtle, Helv. Chim. Acta 2000, 83, 641-649.
61. [29]
62. P. Timmerman, W. Verboom, D. N. Reinhoudt, Tetrahedron 1996, 52, 2663-2704.
63. L. Mandolini, R. Ungano, Calixarenes in Action. Imperial College Press, London, 2000; C. D. Gutsche, Calixarenes Revisited. The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 1998.
64. L. Mandolini, R. Ungano, Calixarenes in Action. Imperial College Press, London, 2000; C. D. Gutsche, Calixarenes Revisited. The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 1998.
65. A. Shivanyuk, T. P. Spaniol, K. Rissanen, E. Kolehmainen, V. Böhmer, Angew. Chem. 2000, 112, 3640-3643; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 3497-3500.
66. A. Shivanyuk, T. P. Spaniol, K. Rissanen, E. Kolehmainen, V. Böhmer, Angew. Chem. 2000, 112, 3640-3643; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 3497-3500.
67. S. Ibach, V. Prautzsch, F. Vögtle, C. Chartroux, K. Gloe, Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 729-740.
68. M. Darzac, T. Brotin, D. Bouchu, J.-P. Dutasta, Chem. Commun. 2002, 48-49.
69. L. R. Fibel, P. E. Spoerri, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1948, 70, 3908-3910.