The Trial of the Guildford Four: Government Error or Government Persecution

Terrorism and Political Violence

Volumn 14, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 113-130

  Lutz, Brenda J ^a   Ulmschneider, Georgia Wralstad ^a   Lutz, James M ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0037000835     PISSN: 09546553     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/714005634     Document Type: Article

References (116)

1. David Claridge, 'State Terrorism? Applying a Definitional Model', Terrorism and Political Violence 8/3 (Autumn 1996) p.48, uses this point to identify state terrorism but it applies to state repression as well.
2. Ron Christenson, Political Trials: Gordian Knots in the Law (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books 1986) pp.3-4.
3. Michal R. Belknap, 'Introduction: American Political Trials', in Michal R. Belknap (ed.), American Political Trials (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press 1981) p.3.
4. Christenson (note 2).
5. Claridge (note 1) p.49.
6. Christenson (note 2) p.10.
7. Ibid., p.13.
8. Ibid., p.140; and Belknap (note 3) p.4.
9. Ibid., p.140; and Belknap (note 3) p.4.
10. Peter Hain, Political Trials in Britain (London: Allen Lane 1984) pp.282-3; cf. James David Barber, The Book of Democracy (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall 1995) pp.235-45, for the case of Feargus O'Conner.
11. Peter Hain, Political Trials in Britain (London: Allen Lane 1984) pp.282-3; cf. James David Barber, The Book of Democracy (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall 1995) pp.235-45, for the case of Feargus O'Conner.
12. Christenson (note 2) chs.7, 8.
13. Cf. Don Peretz, Intifada: The Palestinean Uprising (Boulder, CO: Westview 1990) p.20.
14. Christenson (note 2) p.30.
15. William T. Bluhm, Building an Austrian Nation: The Political Integration of a Western State (New Haven: Yale University Press 1973) pp.55-63; and Gordon Brook-Shepherd, The Austrians: A Thousand-Year Odyssey (New York: Carroll & Graf 1996) pp.347-50.
16. William T. Bluhm, Building an Austrian Nation: The Political Integration of a Western State (New Haven: Yale University Press 1973) pp.55-63; and Gordon Brook-Shepherd, The Austrians: A Thousand-Year Odyssey (New York: Carroll & Graf 1996) pp.347-50.
17. Grant McKee and Ros Franey, Time Bomb (London: Bloomsbury 1988) p.119.
18. Cf. McKee and Franey (note 14); and Abraham H. Miller, 'Preserving Liberty in a Society under Siege: The Media and the "Guildford Four'", Terrorism and Political Violence 2/3 (Autumn 1990) p.309.
19. Cf. McKee and Franey (note 14); and Abraham H. Miller, 'Preserving Liberty in a Society under Siege: The Media and the "Guildford Four'", Terrorism and Political Violence 2/3 (Autumn 1990) p.309.
20. McKee and Franey (note 14).
21. Ibid.
22. Colin Evans, 'Guildford Four Trial: 1975', in Edward W. Knappman (ed.), Great World Trials (Detroit: Visible Ink Press 1997) p.365.
23. McKee and Franey (note 14) p.69; and Bob Woffinden, Miscarriages of Justice (London: Hodder and Stoughton 1988) p.316.
24. McKee and Franey (note 14) p.69; and Bob Woffinden, Miscarriages of Justice (London: Hodder and Stoughton 1988) p.316.
25. Woffinden (note 19) p.316.
26. Evans (note 18); and Woffinden (note 19) pp.316-17.
27. Evans (note 18); and Woffinden (note 19) pp.316-17.
28. Miller (note 15) pp.308-9.
29. Paddy Hillyard, Suspect Community: People's Experience of the Prevention of Terrorism Acts in Britain (London: Pluto Press 1993); McKee and Franey (note 14);
30. Paddy Hillyard, Suspect Community: People's Experience of the Prevention of Terrorism Acts in Britain (London: Pluto Press 1993); McKee and Franey (note 14);
31. Paddy Hillyard, Suspect Community: People's Experience of the Prevention of Terrorism Acts in Britain (London: Pluto Press 1993); McKee and Franey (note 14); and Miller (note 15) p.309. Conlon has argued that Hill actually had not been beaten, indicating that at least one of his co-defendants might have believed that he could have been an informer, Miller (note 15) p.308.
32. Paddy Hillyard, Suspect Community: People's Experience of the Prevention of Terrorism Acts in Britain (London: Pluto Press 1993); McKee and Franey (note 14); and Miller (note 15) p.309. Conlon has argued that Hill actually had not been beaten, indicating that at least one of his co-defendants might have believed that he could have been an informer, Miller (note 15) p.308.
33. Miller (note 15) p.309.
34. McKee and Franey (note 14) pp.250-2.
35. Ibid., pp.249-54; Evans (note 18); and Miller (note 15) p.310.
36. Ibid., pp.249-54; Evans (note 18); and Miller (note 15) p.310.
37. Ibid., pp.249-54; Evans (note 18); and Miller (note 15) p.310.
38. Tim Pat Coogan, The IRA: A History (Niwot, CO: Roberts Rinehart Publishers 1993) p.294; Stanley Cohen, 'Government Responses to Human Rights Reports: Claims, Denials, and Counterclaims', Human Rights Quarterly 18/3 (Aug. 1996) p.527; Brian Hilliard, 'Soldiers of Nothing', New Law Journal 140/6442 (Feb. 1990) pp. 160-3; Hillyard (note 23); Michael Mansfield and Tony Wardle, Presumed Guilty: The British Legal System Exposed (London: Heinemann 1993); and Christopher Price, 'Studies in Whitewash', New Statesman and Society 2/76 (27 Nov. 1989) pp.18-20.
39. Tim Pat Coogan, The IRA: A History (Niwot, CO: Roberts Rinehart Publishers 1993) p.294; Stanley Cohen, 'Government Responses to Human Rights Reports: Claims, Denials, and Counterclaims', Human Rights Quarterly 18/3 (Aug. 1996) p.527; Brian Hilliard, 'Soldiers of Nothing', New Law Journal 140/6442 (Feb. 1990) pp. 160-3; Hillyard (note 23); Michael Mansfield and Tony Wardle, Presumed Guilty: The British Legal System Exposed (London: Heinemann 1993); and Christopher Price, 'Studies in Whitewash', New Statesman and Society 2/76 (27 Nov. 1989) pp.18-20.
40. Tim Pat Coogan, The IRA: A History (Niwot, CO: Roberts Rinehart Publishers 1993) p.294; Stanley Cohen, 'Government Responses to Human Rights Reports: Claims, Denials, and Counterclaims', Human Rights Quarterly 18/3 (Aug. 1996) p.527; Brian Hilliard, 'Soldiers of Nothing', New Law Journal 140/6442 (Feb. 1990) pp. 160-3; Hillyard (note 23); Michael Mansfield and Tony Wardle, Presumed Guilty: The British Legal System Exposed (London: Heinemann 1993); and Christopher Price, 'Studies in Whitewash', New Statesman and Society 2/76 (27 Nov. 1989) pp.18-20.
41. Tim Pat Coogan, The IRA: A History (Niwot, CO: Roberts Rinehart Publishers 1993) p.294; Stanley Cohen, 'Government Responses to Human Rights Reports: Claims, Denials, and Counterclaims', Human Rights Quarterly 18/3 (Aug. 1996) p.527; Brian Hilliard, 'Soldiers of Nothing', New Law Journal 140/6442 (Feb. 1990) pp. 160-3; Hillyard (note 23); Michael Mansfield and Tony Wardle, Presumed Guilty: The British Legal System Exposed (London: Heinemann 1993); and Christopher Price, 'Studies in Whitewash', New Statesman and Society 2/76 (27 Nov. 1989) pp.18-20.
42. Tim Pat Coogan, The IRA: A History (Niwot, CO: Roberts Rinehart Publishers 1993) p.294; Stanley Cohen, 'Government Responses to Human Rights Reports: Claims, Denials, and Counterclaims', Human Rights Quarterly 18/3 (Aug. 1996) p.527; Brian Hilliard, 'Soldiers of Nothing', New Law Journal 140/6442 (Feb. 1990) pp. 160-3; Hillyard (note 23); Michael Mansfield and Tony Wardle, Presumed Guilty: The British Legal System Exposed (London: Heinemann 1993); and Christopher Price, 'Studies in Whitewash', New Statesman and Society 2/76 (27 Nov. 1989) pp.18-20.
43. Tim Pat Coogan, The IRA: A History (Niwot, CO: Roberts Rinehart Publishers 1993) p.294; Stanley Cohen, 'Government Responses to Human Rights Reports: Claims, Denials, and Counterclaims', Human Rights Quarterly 18/3 (Aug. 1996) p.527; Brian Hilliard, 'Soldiers of Nothing', New Law Journal 140/6442 (Feb. 1990) pp. 160-3; Hillyard (note 23); Michael Mansfield and Tony Wardle, Presumed Guilty: The British Legal System Exposed (London: Heinemann 1993); and Christopher Price, 'Studies in Whitewash', New Statesman and Society 2/76 (27 Nov. 1989) pp.18-20.
44. David Bonner, 'United Kingdom: The United Kingdom's Response to Terrorism', Terrorism and Political Violence 4/4 (Winter 1992) pp.183-4.
45. Woffinden (note 19) p.486.
46. McKee and Franey (note 14) p.169; and Miller (note 15) p.310.
47. McKee and Franey (note 14) p.169; and Miller (note 15) p.310.
48. McKee and Franey (note 14) p.286.
49. Hugh Callaghan, Cruel Fate: One Man's Triumph over Injustice (Swords, Ireland: Poolbeg Press 1993).
50. Evans (note 18) pp.366-7.
51. Cf. Paul Hill with Ronan Bennett, Stolen Years: Before and After Guildford (London: Doubleday 1990). Testimony in the Guildford case could also have created problems for any appeals of his conviction in the Shaw matter.
52. Evans (note 18) p.367; and McKee and Franey (note 14) p.298.
53. Evans (note 18) p.367; and McKee and Franey (note 14) p.298.
54. Evans (note 18).
55. Ibid.; Robert Kee, Trial and Error: The Maguires, the Guildford Pub Bombings and British Justice (London: Hamish Hamilton 1986); and Miller (note 15) pp.132-3.
56. Ibid.; Robert Kee, Trial and Error: The Maguires, the Guildford Pub Bombings and British Justice (London: Hamish Hamilton 1986); and Miller (note 15) pp.132-3.
57. Ibid.; Robert Kee, Trial and Error: The Maguires, the Guildford Pub Bombings and British Justice (London: Hamish Hamilton 1986); and Miller (note 15) pp.132-3.
58. Kee (note 37) pp.254-5; and Price (note 27).
59. Kee (note 37) pp.254-5; and Price (note 27).
60. Evans (note 18) p.368; and Miller (note 15) p.313.
61. Evans (note 18) p.368; and Miller (note 15) p.313.
62. Evans (note 18); and Frank E. Hagan, Political Crime: Ideology and Criminality (Boston: Allyn and Bacon 1997) p.27.
63. Evans (note 18); and Frank E. Hagan, Political Crime: Ideology and Criminality (Boston: Allyn and Bacon 1997) p.27.
64. Miller (note 15) p.315; and Price (note 27) p.20.
65. Miller (note 15) p.315; and Price (note 27) p.20.
66. Mansfield and Wardle (note 27) p.262; and Miller (note 15).
67. Mansfield and Wardle (note 27) p.262; and Miller (note 15).
68. Paddy Hillyard, 'Irish People and the British Criminal Justice System', in Stewart Field and Philip Thomas (eds.), Justice and Efficiency? The Royal Commission on Criminal Justice (Oxford: Blackwell 1994) p.45.
69. Ibid.; Hillyard (note 23); and Brian Hilliard, 'Blessed with Hindsight', New Law Journal 141/6496 (22 March 1991) p.393.
70. Ibid.; Hillyard (note 23); and Brian Hilliard, 'Blessed with Hindsight', New Law Journal 141/6496 (22 March 1991) p.393.
71. Ibid.; Hillyard (note 23); and Brian Hilliard, 'Blessed with Hindsight', New Law Journal 141/6496 (22 March 1991) p.393.
72. Walter B. Jaehnig, 'Terrorism in Britain: The Limits of Free Expression', in Abraham H. Miller (ed.), Terrorism: The Media and the Law (Dobbs Ferry, NY: Transnational Publishers 1982) p.109.
73. David Bonner, 'Combatting Terrorism in the 1990s: The Role of the Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act 1989', Public Law (Fall 1989) pp.451-2; Peter Chalk, 'The Liberal Democratic Response to Terrorism', Terrorism and Political Violence 7/4 (Winter 1995) p.21; Donald Jackson, 'Prevention of Terrorism: The United Kingdom Confronts the European Convention on Human Rights', Terrorism and Political Violence 6/4 (Winter 1994) pp.507-33; and Joanne Wright, 'Northern Ireland - A British Isles Security Complex', Terrorism and Political Violence 5/4 (Winter 1993) p.276.
74. David Bonner, 'Combatting Terrorism in the 1990s: The Role of the Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act 1989', Public Law (Fall 1989) pp.451-2; Peter Chalk, 'The Liberal Democratic Response to Terrorism', Terrorism and Political Violence 7/4 (Winter 1995) p.21; Donald Jackson, 'Prevention of Terrorism: The United Kingdom Confronts the European Convention on Human Rights', Terrorism and Political Violence 6/4 (Winter 1994) pp.507-33; and Joanne Wright, 'Northern Ireland - A British Isles Security Complex', Terrorism and Political Violence 5/4 (Winter 1993) p.276.
75. David Bonner, 'Combatting Terrorism in the 1990s: The Role of the Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act 1989', Public Law (Fall 1989) pp.451-2; Peter Chalk, 'The Liberal Democratic Response to Terrorism', Terrorism and Political Violence 7/4 (Winter 1995) p.21; Donald Jackson, 'Prevention of Terrorism: The United Kingdom Confronts the European Convention on Human Rights', Terrorism and Political Violence 6/4 (Winter 1994) pp.507-33; and Joanne Wright, 'Northern Ireland - A British Isles Security Complex', Terrorism and Political Violence 5/4 (Winter 1993) p.276.
76. David Bonner, 'Combatting Terrorism in the 1990s: The Role of the Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act 1989', Public Law (Fall 1989) pp.451-2; Peter Chalk, 'The Liberal Democratic Response to Terrorism', Terrorism and Political Violence 7/4 (Winter 1995) p.21; Donald Jackson, 'Prevention of Terrorism: The United Kingdom Confronts the European Convention on Human Rights', Terrorism and Political Violence 6/4 (Winter 1994) pp.507-33; and Joanne Wright, 'Northern Ireland - A British Isles Security Complex', Terrorism and Political Violence 5/4 (Winter 1993) p.276.
77. Brice Dickson, 'The Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act 1989', Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 40/3 (Fall 1989) 250-67. As Jelena Pejic, 'Minority Rights in International Law', Human Rights Quarterly 19/3 (Aug. 1997) pp.676-7, notes, the resulting discrimination, de facto even if not de jure, against a minority group has hardly been unusual.
78. Brice Dickson, 'The Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act 1989', Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 40/3 (Fall 1989) 250-67. As Jelena Pejic, 'Minority Rights in International Law', Human Rights Quarterly 19/3 (Aug. 1997) pp.676-7, notes, the resulting discrimination, de facto even if not de jure, against a minority group has hardly been unusual.
79. Hillyard (note 23) p.7.
80. Ibid., p.94; Bonner (note 46); and Joe Sim and Philip A. Thomas, 'The Prevention of Terrorism Act: Normalising the Politics of Repression', Journal of Law and Society 10/1 (Summer 1983) pp.71-84.
81. Ibid., p.94; Bonner (note 46); and Joe Sim and Philip A. Thomas, 'The Prevention of Terrorism Act: Normalising the Politics of Repression', Journal of Law and Society 10/1 (Summer 1983) pp.71-84.
82. Ibid., p.94; Bonner (note 46); and Joe Sim and Philip A. Thomas, 'The Prevention of Terrorism Act: Normalising the Politics of Repression', Journal of Law and Society 10/1 (Summer 1983) pp.71-84.
83. Hillyard (note 43) p.52.
84. Chalk (note 46) p.28.
85. Miller (note 15) p.317.
86. Hilliard (note 27) p.160; Miller (note 15) pp.307-8; and Chris Mullen, Error of Judgement: The Birmingham Bombings (London: Chatto & Windus 1986) p.7.
87. Hilliard (note 27) p.160; Miller (note 15) pp.307-8; and Chris Mullen, Error of Judgement: The Birmingham Bombings (London: Chatto & Windus 1986) p.7.
88. Hilliard (note 27) p.160; Miller (note 15) pp.307-8; and Chris Mullen, Error of Judgement: The Birmingham Bombings (London: Chatto & Windus 1986) p.7.
89. Hain (note 9) p.283.
90. If the defendants in the dock were not actually Irish nationalists, then the trial was less of a political event from their perspective.
91. Hillyard (note 43) p.41; and Mansfield and Wardle (note 27).
92. Hillyard (note 43) p.41; and Mansfield and Wardle (note 27).
93. Bob Woffinden, 'The Blackest Year for British Law', New Statesman 11/529 (6 Nov. 1998) p.10. In fact, after recent changes in British police practices, 'safeguards are now so weakened that officers can fix the case against a suspect without even realising that that's what they are doing' (p. 10).
94. Claridge (note 1) p.50.
95. Christenson (note 2) p.11.
96. Evans (note 18); and Hagan (note 40) p.27.
97. Evans (note 18); and Hagan (note 40) p.27.
98. Price (note 27) and Woffinden (note 19) pp.13,486.
99. Price (note 27) and Woffinden (note 19) pp.13,486.
100. Cf. Mansfield and Wardle (note 27).
101. Cf. Ruth Brandon and Christie Davies, Wrongful Imprisonment: Mistaken Convictions and their Consequences (London: Archon Books 1973); Price (note 27); Woffinden (note 57); idem (note 19); and idem, 'Wrong Again: Sion Jenkins Is Innocent', New Statesman 11/512 (10 July 1998) pp.28-9.
102. Cf. Ruth Brandon and Christie Davies, Wrongful Imprisonment: Mistaken Convictions and their Consequences (London: Archon Books 1973); Price (note 27); Woffinden (note 57); idem (note 19); and idem, 'Wrong Again: Sion Jenkins Is Innocent', New Statesman 11/512 (10 July 1998) pp.28-9.
103. Cf. Ruth Brandon and Christie Davies, Wrongful Imprisonment: Mistaken Convictions and their Consequences (London: Archon Books 1973); Price (note 27); Woffinden (note 57); idem (note 19); and idem, 'Wrong Again: Sion Jenkins Is Innocent', New Statesman 11/512 (10 July 1998) pp.28-9.
104. Cf. Ruth Brandon and Christie Davies, Wrongful Imprisonment: Mistaken Convictions and their Consequences (London: Archon Books 1973); Price (note 27); Woffinden (note 57); idem (note 19); and idem, 'Wrong Again: Sion Jenkins Is Innocent', New Statesman 11/512 (10 July 1998) pp.28-9.
105. Cf. Ruth Brandon and Christie Davies, Wrongful Imprisonment: Mistaken Convictions and their Consequences (London: Archon Books 1973); Price (note 27); Woffinden (note 57); idem (note 19); and idem, 'Wrong Again: Sion Jenkins Is Innocent', New Statesman 11/512 (10 July 1998) pp.28-9.
106. Chris Price, 'Lawyers in the Dock: The Guildford Fall-Out Continues', New Statesman and Society 4/168 (13 Sept. 1991) p.28.
107. Bonner (note 46) p.443; Hillyard (note 23), pp.252-5; and Sim and Thomas (note 49) pp.80-1.
108. Bonner (note 46) p.443; Hillyard (note 23), pp.252-5; and Sim and Thomas (note 49) pp.80-1.
109. Bonner (note 46) p.443; Hillyard (note 23), pp.252-5; and Sim and Thomas (note 49) pp.80-1.
110. Woffinden (note 19) p.11.
111. Philip Norton, The British Polity, 3rd edn. (New York: Longman 1994) p.335; and Price (note 27).
112. Philip Norton, The British Polity, 3rd edn. (New York: Longman 1994) p.335; and Price (note 27).
113. Mansfield and Wardle (note 27).
114. Woffinden (note 19) p.486.
115. Evans (note 18) p.369.
116. Irwin Cotler, 'Towards a Counter-Terrorism Law and Policy', Terrorism and Political Violence 10/2 (Summer 1998) p.4.