Estimation of body size and physique from hominin skeletal remains

HOMO- Journal of Comparative Human Biology

Volumn 53, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 17-38

  Porter, Alan M W ^a  

^a Redcrest   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ANTHROPOMETRY; ARTICLE; BODY BUILD; BODY HEIGHT; BODY MASS; BODY SIZE; FOSSIL; HISTOLOGY; HOMINID; HUMAN; LONG BONE; LUMBAR VERTEBRA; METHODOLOGY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; REPRODUCIBILITY; SKELETON; TAXON; WEIGHT BEARING;

EID: 0036998271     PISSN: 0018442X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1078/0018-442X-00036     Document Type: Article

References (134)

1. Aiello LC, Dean C (1990) An Introduction to Human Evolutionary Anatomy Academic Press London..
2. Aiello LC (1992) Allometry and the analysis of size and shape in human evolution. J Hum Evol 22: 127-147.
3. Aiello LC, Wood BA (1994) Cranial variables as predictors of hominine body mass. Am J Phys Anthrop 95: 409-426.
4. Albrecht G, Gelvin BR, Hartman SE (1993) Ratios as a size adjustment in morphometrics. Am J Phys Anthrop 91: 441-468.
5. Allbrook D (1961) The estimation of stature in British and African males based on tribal and ulnar bone lengths. J Forensic Sci 8: 15-28.
6. Atchley WR, Gaskins CT, Anderson D (1976) Statistical properties of ratios. I. Empirical results. Syst Zool 25: 137-148.
7. Bach H (1965) Zur Berechnung der Körperhöhe aus den langen Gliedmaßenknochen weiblicher Skelette. Anthrop Anz 29: 12-21.
8. Baker PT, Newman RW (1957) The use of bone weight for human identification. Am J Phys Anthrop 15: 601-618.
9. Bennett KA (1987) A Field Guide for Human Skeletal Identification. Illinois: Thomas.
10. Bolonchuk WW, Siders WA, Lykken GI, Lukaski WA (2000) Association of dominant somatotype of men with body structure, function during exercise, and nutritional assessment. Am J Hum Biol 12: 167-180.
11. Bookstein FL (1991) Morphometric Tools for Landmark Data. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
12. Breitinger E (1937) Zur Berechnung der Körperhöhe aus den langen Gliedmaßenknochen. Anthrop Anz 13: 249-274.
13. Carter JEL and Heath BH (1990) Somatotyping - development and applications. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
14. Damuth J, MacFadden BJ (1990) Introduction: body size and its estimation. In Damuth J, MacFadden BJ (eds) Body Size in Paleobiology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
15. Dodson P (1978) On the use of ratios in growth studies. Syst Zool 27: 62-67.
16. Dupertuis CW, Hadden JA (1951) On the reconstruction of stature from long bones. Am J Phys Anthrop 9: 15-53.
17. Dwight T (1894) Methods of estimating the height from parts of the skeleton. Medical Record 46: 293-296.
18. Ericksen MF (1976) Some aspects of ageing in the lumbar spine. Am J Phys Anthrop 45: 575-580.
19. Ericksen MF (1978) Ageing in the lumbar spine. Am J Phys Anthrop 48: 241-246.
20. Feldesman MR, Lundy JK (1988) Stature estimates for some African Plio-Pleistocene fosssil hominids. J Hum Evol 17: 583-596.
21. Feldesman MR, Kleckner JG, Lundy JK (1990) Femur/stature ratio and estimates of stature in mid- and late-pleistocene fossil hominids. Am J Phys Anthrop 83: 359-372.
22. Fleiss JL (1986) The Design and Analysis of Clinical Experiments. Wiley, New York.
23. Formicola V, Franceschi M (1996) Regression equations for estimating stature from long bones of early Holocene European samples. Am J Phys Anthrop 100: 83-88.
24. Fortelius M (1990) Problems with using fossil teeth to estimate body sizes of extinct mammals. In Damuth J, Macfadden BJ. Body Size in Mammalian Paleobiology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 207-228.
25. Fully MG (1956) Une nouvelle méthode de détermination de la taille. Annales de Médicine Légale 36: 266-273.
26. Fully G, Pineau H (1960) Détermination de la stature au moyen du squelette. Ann Méd Légale 40: 145-153.
27. Geissmann T (1986) Estimation of Australopithecine stature from long bones. Folia Primatol 47: 119-127.
28. Gelvin BR, Albrecht GH (1985) Problems with using ratios for scaling of morphometric data. Am J Phys Anthrop 66: 173.
29. Gingerich PD (1996) Commentary on: Smith RJ, Biology and body size in human evolution. Curr Anthrop 37: 451-481.
30. Glassman DM, Bass WM (1986) Bilateral asymmetry of long arm bones and jugular foramen: implications for handedness. J Forensic Sci 31: 589-595.
31. Grine FE, Jungers WL, Tobias PV, Pearson OM (1995). Fossil Homo femur from Berg Aukas, Northern Namibia. Am J Phys Anthrop 97: 151-185.
32. Hartwig-Scherer S (1993a) Body weight prediction in early hominids: towards a taxon-«independent» approach. Am J Phys Anthrop 92: 17-36.
33. Hartwig-Scherer S (1993b) Bodyweight prediction in fossil Homo; new estimates and their limits. In: Franzen JL (ed) 100 Years of Pithecanthropus - the Homo erectus Problem. Frankfurt: 4th International Senckenberg Conference.
34. Heath BH (1963) Need for modification of somatotype methodology. Am J Phys Anthrop 21: 227-233.
35. Heath BH, Carter JEL (1967) A modified somatotype method. Am J Phys Anthrop 27: 57-74.
36. Hens LM, Konigsberg LW, Jungers WL (1998) Estimation of African body length from femur length. J Hum Evol 34: 401-411.
37. Hens SM, Konigsberg LW, Jungers WL (2000) Estimating stature in fossil hominids: which regression model and reference sample to use? J Hum Evol 38: 767-784.
38. Humphries JM, Bookstein FL, Chernoff B, Smith GR, Elder RL, Poss SG (1981) Multivariate discrimination by shape in relation to size. Syst Zool 30: 291-308.
39. Ingalls NW (1931) Observations on bone weights. Am J Anat 48: 45-98.
40. Ivanosky A (1923) Physical modifications of the population of Russia under famine. Am J Phys Anthrop 6: 331-53.
41. Jackson DA, Harvey HH, Somers KM (1990) Ratios in aquatic sciences: statistical shortcomings with mean depth and morphoedaphic index. Can J Fish Aquatic Sci 47: 1788-1795.
42. Jantz RL, Hunt DR, Meadow L (1994) Maximum length of the tibia: how did Trotter measure it? Am J Phys Anthrop 93: 525-528.
43. Jungers WL, Stern JT (1983) Body proportions, skeletal allometry and locomotion in the Hadar hominids, a reply to Wolpoff. J Hum Evol 12: 673-684
44. Jungers WL (1988a) Lucy's length: stature reconstruction in Australopithecus afarensis (A.L.288-1) with implications for other small-bodied hominids. Am J Phys Anthrop 76: 227-231.
45. Jungers WL (1988b) New estimates of body size in Australopithecines. In Grine EP (ed) Evolutionary History of the «Robust Australopithecine». Aldine de Gruyter, New York, 115-125.
46. Jungers WL (1988c) Relative joint size and hominoid locomotor adaptations with implications for the evolution of hominid bipedalism. J Hum Evol 17: 247-165.
47. Jungers WL (1990) Problems and methods in reconstructing body size in fossil primates. In Damuth J, Macfadden BJ (eds) Body Size in Mammalian Paleobiology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,103-118.
48. Kappelman J (1996) The evolution of body mass and relative brain size in fossil hominids. J Hum Evol 30: 243-276.
49. Keen EN (1953) Estimation of the stature from the long bones. A discussion of its reliability. J Forensic Sci 1: 46-51.
50. Keen EN (1955): Estimation of stature from the long bones. Letter. J Forensic Sci 2: 190-191.
51. Kennedy GE (1973). The Anatomy of the Middle and Lower Pleistocene Hominid Femurs. PhD thesis, University of London.
52. Knussmann R (1968) Entwicklung, Konstitution, Geschlecht. In Becker PE (Hrg) Humangenetik, Bd I/1, G Thieme, Stuttgart, 280-437.
53. Knussmann R, Klein K (1970) Zur Heterogenität des sogenannten Athletikers. Homo 21: 133-137
54. Konigsberg LW (1977) Inadmissibility of ratios for body size estimation. Am J Phys Anthrop Suppl 24: 146.
55. Konigsberg LW, Hens SM, Jantz LM, Jungers WL (1998) Stature estimation and calibration: Bayesian and maximum likelihood perspectives in physical anthropogy. Yb Phys Anthrop 41: 65-92.
56. Kretschmer E (1925) Physique and Character. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, London.
57. Krogman WM, Işcan MY (1986) The Human Skeleton in Forensic Medicine. Charles C Thomas, Illinois.
58. Latimer B, Ward CV (1993) The thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. In Walker A, Leakey R (eds) The Nariokotome Homo erectus Skeleton. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass, 266-293.
59. Latimer B, Ohman JC (2001) Axial dysplasia in Homo erectus. J Hum Evol 40: A12 (abstract).
60. Leney MD, Foley RA (1996) Commentary on: Smith RJ. Biology and body size in human evolution. Curr Anthrop 37: 451-481.
61. Lusted LB, Keats TE (1978) Atlas of Roentenographic Measurements. 4th ed. Yearbook Medical Publishers,Chicago.
62. Manouvrier L (1892) La détermination de la stature d'après les grandes os des membres. Bull Mém Soc d'Anthrop Paris 2e série 4: 433-449.
63. Martelli S, Haeusler M (2002) Vertebrae numbers of early hominid lumbar spine. Amer J Phys Anthrop Suppl 34: 107.
64. Martin R (1957) Lehrbuch der Anthropogie. 3 Aufl von K Saller. Bd 1. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart.
65. Mazess RB (1971) Estimation of bone and skeletal weight by direct photon absorptiometry. Invest Radiol 6: 52-60.
66. Meadows L, Jantz RL (1995) Allometric secular changes in the long bones from the 1800s to the present. J Forensic Sci 40: 762-767.
67. Mendonça de MC (2000) Estimation of height from the length of long bones in a Portuguese adult population. Am J Phys Anthrop 112: 39-48.
68. Merz AL, Trotter M, Peterson RR (1956) Estimation of skeletal weight in the living. Am J Phys Anthrop 14: 589-609
69. McHenry HM (1976) Early hominid body weight and encephalization. Am J Phys Anthrop 45: 77-84.
70. McHenry HM (1988) New estimates of body weight in early hominids and their significance to encephalization and megadontia in «robust» australopithecines. In Grine FE (ed) Evolutionary History of the «Robust» Australopithecines. Aldine de Gruyter, New York, 133-148.
71. McHenry HM (1991) Femoral lengths and stature in plio-pleistocene hominids. Am J Phys Anthrop 85: 149-158.
72. McHenry HM (1992) Body size and proportions in early hominids. Am J Phys Anthrop 87 407-431.
73. McHenry HM (1994) Behavioral ecological implications of early hominid body size. J Hum Evol 27: 77-87.
74. McNab BK (1990) The physiological significance of body size. In: Damuth J, MacFadden BJ (eds) Body Size in Mammalian Paleobiology. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.
75. Ohman JC, Wood C, Wood B, Crompton RH, Günther MM, Yu L, Savage R, Wang W. (In Press). Stature-at-death of KNM-WT 15000. Hum Evol.
76. Olivier G, Pineau H (1957) Comparaisons entre les mensurations sur le squelette et sur le vivant. Rev Anthrop 3: 1-16.
77. Olivier G (1963) L'estimation de la stature par les os longs des membres. Bull Mém Soc d'Anthrop 4: 433-449.
78. Olivier G (1976) The stature of Australopithecines. J Hum Evol 5: 529-534.
79. Olivier G, Aaron C, Fully G, Tissier G (1978) New estimations of stature and cranial capacity in modern man. J Hum Evol 7: 513-518.
80. Ousley S (1995) Should we estimate biological or forensic stature? J Forensic Sci 40: 768-773.
81. Parnell RW (1954) Somatotyping by physical anthropometry. Am J Phys Anthrop 12: 209-239.
82. Pearson K (1899) On the reconstruction of the stature of prehistoric races. Phil Trans Roy Soc A192: 169-244.
83. Pearson OM (2001) Postcranial remains and the origin of modern humans. Evol Anthrop 9: 229-247.
84. Porter AMW (1995a) Analyses of measurements taken from adult femurs of a British population. Int J Osteoarcheol 5: 305-323.
85. Porter AMW (1995b) The body weight of AL 288-1 ('Lucy'): a new approach using estimates of skeletal length and the body mass index. Int J Osteoarcheol 5: 203-212.
86. Porter AMW (1996) Physique and the Skeleton. PhD thesis, University of London.
87. Porter AMW (1998) An interpretation of the Boxgrove tibia. Int J Osteoarcheol 8: 7-10.
88. Porter AMW (1999a) The prediction of physique from the skeleton. Int J Osteoarcheol 9: 102-115.
89. Porter AMW (1999b) Hominine morphology, climatic determinism and an alternative hypothesis. Hum Evol 14: 261-275
90. Potter B (1986) The allometry of primate skeletal weight. Int J Primatol 7: 457-466.
91. Rollet E (1888) De la mensuration des os longs des membres dans ses rapports avec l'anthropologie, la clinique et la médicine judiciaire. Lyon: Storck.
92. Rose MD (1975) Functional proportions of primate lumbar vertebral bodies. J Hum Evol 4, 21-38.
93. Rössing FW (1988) Körperhöhenrekonstruktion aus Skelettmassen. In Knussmann R (ed) Anthropologie. Handbuch der vergleichenden Biologie des Menschen. Band I/1. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 586-600.
94. Rother P, Jahn W, Hunger H, Kurp K (1980) Zur Schätzung der Köperlänge aus Fragmenten des Femur. Gegenbaurs Morphol Jb 126: 873-883.
95. Ruff C (1987) Structural allometry of the femur and tibia in Hominoidea and Macaca. Fol Primatol 48: 9-49.
96. Ruff C (1988): Hindlimb articular surface allometry in Hominoidea and Macaca with comparisons to diaphyseal scaling. J Hum Evol 17: 687-714.
97. Ruff C (1990) Body mass and hindlimb bone cross-sectional and articular dimensions in anthropoid primates. In Damuth J, Macfadden BJ (eds) Body Size in Mammalian Paleobiology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 119-149.
98. Ruff CB, Walker A (1993) Body size and body shape. In Walker A, Leakey R (eds) The Nariokotome Homo erectus Skeleton. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass, 234-265.
99. Ruff CB (1994) Morphological adaptation to climate in modern and fossil hominids. Yb Anthrop 37: 65-107.
100. Ruff CB, Trinkaus E, Holliday TW (1997) Body mass and encephalization in Pleistocene Homo. Nature 387: 173-176.
101. Ruff CB (2000) Body mass prediction from skeletal frame size in elite athletes. Am J Phys Anthrop 113: 507-517.
102. Schaffer BS, Sanchez JL (1994) Comparison of 1/8″ and 1/4″ mesh recovery of controlled samples of small to medium sized mammals. Am Antiqu 59: 525-530.
103. Schmid P (1986) Mehr Funde - mehr Wissen? Zur Fundgeschichte und Interpretation der menschlichen Stammesgeschichte. Vierteljahrsschr Naturforsch Ges Zürich 131: 145-160.
104. Schultz AH (1953) The relative thickness of the long bones and the vertebrae in primates. Am J Phys Anthrop 11: 277-311.
105. Seale RU (1959) The weight of the dry fat-free skeleton of American Whites and Negroes. Am J Phys Anthrop 17: 37-48.
106. Sheldon WH (1940) The Varieties of Human Physique. Harper, New York.
107. Sheldon WH (1954) Atlas of Men. Hafner, Darien.
108. Siegel JA, Saukko PJ, Knupfer GC (2000) Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences. Academic Press. London..
109. Simmons T, Jantz RL, Bass WM (1990) Stature estimation from fragmentary femurs: a revision of the Steele method. J Forensic Sci 35, 628-636.
110. Simpson K (1953) Modern Trends in Forensic Medicine. Butterworth, London.
111. Sjøvold T (2000) Stature estimation from the skeleton. In Siegel JA, Saukko PJ, Knupfer GC (eds) Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences, Vol 1. Academic Press, London, 276-284.
112. Smith RJ (1993) Bias in equations used to estimate fossil primate body mass. J Hum Evol 25: 31-41.
113. Smith RJ (1994) Regression models for prediction equations. J Hum Evol 26: 239-244.
114. Smith RJ (1996) Biology and body size in human evolution. Curr Anthrop 37: 451-481.
115. Smith RJ, Jungers WL (1997) Body mass in comparative primatology. J Hum Evol 32: 523-559.
116. Snow CC, Williams J (1971) Variation in premortem statural measurements compared to statural estimates of skeletal remains. J Forensic Sci 16: 455-464.
117. Sonder E, Knussmann R (1985) Zur Körperhöhenbestimmung männlicher Individuen aus Femur, Tibia und Humerus-Fragmenten. Z Morph Anthrop 75: 131-153.
118. Steudel K (1980) New estimates of early hominid body size. Am J Phys Anthrop 52: 63-70.
119. Stringer CB, Trinkaus E, Roberts MB, Parfitt SA, Macphail RI (1998) The middle Pleistocene human tibia from Boxgrove. J Hum Evol 34: 509-547.
120. Surinder N (2001) Reconstruction of tibial length and stature from fragmentary dimensions. J Hum Ecol 11: 167-176.
121. Susanne C, Bodzsar EB, Castro S (1998) Factor analysis and somatotyping, are these two physique classification methods comparable? Ann Hum Biol 25: 405-514.
122. Tanner JM (1977) Analysis and classification of physique In Harrison GA, Weiner JS, Tanner JM, Barnicot NA (eds) Human Biology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 361-376.
123. Tanner JM, Whitehouse RH (1955) The Harpenden skinfold caliper. Am J Phys Anthrop 13: 745-746.
124. Telkkä A (1950) On the prediction of human stature from the long bones. Act Anat 9: 103-117.
125. Terry RJ (1940) On measuring and photographing the cadaver. Am J Phys Anthrop 26: 433-447.
126. Tibbetts GL (1981) Estimation of stature from the vertebral column in American blacks. J Forensic Sci 26: 715-723.
127. Trotter M (1954) A preliminary study of estimation of weight of the skeleton. Am J Phys Anthrop 12: 537-551.
128. Trotter M, Gleser GC (1952) Estimation of stature from long bones of American whites and negroes. Am J Phys Anthrop 10: 463-514.
129. Trotter M (1954) A preliminary study of estimation of weight of the skeleton. Am J Phys Anthrop 12: 537-551.
130. Trotter M, Gleser GC (1958) A re-evaluation of estimation of stature based on measurements of stature taken during life and of long bones after death. Am J Phys Anthrop 16: 79-123.
131. Tucker WB, Lessa WA (1940) Man: a constitutional investigation. Quart Rev Biol 15: 265-289, 411-455.
132. Wells LH (1959) Estimation of stature from long bones: a reassessment. J Forensic Sci 6: 171-77.
133. Wilmore JH (1970) Validation of the first and second components of the Heath-Carter modified somatotype method. Am J Phys Anthrop 32: 369-372.
134. Wolpoff MH (1985) Tooth size - body size scaling in a human population. In: Jungers WL Size and Scaling in Primate Biology. Plenum Press, London, 273-318.