Variation and polymorphism in helminth parasites

Parasitology

Volumn 125, Issue SUPPL., 2002, Pages

  Maizels, R M ^a   Kurniawan Atmadja, A ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA   (Indonesia)

Author keywords

Antigenic variation; Filariasis; Genetic polymorphism; Nematodes

Indexed keywords

ANTIGEN; CHITINASE; DNA; PROTEIN;

BIODIVERSITY; BRUGIA MALAYI; CODING; CONFERENCE PAPER; DNA SEQUENCE; FILARIA; FILARIASIS; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETIC VARIABILITY; HELMINTH; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNE SYSTEM; INFECTION; MICROFILARIA; NEMATODE; NONHUMAN; ONCHOCERCA; ONCHOCERCIASIS; PARASITE; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

BRUGIA; BRUGIA MALAYI; FILARIA; NEMATODA; ONCHOCERCA; PROTOZOA; VERMES;

EID: 0036997571     PISSN: 00311820     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0031182002001890     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (85)

1. ANDERSON, T. J. C., BLOUIN, M. S. & BEECH, R. N. (1998). Population biology of parasitic nematodes: applications of genetic markers. Advances in Parasitology 41, 219-283.
2. ANDERSON, T. J. C. & JAENIKE, J. (1997). Host specificity, evolutionary relationships and macrogeographic differentiation among Ascaris populations from humans and pigs. Parasitology 115, 325-342.
3. ANDERSON, T. J. C., ROMERO-ABAL, M. E. & JAENIKE, J. (1993). Genetic structure and epidemiology of Ascaris populations: patterns of host affiliation in Guatemala. Parasitology 107, 319-334.
4. ANDERSON, T. J. C., ROMERO-ABAL, M. E. & JAENIKE, J. (1995). Mitochondrial DNA and Ascaris microepidemiology: the composition of parasite populations from individual hosts, families and villages. Parasitology 110, 221-229.
5. ARNOLD, K., VENEGAS, A., HOUSEWEART, C. & FUHRMAN, J. A. (1996). Discrete transcripts encode multiple chitinase isoforms in Brugian microfilariae. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 80, 149-158.
6. BAIN, O., CHANDRASEKHARAN, S. A., PARTONO, F., MAK, J. W., ZHENG, H. J., SEO, B. S. & WU, S. H. (1989). Discrimination de souches géographiques de Brugia malayi périodique par l'ornementation cuticulaire des males. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée 63, 209-223.
7. BEECH, R. N., PRICHARD, R. K. & SCOTT, M. E. (1994). Genetic variability of the beta-tubulin genes in benzimidazole-susceptible and -resistant strains of Haemonchus contortus. Genetics 138, 103-110.
8. BELLABY, T., ROBINSON, K. & WAKELIN, D. (1996). Induction of differential T-helper-cell responses in mice infected with variants of the parasitic nematode Trichuris muris. Infection and Immunity 64, 791-795.
9. BELLABY, T., ROBINSON, K., WAKELIN, D. & BEHNKE, J. M. (1995). Isolates of Trichuris muris vary in their ability to elicit protective immune responses in mice. Parasitology 111, 353-357.
10. BIANCO, A. E., ROBERTSON, B. D., KUO, Y.-M., TOWNSON, S. & HAM, P. (1990). Developmentally regulated expression and secretion of a polymorphic antigen by Onchocerca infective-stage larvae. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 39, 203-212.
11. BIANCO, A. E., WU, Y. & JENKINS, R. E. (1995). Onchocerca spp: a "family" of secreted acidic proteins expressed by infective larvae in blackflies. Experimental Parasitology 81, 344-354.
12. BLACKHALL, W. J., LIU, H. Y., XU, M., PRICHARD, R. K. & BEECH, R. N. (1998). Selection at a P-glycoprotein gene in ivermectin- and moxidectin-selected strains of Haemonchus contortus. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 95, 193-201.
13. BLAXTER, M. L., ASLETT, M., GUILIANO, D., DAUB, J. & THE FILARIAL GENOME PROJECT (1999). Parasitic helminth genomics. Parasitology 118, S39-S51.
14. BOLAS-FERNANDEZ, F. & WAKELIN, D. (1990). Infectivity, antigenicity and host responses to isolates of the genus Trichinella. Parasitology 100, 491-497.
15. BOTTO, C., ARANGO, M. & YARZÁBAL, L. (1984). Onchocerciasis in Venezuela: prevalence of microfilaraemia in Amerindians and morphological characteristics of the microfilariae from the Upper Orinoco focus. Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie 35, 167-173.
16. BUCKLEY, J. J. C. (1960). On Brugia gen. nov. for Wuchereria spp. of the malayi group i.e. Wuchereria malayi (Brug, 1927) Wuchereria pahangi Buckley and Edeson 1956 and Wuchereria patei Buckley, Nelson, Heisch 1958. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 54, 75-77.
17. COOKSON, E., BLAXTER, M. L. & SELKIRK, M. E. (1992). Identification of the major soluble cuticular protein of lymphatic filarial nematode parasites (gp29) as a secretory homolog of glutathione peroxidase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 89, 5837-5841.
18. COOKSON, E., TANG, L. & SELKIRK, M. E. (1993). Conservation of primary sequence of gp29, the major soluble cuticular glycoprotein, in three species of lymphatic filariae. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 58, 155-160.
19. CURTIS, J. & MINCHELLA, D. J. (2000). Schistosome population genetic structure: when clumping worms is not just splitting hairs. Parasitology Today 16, 68-71.
20. DUKE, B. O. L. (1980). Observations on Onchocerca volvulus in experimentally infected chimpanzees. Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie 31, 41-54.
21. EDESON, J. F. B. & WHARTON, R. H. (1958). The experimental transmission of Wuchereria malayi from man to various animals on Malaya. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 52, 25-45.
22. ELARD, L., COMES, A. M. & HUMBERT, J. F. (1996). Sequences of β-tubulin cDNA from benzimidazole-susceptible and -resistant strains of Teladorsagia circumcincta, a nematode parasite of small ruminants. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 79, 249-253.
23. ERTTMANN, K. D., UNNASCH, T. R., GREENE, B. M., ALBIEZ, E. J., BOATENG, J., DENKE, A. M., FERRARONI, J. J., KARAM, M., SCHULZ-KEY, H. & WILLIAMS, P. N. (1987). A DNA sequence specific for forest form Onchocerca volvulus. Nature 327, 415-417.
24. FLOCKHART, H. A., CIBULSKIS, R. E., KARAM, M. & ALBIEZ, E. J. (1986). Onchocerca volvulus: enzyme polymorphism in relation to the differentiation of forest and savannah strains of this parasite. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 80, 285-292.
25. FRASER, E. M. & KENNEDY, M. W. (1991). Heterogeneity in the expression of surface-exposed epitopes among larvae of Ascaris lumbricoides. Parasite Immunology 13, 219-225.
26. FUHRMAN, J. A. (1995). Filarial chitinases. Parasitology Today 11, 259-261.
27. FUHRMAN, J. A., LANE, W. S., SMITH, R. F., PIESSENS, W. F. & PERLER, F. B. (1992). Transmission-blocking antibodies recognize microfilarial chitinase in brugian lymphatic filariasis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 89, 1548-1552.
28. FUHRMAN, J. A., LEE, J. & DALAMAGAS, D. (1995). Structure and function of a family of chitinase isozymes from Brugian microfilariae. Experimental Parasitology 80, 672-680.
29. GILLEARD, J. S., DUNCAN, J. L. & TAIT, A. (1995). An immunodominant antigen on the Dictyocaulus viviparus L3 sheath surface coat and a related molecule in other strongylid nematodes. Parasitology 111, 193-200.
30. GOYAL, P. K. & WAKELIN, D. (1993). Vaccination against Trichinella spiralis in mice using antigens from different isolates. Parasitology 107, 311-317.
31. GREGORY, W. F., ATMADJA, A. K., ALLEN, J. E. & MAIZELS, R. M. (2000). The abundant larval transcript 1/2 genes of Brugia malayi encode stage-specific candidate vaccine antigens for filariasis. Infection and Immunity 68, 4174-4179.
32. HACKETT, F., SIMPSON, A. J. G., OMER-ALI, P. & SMITHERS, S. R. (1987). Surface antigens of and cross-protection between two geographical isolates of Schistosoma mansoni. Parasitology 94, 301-312.
33. HARNETT, W., CHAMBERS, A. E., RENZ, A. & PARKHOUSE, R. M. E. (1989). An oligonucleotide probe specific for Onchocerca volvulus. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 35, 119-125.
34. HAWDON, J. M., JONES, B. F., HOFFMAN, D. R. & HOTEZ, P. J. (1996). Cloning and characterization of Ancylostoma-secreted protein. A novel protein associated with the transition to parasitism by infective hookworm larvae. Journal of Biological Chemistry 271, 6672-6678.
35. HAWKING, F. (1975). Circadian and other rhythms of parasites. Advances in Parasitology 13, 123-182.
36. HIRZMANN, J., SCHNAUFER, A., HINTZ, M., CONRATHS, F., STIRM, S., ZAHNER, H. & HOBOM, G. (1995). Brugia spp. and Litomosoides carinii: identification of a covalently cross-linked microfilarial sheath matrix protein (shp2). Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 70, 95-106.
37. HOEKSTRA, R., OTSEN, M., TIBBEN, J., LENSTRA, J. A. & ROOS, M. H. (2000). Transposon associated markers for the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 105, 127-135.
38. JOHNSTON, D. A., BLAXTER, M. L., DEGRAVE, W. M., FOSTER, J., IVENS, A. C. & MELVILL, S. E. (1999). Genomics and the biology of parasites. BioEssays 21, 131-147.
39. JOSEPH, G. T., HUIMA, T. & LUSTIGMAN, S. (1998). Characterization of an Onchocerca volvulus L3-specific larval antigen, Ov-ALT-1. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 96, 177-183.
40. KEDDIE, E. M., HIGAZI, T., BOAKYE, D., MERRIWEATHER, A., WOOTEN, M. C. & UNNASCH, T. R. (1999). Onchocerca volvulus: limited heterogeneity in the nuclear and rnitochondrial genornes. Experimental Parasitology 93, 198-206.
41. KWA, M. S. G., VEENSTRA, J. G. & ROOS, M. H. (1994). Benzimidazole resistance in Haemonchus contortus is correlated with a conserved mutation at amino acid 200 in β-tubulin isotype 1. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 63, 299-303.
42. LAURIE, C. C. & STAM, L. F. (1994). The effect of an intronic polymorphism on alcohol dehydrogenase expression in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 138, 379-385.
43. LESLIE, J. F., CAIN, G. D., MEFFE, G. K. & VRIJENHOEK, R. C. (1982). Enzyme polymorphism in Ascaris suum (Nematoda). Journal of Parasitology 68, 576-587.
44. LOVERDE, P. T., DEWALD, J., MINCHELLA, D. J., BOSSHARDT, S. C. & DAMIAN, R. T. (1985). Evidence for host-induced selection in Schistosoma mansoni. Journal of Parasitology 71, 297-301.
45. MACKENZIE, A. & QUINN, J. (1999). A serotonin transporter gene intron 2 polymorphic region, correlated with affective disorders, has allele-dependent differential enhancer-like properties in the mouse embryo. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 96, 15251-15255.
46. MAIZELS, R. M. & LAWRENCE, R. A. (1991). Immunological tolerance: the key feature in human filariasis? Parasitology Today 7, 271-276.
47. MAIZELS, R. M., BLAXTER, M. L. & SCOTT, A. L. (2001). Immunogenomics of filariasis: genes implicated in immune evasion and protective immunity. Parasite Immunology 23, 327-344.
48. MAIZELS, R. M., GOMEZ-ESCOBAR, N., GREGORY, W. F., MURRAY, J. & ZANG, X. (2001). Immune evasion genes from filarial nematodes. International Journal for Parasitology 31, 889-898.
49. MAIZELS, R. M., GREGORY, W. F., KWAN-LIM, G.-E. & SELKIRK, M. E. (1989). Filarial surface antigens: the major 29,000 mol.wt. glycoprotein and a novel 17,000-200,000 mol.wt. complex from adult Brugia malayi parasites. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 32, 213-227.
50. MAIZELS, R. M., PARTONO, F., OEMIJATI, S., DENHAM, D. A. & OGILVIE, B. M. (1983). Cross-reactive surface antigens on three stages of Brugia malayi, B. pahangi and B. timori. Parasitology 87, 249-263.
51. McGREEVY, P. B., RATIWAYANTO, S., TUTI, S., McGREEVY, M. M. & DENNIS, D. T. (1980). Brugia malayi: relationship between anti-sheath antibodies and amicrofilaremia in natives living in an endemic area of South Kalimantan, Borneo. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 29, 553-562.
52. McMAHON, J. E., SOWA, S. I., MAUDE, G. H. & KIRKWOOD, B. R. (1988). Onchocerciasis in Sierra Leone 2: a comparison of forest and savanna villages. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 82, 595-600.
53. McMANUS, D. P. & BOWLES, J. (1996). Molecular genetic approaches to parasite identification: their value in diagnostic parasitology and systematics. International Journal for Parasitology 26, 687-704.
54. MEREDITH, S. E. O., UNNASCH, T. R., KARAM, M., PIESSENS, W. F. & WIRTH, D. F. (1989). Cloning and characterization of an Onchocerca volvulus specific DNA sequence. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 36, 1-10.
55. MOLONEY, N. A., GARCIA, E. G. & WEBBE, G. (1985). The strain specificity of vaccination with ultra violet attenuated cercariae of the Chinese strain of Schistosoma japonicum. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 79, 245-247.
56. MOLONEY, N. A., HINCHCLIFFE, P. & WEBBE, G. (1989). Cross protection between a laboratory passaged Chinese strain of Schistosoma japonicum and field isolates of S. japonicum from China. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 83, 83-85.
57. MURRAY, J., GREGORY, W. F., GOMEZ-ESCOBAR, N., ATMADJA, A. K. & MAIZELS, R. M. (2001). Expression and immune recognition of Brugia malayi VAL-1, a homologue of vespid venom allergens and Ancylostoma secreted proteins. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 118, 89-96.
58. NADLER, S. A. (1986). Biochemical polymorphism in Parascaris equorum, Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 18, 45-54.
59. NADLER, S. A. (1990). Molecular approaches to studying helminth population genetics and phylogeny. International Journal for Parasitology 20, 11-29.
60. NADLER, S. A. (1995). Microevolution and the genetic structure of parasite populations. Journal of Parasitology 81, 395-403.
61. PALMIERI, J. R., PURNOMO, DENNIS, D. T. & MARWOTO, H. A. (1980). Filarid parasites of South Kalimantan (Borneo) Indonesia. Wuchereria kalimantani sp. n. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) from the silvered leaf monkey, Presbytis cristatus Eschscholtz 1921. Journal of Parasitology 66, 645-651
62. PARTONO, F. (1987). The spectrum of disease inlymphatic filariasis. In Filariasis (ed. Everard, D. & Clark, S.), pp. 15-31. Chichester, Chichester.
63. PARTONO, F. & PURNOMO (1987). Periodicity studies of Brugia malayi in Indonesia: recent findings and a modified classification of the parasite. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 81, 657-662.
64. PRICHARD, R. (2001) Genetic variability following selection of Haemonchus contortus with anthelmintics. Trends in Parasitology 17, 445-453.
65. QIANG, S., BIN, Z., SHU-HUA, X., ZHENG, F., HOTEZ, P. & HAWDON, J. M. (2000). Variation between ASP-1 molecules from Ancylostoma caninum in China and the United States. Journal of Parasitology 86, 181-185.
66. RAVINDRAN, B., SATAPATHY, A. K. & SAHOO, P. K. (1994). Bancroftian filariasis - differential reactivity of anti-sheath antibodies in microfilariae carriers. Parasite Immunology 16, 321-323.
67. READ, A. F. & VINEY, M. E. (1996). Helminth immunogenetics: why bother? Parasitology Today 12, 337-343.
68. ROMEO DE LEON, J. & DUKE, B. O. (1966). Experimental studies on the transmission of Guatemalan and West African strains of Onchocerca volvulus by Simulium ochraceum, S. metallicum and S. callidum. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 60, 735-752.
69. SANGSTER, N. (1996). Pharmacology of anthelmintic resistance. Parasitology 113, S201-S216.
70. SASA, M. (1976). Human Filariasis. A Global Survey of Epidemiology and Control. Baltimore, University Park Press.
71. SELKIRK, M. E., YAZDANBAKHSH, M., FREEDMAN, D., BLAXTER, M. L., COOKSON, E., JENKINS, R. E. & WILLIAMS, S. A. (1991). A proline-rich structural protein of the surface sheath of larval Brugia filarial nematode parasites. Journal of Biological Chemistry 266, 11002-11008.
72. SEN, H. G. (1972). Necator americanus: behaviour in hamsters. Experimental Parasitology 32, 26-32.
73. SHIMOGIRI, T., KONO, M., MANNEN, H., MIZUTANI, M. & TSUJI, S. (1998). Chicken ornithine transcarbamylase gene, structure, regulation, and chromosomal assignment: repetitive sequence motif in intron 3 regulates this enzyme activity. Journal of Biochemistry (Tokyo) 124, 962-971.
74. SOLOMON, M. S. & HALEY, A. J. (1966). Biology of the rat nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Travassos, 1914). V. Characteristics of N. brasiliensis after serial passage in the laboratory mouse. Journal of Parasitology 52, 237-241.
75. STAM, L. F. & LAURIE, C. C. (1996). Molecular dissection of a major gene effect on a quantitative trait: the level of alcohol dehydrogenase expression in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 144, 1559-1564.
76. SU, Z. & DOBSON, C. (1997). Genetic and immunological adaptation of Heligmosomoides polygyrus in mice. International Journal for Parasitology 27, 653-663.
77. TANG, L., SMITH, V. P., GOUNARIS, K. & SELKIRK, M. E. (1996). Brugia pahangi: the cuticular glutathione peroxidase (gp29) protects heterologous membranes from lipid peroxidation. Experimental Parasitology 82, 329-332.
78. THE FILARIAL GENOME PROJECT (1999). Deep within the filarial genome: an update on progress in the Filarial Genome Project. Parasitology Today 15, 219-224.
79. UNDERWOOD, A. P., SUPALI, T., WU, Y. & BIANCO, A. E. (2000). Two microsatellie loci from Brugia malayi show polymorphisms among isolates from Indonesia and Malaysia. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 106, 299-302.
80. UNNASCH, T. R. & WILLIAMS, S. A. (2000). The genomes of Onchocerca volvulus. International Journal for Parasitology 30, 543-552.
81. WAKELIN, D. & GOYAL, P. K. (1996). Trichinella isolates: parasite variability and host responses. International Journal for Parasitology 26, 471-481.
82. WESCOTT, R. B. & TODD, A. C. (1966). Adaptation of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis to the mouse. Journal of Parasitology 52, 233-236.
83. WILSON, T., EDESON, J. F. B., WHARTON, R. H., REID, J. A., TURNER, L. H. & LAING, A. B. G. (1959). The occurrence of two forms of Wuchereria malayi in man. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 53, 480-481.
84. ZAHNER, H., HOBOM, G. & STIRM, S. (1995). The microfilarial sheath and its proteins. Parasitology Today 11, 116-120.
85. ZENG, W. & DONELSON, J. E. (1992). The actin genes of Onchocerca volvulus. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 55, 207-216.