메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 99, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 405-412

Effects of temperature and genetic stress on life history and fluctuating wing asymmetry in Culex pipiens mosquitoes

Author keywords

Biomonitor; Culex pipiens; Environmental stress; Fluctuating asymmetry; Inbreeding; Organophosphate resistance

Indexed keywords

ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS; FLUCTUATING ASYMMETRY; INBREEDING; LIFE HISTORY; TEMPERATURE; WING MORPHOLOGY;

EID: 0036997142     PISSN: 12105759     EISSN: 18028829     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.14411/eje.2002.050     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (11)

References (60)
  • 1
    • 0000722909 scopus 로고
    • A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide
    • ABBOTT W.S. 1925: A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J. Econ. Entomol. 18: 265-267.
    • (1925) J. Econ. Entomol. , vol.18 , pp. 265-267
    • Abbott, W.S.1
  • 2
    • 0002933807 scopus 로고
    • Heterozygosity and fitness in natural populations of animals
    • Soulé M.E. (ed.) Sinauer Association Inc., Sunderland, MA
    • ALLENDORF F.W. & LEARY R.F. 1986: Heterozygosity and fitness in natural populations of animals. In: Soulé M.E. (ed.) Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity. Sinauer Association Inc., Sunderland, MA, pp. 57-76.
    • (1986) Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity , pp. 57-76
    • Allendorf, F.W.1    Leary, R.F.2
  • 3
    • 0015709828 scopus 로고
    • Genetic divergence in body size among experimental populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura kept at different temperature
    • ANDERSON W.W. 1973: Genetic divergence in body size among experimental populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura kept at different temperature. Evolution 27: 278-284.
    • (1973) Evolution , vol.27 , pp. 278-284
    • Anderson, W.W.1
  • 4
    • 0028026195 scopus 로고
    • Temperature and organism size - A biological law for ecotherms?
    • ATKINSON D. 1994: Temperature and organism size - A biological law for ecotherms? Adv. Ecol. Res. 25: 1-58.
    • (1994) Adv. Ecol. Res. , vol.25 , pp. 1-58
    • Atkinson, D.1
  • 5
    • 0031285079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why are organisms usually bigger in colder environments? Making sense of a life history puzzle
    • ATKINSON D. & SIBLY R.M. 1997: Why are organisms usually bigger in colder environments? Making sense of a life history puzzle. TREE 12: 235-239.
    • (1997) TREE , vol.12 , pp. 235-239
    • Atkinson, D.1    Sibly, R.M.2
  • 6
    • 0029837604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asymmetry - Where evolutionary and developmental genetics meet
    • BATTERHAM P., DAVIES A.G., GAME A.Y. & MCKENZIE J.A. 1996: Asymmetry - where evolutionary and developmental genetics meet. Bioessays 18: 841-845.
    • (1996) Bioessays , vol.18 , pp. 841-845
    • Batterham, P.1    Davies, A.G.2    Game, A.Y.3    McKenzie, J.A.4
  • 7
    • 0033959171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fluctuating asymmetry as sexual and nonsexual traits in stalk-eyed flies: A poor indicator od developmental stress and genetic quality
    • BJORKSTEN T., DAVID P., POMIENKOWSKI A. & FOWLER K. 2000: Fluctuating asymmetry as sexual and nonsexual traits in stalk-eyed flies: a poor indicator od developmental stress and genetic quality. J. Evol. Biol. 13: 89-97.
    • (2000) J. Evol. Biol. , vol.13 , pp. 89-97
    • Bjorksten, T.1    David, P.2    Pomienkowski, A.3    Fowler, K.4
  • 8
    • 0034919043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temperature shock during development fails to increase the fluctuating asymmetry of a sexual trait in stalk-eyed flies
    • BJORKSTEN T.A., POMIENKOWSKI A. & FOWLER K. 2001: Temperature shock during development fails to increase the fluctuating asymmetry of a sexual trait in stalk-eyed flies. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 268: 1503-1510.
    • (2001) Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B , vol.268 , pp. 1503-1510
    • Bjorksten, T.A.1    Pomienkowski, A.2    Fowler, K.3
  • 9
    • 0029838261 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The genetical basis of fluctuating asymmetry for developmentally integrated traits in a butterfly eyespot pattern
    • BRAKEFIELD P.M. & BREUKER C.J. 1996. The genetical basis of fluctuating asymmetry for developmentally integrated traits in a butterfly eyespot pattern. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 263: 1557-1563.
    • (1996) Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B , vol.263 , pp. 1557-1563
    • Brakefield, P.M.1    Breuker, C.J.2
  • 10
    • 0000690934 scopus 로고
    • Developmental selection in vascular plants
    • BUCHHOLZ J.T. 1922: Developmental selection in vascular plants. Bot. Gaz. 73: 249-286.
    • (1922) Bot. Gaz. , vol.73 , pp. 249-286
    • Buchholz, J.T.1
  • 11
    • 84981689195 scopus 로고
    • Mating in the mosquito, Anopheles gambiae s.1. 1. Close range and contact behaviour
    • CHARLWOOD J.D. & JONES M.D.R. 1979: Mating in the mosquito, Anopheles gambiae s.1. 1. Close range and contact behaviour. Physiol. Entomol. 4: 111-120.
    • (1979) Physiol. Entomol. , vol.4 , pp. 111-120
    • Charlwood, J.D.1    Jones, M.D.R.2
  • 13
    • 0033045177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measurement bias and fluctuating asymmetry estimates
    • DAVID P., HINGLE A., FOWLER K. & POMIENKOWSKI A. 1999: Measurement bias and fluctuating asymmetry estimates. Anim. Behav. 57: 251-253.
    • (1999) Anim. Behav. , vol.57 , pp. 251-253
    • David, P.1    Hingle, A.2    Fowler, K.3    Pomienkowski, A.4
  • 14
    • 0032792053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can fluctuating asymmetry in adult burrowing mayflies (Hexagenia rigida, Ephemeroptera) be used as a measure of contaminant stress?
    • DOBRIN M. & CORKUM L.D. 1999: Can fluctuating asymmetry in adult burrowing mayflies (Hexagenia rigida, Ephemeroptera) be used as a measure of contaminant stress? J. Great Lakes Res. 25: 339-346.
    • (1999) J. Great Lakes Res. , vol.25 , pp. 339-346
    • Dobrin, M.1    Corkum, L.D.2
  • 15
    • 0000248848 scopus 로고
    • The swarming and mating flight of Diptera
    • DOWNES J.A. 1969: The swarming and mating flight of Diptera. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 14: 271-298.
    • (1969) Annu. Rev. Entomol. , vol.14 , pp. 271-298
    • Downes, J.A.1
  • 16
    • 0000557494 scopus 로고
    • Comparative fitness of temephos-resistant, -susceptible, and hybrid phenotypes of southern house mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae)
    • EL-KHATIB Z.I. & GEORGHIOU G.P. 1985: Comparative fitness of temephos-resistant, -susceptible, and hybrid phenotypes of southern house mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 78: 1023-1029.
    • (1985) J. Econ. Entomol. , vol.78 , pp. 1023-1029
    • El-Khatib, Z.I.1    Georghiou, G.P.2
  • 17
    • 0001268685 scopus 로고
    • Effect of insecticidal selection and treatment on reproductive potential of resistant, susceptible and heterogenous strains of the southen house mosquito
    • FERRARI J.A. & GEORGHIOU G.P. 1981: Effect of insecticidal selection and treatment on reproductive potential of resistant, susceptible and heterogenous strains of the southen house mosquito. J. Econ. Entomol. 74: 323-327.
    • (1981) J. Econ. Entomol. , vol.74 , pp. 323-327
    • Ferrari, J.A.1    Georghiou, G.P.2
  • 18
    • 0004116672 scopus 로고
    • 3rd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 333 pp
    • FINNEY D.J. 1971: Probit Analysis. 3rd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 333 pp.
    • (1971) Probit Analysis
    • Finney, D.J.1
  • 19
    • 0034483149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Flies under stress: A test of fluctuating asymmetry as a biomonitor of environmental quality
    • FLOATE K.D. & FOX A.S. 2000: Flies under stress: a test of fluctuating asymmetry as a biomonitor of environmental quality. Ecol. Appl. 10: 1541-1550.
    • (2000) Ecol. Appl. , vol.10 , pp. 1541-1550
    • Floate, K.D.1    Fox, A.S.2
  • 20
    • 0028519127 scopus 로고
    • Fluctuating asymmetry does not increase with moderate inbreeding in Drosophila melanogaster
    • FOWLER K. & WHITLOCK M.C. 1994: Fluctuating asymmetry does not increase with moderate inbreeding in Drosophila melanogaster. Heredity 73: 373-376.
    • (1994) Heredity , vol.73 , pp. 373-376
    • Fowler, K.1    Whitlock, M.C.2
  • 21
    • 0029746244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental and genetic effects on the asymmetry phenotype: Diazinon resistance in the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina
    • FREEBAIRN K., YEN J.L. & MCKENZIE J.A. 1996: Environmental and genetic effects on the asymmetry phenotype: Diazinon resistance in the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina. Genetics 144: 229-239.
    • (1996) Genetics , vol.144 , pp. 229-239
    • Freebairn, K.1    Yen, J.L.2    McKenzie, J.A.3
  • 22
    • 0016537506 scopus 로고
    • Organophosphorus multi-resistance in Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus in California
    • GEORGHIOU G.P., ARIARATNAM V., PASTERNAK M.E. & LIN C.S. 1975: Organophosphorus multi-resistance in Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus in California. J. Econ. Entomol. 68: 461-467.
    • (1975) J. Econ. Entomol. , vol.68 , pp. 461-467
    • Georghiou, G.P.1    Ariaratnam, V.2    Pasternak, M.E.3    Lin, C.S.4
  • 23
    • 0013983928 scopus 로고
    • Carbamate resistance in mosquitoes: Selection of Culex pipiens fatigans Wied. for resistance to Baygon
    • GEORGHIOU G.P., METCALF R.L. & GIDDEN F.E. 1966: Carbamate resistance in mosquitoes: selection of Culex pipiens fatigans Wied. for resistance to Baygon. Bull. WHO 35: 691-708.
    • (1966) Bull. WHO , vol.35 , pp. 691-708
    • Georghiou, G.P.1    Metcalf, R.L.2    Gidden, F.E.3
  • 25
    • 0032862102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does carbaryl increase fluctuating asymmetry in damselflies under field conditions? A mesocosm experiment with Xanthocnemis Zealandica (Odonata: Zygoptera)
    • HARDERSEN S., WRATTEN S.D. & FRAMPTON C.M. 1999: Does carbaryl increase fluctuating asymmetry in damselflies under field conditions? A mesocosm experiment with Xanthocnemis Zealandica (Odonata: Zygoptera). J. Appl. Ecol. 36: 534-543.
    • (1999) J. Appl. Ecol. , vol.36 , pp. 534-543
    • Hardersen, S.1    Wratten, S.D.2    Frampton, C.M.3
  • 27
    • 84966158750 scopus 로고
    • The effect of new environment on adapted architecture
    • HOLLOWAY G.J., POVEY S.R. & SIBLY R.M. 1990: The effect of new environment on adapted architecture. Heredity 64: 323-330.
    • (1990) Heredity , vol.64 , pp. 323-330
    • Holloway, G.J.1    Povey, S.R.2    Sibly, R.M.3
  • 28
    • 0030843529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of fluctuating asymmetry in beetle horns: An experimental examination of the honest signaling hypothesis
    • HUNT J. & SIMMONS L.W. 1997: Patterns of fluctuating asymmetry in beetle horns: an experimental examination of the honest signaling hypothesis. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 41: 109-114.
    • (1997) Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. , vol.41 , pp. 109-114
    • Hunt, J.1    Simmons, L.W.2
  • 29
    • 0030919521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of extreme temperatures on phenotypic variation and developmental stability in Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila buzzatii
    • IMASHEVA A.G., LOESCHCKE V., ZHIVOTOVSKY L.A. & LAZEBNY O.E. 1997: Effects of extreme temperatures on phenotypic variation and developmental stability in Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila buzzatii. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 61:117-126.
    • (1997) Biol. J. Linn. Soc. , vol.61 , pp. 117-126
    • Imasheva, A.G.1    Loeschcke, V.2    Zhivotovsky, L.A.3    Lazebny, O.E.4
  • 30
    • 0001212959 scopus 로고
    • The effect of temperature on the growth and chemical composition of the mosquito
    • LANG C.A. 1963: The effect of temperature on the growth and chemical composition of the mosquito. J. Insect Physiol. 9: 279-286.
    • (1963) J. Insect Physiol. , vol.9 , pp. 279-286
    • Lang, C.A.1
  • 31
    • 0027787013 scopus 로고
    • Effects of adult body size on fecundity and the pre-gravid rate of Anopheles gambiae females in Tanzania
    • LYIMO E.O. & TAKKEN W. 1993: Effects of adult body size on fecundity and the pre-gravid rate of Anopheles gambiae females in Tanzania. Med. Vet. Entomol. 7: 328-32.
    • (1993) Med. Vet. Entomol. , vol.7 , pp. 328-332
    • Lyimo, E.O.1    Takken, W.2
  • 32
    • 0029170758 scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary ecology and developmental stability
    • MARKOW T.A. 1995: Evolutionary ecology and developmental stability. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 40: 105-120.
    • (1995) Annu. Rev. Entomol. , vol.40 , pp. 105-120
    • Markow, T.A.1
  • 34
    • 0028156162 scopus 로고
    • The genetic, molecular and phenotypic consequences of selection for insecticide resistance
    • MCKENZIE J.A. & BATTERHAM P. 1994: The genetic, molecular and phenotypic consequences of selection for insecticide resistance. TREE 9: 166-169.
    • (1994) TREE , vol.9 , pp. 166-169
    • McKenzie, J.A.1    Batterham, P.2
  • 35
    • 0023683491 scopus 로고
    • Diazinon resistance, fluctuating asymmetry and fitness in the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina
    • MCKENZIE J.A. & CLARKE G.M. 1988: Diazinon resistance, fluctuating asymmetry and fitness in the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina. Genetics 120: 213-220.
    • (1988) Genetics , vol.120 , pp. 213-220
    • McKenzie, J.A.1    Clarke, G.M.2
  • 36
    • 0029347212 scopus 로고
    • Genotype environment and the asymmetry phenotype. Dieldrin resistance in Lucilia cuprina (the Australian sheep blowfly)
    • MCKENZIE J.A. & YEN J.L. 1995: Genotype environment and the asymmetry phenotype. Dieldrin resistance in Lucilia cuprina (the Australian sheep blowfly). Heredity 75: 181-187.
    • (1995) Heredity , vol.75 , pp. 181-187
    • McKenzie, J.A.1    Yen, J.L.2
  • 37
    • 0027095119 scopus 로고
    • Parasites differentially increase fluctuating asymmetry in secondary sexual characteristics
    • MOLLER A.P. 1992: Parasites differentially increase fluctuating asymmetry in secondary sexual characteristics. J. Evol. Biol. 5: 691-699.
    • (1992) J. Evol. Biol. , vol.5 , pp. 691-699
    • Moller, A.P.1
  • 38
    • 0031582199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developmental selection against developmentally unstable offspring and sexual selection
    • MOLLER A.P. 1997: Developmental selection against developmentally unstable offspring and sexual selection. J. Theoret. Biol. 185: 15-422.
    • (1997) J. Theoret. Biol. , vol.185 , pp. 15-422
    • Moller, A.P.1
  • 41
    • 0033805596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fluctuating wing asymmetry and larval density stress in Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae)
    • MPHO M., HOLLOWAY G.J. & CALLAGHAN A. 2000: Fluctuating wing asymmetry and larval density stress in Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). Bull. Entomol. Res. 90: 279-283.
    • (2000) Bull. Entomol. Res. , vol.90 , pp. 279-283
    • Mpho, M.1    Holloway, G.J.2    Callaghan, A.3
  • 42
    • 0034784892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of the effects of organophosphate insecticide exposure and temperature stress on fluctuating asymmetry and life history traits in Culex quinquefasciatus
    • MPHO M., HOLLOWAY G.J. & CALLAGHAN A. 2001: A comparison of the effects of organophosphate insecticide exposure and temperature stress on fluctuating asymmetry and life history traits in Culex quinquefasciatus. Chemosphere 45: 713-720.
    • (2001) Chemosphere , vol.45 , pp. 713-720
    • Mpho, M.1    Holloway, G.J.2    Callaghan, A.3
  • 43
    • 85047697840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temperature and genotypic effects on life history and fluctuating asymmetry in a field strain of Culex pipiens
    • MPHO M., CALLAGHAN A. & HOLLOWAY G.J. 2002: Temperature and genotypic effects on life history and fluctuating asymmetry in a field strain of Culex pipiens. Heredity 88: 307-312.
    • (2002) Heredity , vol.88 , pp. 307-312
    • Mpho, M.1    Callaghan, A.2    Holloway, G.J.3
  • 44
    • 0001174710 scopus 로고
    • Fluctuating asymmetry analysis: A primer
    • Markow T.A., (ed.) Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
    • PALMER R.A. 1994: Fluctuating asymmetry analysis: A primer. In: Markow T.A., (ed.) Developmental Instability, its Origins and Evolutionary Implications. Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 335-364.
    • (1994) Developmental Instability, Its Origins and Evolutionary Implications , pp. 335-364
    • Palmer, R.A.1
  • 45
    • 0000084502 scopus 로고
    • Fluctuating asymmetry: Measurement, analysis, patterns
    • PALMER R.A. & STROBECK C. 1986: Fluctuating asymmetry: measurement, analysis, patterns. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 17: 391-421.
    • (1986) Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. , vol.17 , pp. 391-421
    • Palmer, R.A.1    Strobeck, C.2
  • 46
    • 0024870628 scopus 로고
    • Environmental stresses and conservation of natural populations
    • PARSONS P.A. 1989: Environmental stresses and conservation of natural populations. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 20: 29-49.
    • (1989) Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. , vol.20 , pp. 29-49
    • Parsons, P.A.1
  • 47
    • 0025367242 scopus 로고
    • Fluctuating asymmetry: An epigenetic measure of stress
    • PARSONS P.A. 1990: Fluctuating asymmetry: An epigenetic measure of stress. Biol. Rev. 65: 131-145.
    • (1990) Biol. Rev. , vol.65 , pp. 131-145
    • Parsons, P.A.1
  • 48
    • 0024653044 scopus 로고
    • Improved filter paper test for detecting and quantifying increased esterase activity in organophosphate-resistant mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)
    • PASTEUR N. & GEORGHIOU G.P. 1989: Improved filter paper test for detecting and quantifying increased esterase activity in organophosphate-resistant mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 82: 347-353.
    • (1989) J. Econ. Entomol. , vol.82 , pp. 347-353
    • Pasteur, N.1    Georghiou, G.P.2
  • 49
    • 0026593638 scopus 로고
    • The effect of energy trade-offs on life history and fitness in the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae
    • POVEY S.R. & HOLLOWAY G.J. 1992: The effect of energy trade-offs on life history and fitness in the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae. Oikos 64: 441-450.
    • (1992) Oikos , vol.64 , pp. 441-450
    • Povey, S.R.1    Holloway, G.J.2
  • 50
    • 0030788721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Levels of asymmetry in Formica pratensis Retz (Hymenoptera, Insecta) from a chronic metal-contaminated site
    • RABITSCH W.B. 1997: Levels of asymmetry in Formica pratensis Retz (Hymenoptera, Insecta) from a chronic metal-contaminated site. Environ. Toxic. Chem. 16: 1433-1440.
    • (1997) Environ. Toxic. Chem. , vol.16 , pp. 1433-1440
    • Rabitsch, W.B.1
  • 51
    • 0033567565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An analysis of temperature-induced fluctuating asymmetry in Asellus aquaticus
    • SAVAGE A. & HOGARTH P.J. 1999: An analysis of temperature-induced fluctuating asymmetry in Asellus aquaticus. Hydrobiologia 411: 139-143.
    • (1999) Hydrobiologia , vol.411 , pp. 139-143
    • Savage, A.1    Hogarth, P.J.2
  • 52
    • 0030669051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fluctuating asymmetry, spot asymmetry and inbreeding depression in the sexual coloration of male guppy fish
    • SHERIDAN L. & POMIANKOWSKI A. 1997: Fluctuating asymmetry, spot asymmetry and inbreeding depression in the sexual coloration of male guppy fish. Heredity 79: 515-523.
    • (1997) Heredity , vol.79 , pp. 515-523
    • Sheridan, L.1    Pomiankowski, A.2
  • 53
    • 0024921178 scopus 로고
    • What evolution maximizes
    • SIBLY R.M. 1989: What evolution maximizes. Funct. Ecol. 3: 129-135.
    • (1989) Funct. Ecol. , vol.3 , pp. 129-135
    • Sibly, R.M.1
  • 54
    • 0028162276 scopus 로고
    • How rearing temperature affects optimal adult size in ectotherms
    • SIBLY R.M. & ATKINSON D. 1994: How rearing temperature affects optimal adult size in ectotherms. Funct. Ecol. 8: 486-493.
    • (1994) Funct. Ecol. , vol.8 , pp. 486-493
    • Sibly, R.M.1    Atkinson, D.2
  • 56
    • 0002105779 scopus 로고
    • Studies on natural populations of Drosophila. 1. Heat resistance and geographical variation in Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans
    • TANTAWY A.O. & MALLAH G.S. 1961: Studies on natural populations of Drosophila. 1. Heat resistance and geographical variation in Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans. Evolution 15: 1-14.
    • (1961) Evolution , vol.15 , pp. 1-14
    • Tantawy, A.O.1    Mallah, G.S.2
  • 57
    • 0001752931 scopus 로고
    • A study of fluctuating asymmetry
    • VAN VALEN L. 1962: A study of fluctuating asymmetry. Evolution 16: 125-142.
    • (1962) Evolution , vol.16 , pp. 125-142
    • Van Valen, L.1
  • 58
    • 0001148198 scopus 로고
    • The effect of rearing temperature on the wing length, thorax length, leg length and ovariole number of the adult mosquito, Aedes aegypti (L.)
    • VAN DEN HEUVEL M.J. 1963: The effect of rearing temperature on the wing length, thorax length, leg length and ovariole number of the adult mosquito, Aedes aegypti (L.). Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 115: 197-216.
    • (1963) Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B , vol.115 , pp. 197-216
    • Van den Heuvel, M.J.1
  • 59
    • 0031902702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating the heritability of fluctuating asymmetry in field Drosophila
    • WOODS R.E., HERCUS M.J. & HOFFMANN A.A. 1998: Estimating the heritability of fluctuating asymmetry in field Drosophila. Evolution 52: 816-824.
    • (1998) Evolution , vol.52 , pp. 816-824
    • Woods, R.E.1    Hercus, M.J.2    Hoffmann, A.A.3
  • 60
    • 0028398607 scopus 로고
    • Relationship between wing length and fecundity of a pestiferous midge, Glyptotendipes paripes (Diptera: Chironomidae)
    • XUE R.D. & ALI A. 1994: Relationship between wing length and fecundity of a pestiferous midge, Glyptotendipes paripes (Diptera: Chironomidae). J. Amer. Mosquito Control Assoc. 10: 29-34.
    • (1994) J. Amer. Mosquito Control Assoc. , vol.10 , pp. 29-34
    • Xue, R.D.1    Ali, A.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.