Posttraumatic symptoms and disability in paramedics

Canadian Journal of Psychiatry

Volumn 47, Issue 10, 2002, Pages 953-958

  Regehr, Cheryl ^a   Goldberg, Gerald ^a,b,c   Glancy, Graham D ^d,e   Knott, Theresa ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b Toronto Emergency Medical Services   (Canada)

^c YORK UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^d UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^e MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Critical incidents; Disability; Posttraumatic stress; Social support

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISABILITY; EMERGENCY HEALTH SERVICE; FEMALE; HUMAN; JOB PERFORMANCE; LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MENTAL STRESS; PARAMEDICAL PERSONNEL; PERSONALITY; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PSYCHOTRAUMA; SOCIAL SUPPORT;

EID: 0036992631     PISSN: 07067437     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/070674370204701007     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Alexander D, Klein S. Ambulance personnel and critical incidents: the impact of accident and emergency work on mental health. Br J Psychiatry 2001;178:76-81.
2. Bryant R, Harvey A. Posttraumatic stress reactions in volunteer firefighters. J Trauma Stress 1996;9:51-62.
3. Gersons B. Patterns of PTSD among police officers following a shooting incident: a two-dimensional model and treatment implications. J Trauma Stress 1989;2:247-57.
4. Solomon R, Horn J. Post shooting trauma reactions: a pilot study. In: Reece J, Goldstein H, editors. Psychological services for law enforcement. Washington (DC): United States Government Printing Office; 1986. p 383-93.
5. Marmar C, Weiss D, Metzler T, Delucchi K, Best S, Wentworth K. Longitudinal course and predictors of continuing distress following critical incident exposure in emergency services personnel. J Nerv Ment Dis 1999;187:15-22.
6. McFarlane A. The aetiology of post-traumatic stress disorder following a natural disaster. Br J Psychiatry 1988;152:116-21.
7. Dirkzwager A, Bramsen I, Van der Ploeg H. The longitudinal course of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among aging military veterans. J Nerv Ment Dis 2001;189:846-53.
8. Mollica R, McInnes K, Sarajlic N, Lavelle J, Disability associated with psychiatric comorbidity and health status in Bosnian refugees living in Croatia. JAMA 1999;282:433-9.
9. McFarlane A. The longitudinal course of posttraumatic morbidity. J Nerv Ment Dis 1988;176:30-9.
10. Mollica R, McInnes K, Poole C, Tor S. Dose-effect relationships of trauma to symptoms of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder among Cambodian survivors of mass violence. Br J Psychiatry 1998;173:482-8.
11. Skodol A, Schwartz S, Dohrenwend B, Levav I, Shrout P, Reiff M. PTSD symptoms and comorbid mental disorders in Israeli war veterans. Br J Psychiatry 1996;169:717-25.
12. Fullerton C, McCarroll J, Ursano R, Wright K. Psychological responses of rescue workers: fire fighters and trauma. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1992;62:371-7.
13. Leffler C, Dembert M. Posttraumatic stress symptoms among US Navy divers recovering TWA Flight 800. J Nerv Merit Dis 1998;186:574-7.
14. Weiss D, Marmar C, Metzler T, Ronfeldt H. Predicting symptomatic distress in emergency services personnel. J Consult Clin Psychol 1995;63:361-8.
15. Regehr C, Hemsworth D, Hill J. Individual predictors of traumatic response: a structural equation model. Can J Psychiatry 2001;46:74-9.
16. Atkinson R, Henderson R, Sparr L, Deale S. Assessment of Viet Nam veterans for posttraumatic stress disorder in veterans administration disability claims. Am J Psychiatry 1982;139:1118-21.
17. Gold P, Frueh B. Compensation seeking and extreme exaggeration of psychopathology among combat veterans evaluated for posttraumatic stress disorder. J Nerv Merit Dis 1999;187:680-4.
18. Frueh B, Smith D, Barker S. Compensation seeking status and psychometric assessment of combat veterans seeking treatment for PTSD. J Trauma Stress 1996;9:427-39.
19. Slovenko R. Introduction. In: Simon R, editor. Posttrauamtic stress disorder litigation: guidelines for forensic assessment. Washington (DC): APA Press; 1995.
20. Resnick P. Guidelines for evaluation of malingering in post-traumatic stress disorder. In: Simon R, editor. Posttrauamtic stress disorder litigation: guidelines for forensic assessment. Washington (DC): APA Press; 1995.
21. Sayer N, Thuras P. The influence of patients' compensation-seeking status on the perceptions of veterans affairs clinicians. Psychiatr Serv 2002;53:210-2.
22. Holen A. A longitudinal study of the occurrence and persistence of post-traumatic health problems in disaster survivors. Stress Medicine 1991;7:11-7.
23. Workplace Safety and Insurance Board. Adjudicating mental stress. Policy Report. 1998;11:3.
24. Simon R. Towards the development of guidelines in the forensic psychiatric examination of posttraumatic stress disorder claimants. In: Simon R, editor. Post-trauamtic stress disorder litigation: guidelines for forensic assessment. Washington (DC): APA Press; 1995.
25. Fordyce W, Roberts A, Sternbach R. The behavioral management of chronic pain: a response to critics. Pain 1985;22:113-25.
26. Gamborg B, Elliot W, Curtis K. Chronic disability syndrome. Rehabilitation and community care management 1992;1:19-24.
27. Burgel B. Disability behavior: delayed recovery in employees with work compensable injuries. AAOHN J 1986;34:26-30.
28. Skultety F. The management of the chronic pain patient: clinical considerations. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1984;5:305-7.
29. Health and Welfare Canada. Cancer pain: a monograph on the management of cancer pain. A report of the expert advisory committee on the management of severe chronic pain in cancer patients to the Honorable Monique Begin, Minister of National Health and Welfare. Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada; 1984.
30. Melzack R. The perception of pain. Sci Am 1961;204:41-9.
31. Sirles A, Brown K, Hilyer J. Effects of back school education and exercise in back injured municipal workers. AAOHN J 1991;3:7-12.
32. Beck A, Beamesderfer A. Assessment of depression: the depression inventory. In: Pichot P, editor. Psychological measurements in psychopharmacology. Volume 7. Paris; Karger, Basel; 1974. p 151-69.
33. Zilberg N, Weiss D, Horowitz M. Impact of event scale: a cross-validation study and some empirical evidence supporting a conceptual model of stress response syndromes. J Consult Clin Psychol 1982;50:407-14.
34. Bell M, Billington R, Becker B. Scale for the assessment of reality testing: reliability, validity and factorial invariance. J Consult Clin Psychol 1985;53:506-11.
35. Bell M. An introduction to the bell object relations and reality testing inventory. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services; 1991.
36. Cutrona C, Russell D. The provision of social relationships and adaptation to stress. Advances in Personal Relationship 1987;1:37-67.
37. Southwick S, Yehuda R, Giller E. Personality disorders in treatment-seeking combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1993;150:1020-3.
38. Sherwood R, Funari D, Piekarski A. Adapted character styles of Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychol Res 1990;66:623-31.
39. Hyer L, Woods M, Boudewyns A. A three-tier evaluation of PTSD among Vietnam combat veterans. J Trauma Stress 1991;4:165-94.
40. Richman H, Frueh C. Personality disorder symptomatology among Vietnam veterans with combat related PTSD. Anxiety 1996;2:286-95.
41. O'Toole BI, Marshall RP, Schureck RJ, Dobson M. Posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbidity in Australian Vietnam veterans: risk factors, chronicity and combat. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1998;32:32-2.
42. Reich J. Personality disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder. In: Wolf M, Mosnaim A, editors, Posttraumtic stress disorder: etiology, phenomenology and treatment, Washington (DC): APA Inc; 1990. p 65-79.
43. Wilson J, Krauss G. Predicting post-traumatic stress disorders among Vietnam war veterans. In: Kelley W, editor. Post-traumatic stress disorder and the war veteran patient. New York; Brunner/Mazel; 1982. 102-47.
44. Bowman M. Individual differences in posttraumatic distress: problems with the DSM-IV model. Can J Psychiatry 1999;44:21-33.