Machine intelligence and the turing test

IBM Systems Journal

Volumn 41, Issue 3, 2002, Pages 524-529

  Brackenbury, I ^a   Ravin, Y ^a  

^a IBM   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMPUTER SIMULATION; KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION; KNOWLEDGE BASED SYSTEMS; KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION; NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING SYSTEMS; SEARCH ENGINES; TEXT PROCESSING;

MACHINE REASONING (MR);

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE;

EID: 0036991811     PISSN: 00188670     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1147/sj.413.0524     Document Type: Review

References (18)

1. A. M. Turing, "Computing Machinery and Intelligence," Mind 59, 433-460 (1950).
2. A formal TT yearly contest, sponsored by Hugh Loebner and The Cambridge Center for Behavioral Studies, accords a $2000 prize and medal to the most human-like computer contestant. Among the most well-known critics of the contest is Marvin Minsky, a professor of computer science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) who is considered by many to be "the father of AI." Minsky has wittily sponsored a "Minsky Loebner Prize Revocation Prize."
3. In May 2001 the IBM Academy of Technology and IBM Research held a conference and workshop on "Machine Intelligence and the Turing Test." The conference speakers were: Jaime Carbonell (Carnegie Mellon University), Barbara Grosz (Harvard University), Jerry Hobbs (SR International), John Laird (University of Michigan), Doug Lenat (Cycorp, Inc.), Michael Mauldin (Virtual Personalities & Carnegie Mellon University) and Rosalind Picard (MIT). The IBM organizing team comprised: Joe Bigus, lan Brackenbury (chair), Scott Fahlman, Joe Londa, Clifford Pickover, Yael Ravin, and Alan Webb. The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions to the workshop report by: Nancy Alverado, Scott Fahlman, Charles Peck, and Steve R. White, fragments of which are given here in condensed form.
4. Y. Bar-Hillel, "Automatic Translation of Languages," Advances in Computers, D. Booth and R. E. Meagher, Editors, Academic Press, New York (1960). This classic article on the NLU challenge is still often cited today.
5. See, for example, the Proceedings of the ANLP/NAACL 2000 Workshop on Conversational Systems, Seattle, WA, May 2000.
6. R. W. Picard, "Toward Computers That Recognize and Respond to User Emotion," IBM Systems Journal 39, Nos. 3&4, 705-719 (2000).
7. "Enterprise Portals: Web Interfaces for Employees, Partners, and Customer Communities," META Group (September 1999).
8. Intelligent Miner for Text, IBM Corporation, http:/www.ibm.com/software/data/iminer/fortext.
9. See http://www.itri.brighton.ac.uk/events/senseval.
10. See http://www.itl.nist.gov/iaui/894.02/related_projects/muc/ proceedings/muc_7_toc.html.
11. This technique has been successfully used by customers and partners to route customer e-mail to the right expert, based on the e-mail content. See http://domino.research.ibm.com/ comm/wwwr_thinkresearch.nsf/pages/email198.html.
12. Yahoo! is a large Web site featuring vast, manually maintained, taxonomies covering all manner of general-interest topics such as DIY (Do-It-Yourself), medicine, cooking recipes, arts, and sciences. Find out more at http://www.yahoo.com.
13. J.E. Laird, A. Newell, and P. S. Rosenbloom, "Soar: An Architecture for General Intelligence," Artificial Intelligence 33, 1-64 (1987).
14. We are indebted to S. E. Fahlman of IBM and Carnegie Mellon University (http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/̃sef/) for contributions to the sections on KR/KA and machine reasoning.
15. The Cyc knowledge base is an extensive knowledge base and inference engine system, with a core of over 1000 000 hand-entered assertions (or "rules") designed to capture a large portion of what we consider knowledge about the world. The effort was pioneered by Doug Lenat in 1984. For more information, see the Cycorp, Inc. Web site at http:// www.cyc.com/.
16. See the Linguistic Data Consortium page at the University of Pennsylvania, http://www.ldc.upenn.edu/.
17. See http://www.darpa.mil/ipto/research/com/index.html.
18. S. E. Fahlman, NETL: A System for Representing Real World Knowledge, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (1979).