메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 36, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 1-11

An evaluation of the relative potential public health concern for the self-defense spray active ingredients oleoresin capsicum, o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile, and 2-chloroacetophenone

Author keywords

2 chloroacetophenone; Capsaicin; Capsaicinoids; Mace; Malononitrile; o chlorobenzylidene; Oleoresin capsicum; Self defense spray; Tear gas

Indexed keywords

2 CHLOROBENZYLIDENEMALONONITRILE; PHENACYL CHLORIDE; RESIN;

EID: 0036974389     PISSN: 02732300     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/rtph.2002.1569     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (15)

References (117)
  • 1
    • 0013900357 scopus 로고
    • Tear-gas injuries. A clinical study of hand injuries and an experimental study of its effects on peripheral nerves and skeletal muscles in rabbits
    • Adams, J. P., Fee, N., and Kenmore, P. I. (1966). Tear-gas injuries. A clinical study of hand injuries and an experimental study of its effects on peripheral nerves and skeletal muscles in rabbits. J. Bone Joint Surg. 48-A, 436-442.
    • (1966) J. Bone Joint Surg , vol.48 A , pp. 436-442
    • Adams, J.P.1    Fee, N.2    Kenmore, P.I.3
  • 2
    • 0029886834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute effects of the potent lacrimator o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) tear gas
    • Anderson, P. J., Lau, G. S., Taylor, W. R., and Critchley, J. A. (1996). Acute effects of the potent lacrimator o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) tear gas. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 15, 461-465.
    • (1996) Hum. Exp. Toxicol. , vol.15 , pp. 461-465
    • Anderson, P.J.1    Lau, G.S.2    Taylor, W.R.3    Critchley, J.A.4
  • 3
    • 0028890761 scopus 로고
    • Mutagenicity and antimutagenicity testing of six chemicals associated with the pungent properties of specific spices as revealed by the Ames Salmonella/microsomal assay
    • Azizan, A., and Blevins, R. D. (1995). Mutagenicity and antimutagenicity testing of six chemicals associated with the pungent properties of specific spices as revealed by the Ames Salmonella/microsomal assay. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 28, 248-258.
    • (1995) Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , vol.28 , pp. 248-258
    • Azizan, A.1    Blevins, R.D.2
  • 4
    • 0018097024 scopus 로고
    • The comparative acute mammalian toxicity of 1-chloroacetophenone (CN) and 2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile
    • Ballantyne, B., and Swanston, D. W. (1978). The comparative acute mammalian toxicity of 1-chloroacetophenone (CN) and 2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile. Arch. Toxicol. 40, 75-95.
    • (1978) Arch. Toxicol. , vol.40 , pp. 75-95
    • Ballantyne, B.1    Swanston, D.W.2
  • 5
    • 0026728670 scopus 로고
    • Clastogenicity of 2-chlorobenzylidene malonitrile (CS) in V79 Chinese hamster cells
    • Bauchinger, M., and Schmid, E. (1992). Clastogenicity of 2-chlorobenzylidene malonitrile (CS) in V79 Chinese hamster cells. Mutat. Res. 282, 231-4.
    • (1992) Mutat. Res. , vol.282 , pp. 231-234
    • Bauchinger, M.1    Schmid, E.2
  • 9
    • 0019972767 scopus 로고
    • Influence of neonatally administered capsaicin on baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes in the adult rat
    • Bond, S. M., Cervero, F., and McQueen, D. S. (1982). Influence of neonatally administered capsaicin on baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes in the adult rat. Br. J. Pharmacol. 77, 517-524.
    • (1982) Br. J. Pharmacol. , vol.77 , pp. 517-524
    • Bond, S.M.1    Cervero, F.2    McQueen, D.S.3
  • 10
    • 0029866290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensory denervation by neonatal capsaicin treatment exacerbates Mycoplasma pulmonis infection in rat airways
    • Bowden, J. J., Baluk, P., Lefevre, P. M., Schoeb, T. R., Lindsey R., and McDonald, D. M. (1996). Sensory denervation by neonatal capsaicin treatment exacerbates Mycoplasma pulmonis infection in rat airways. Am. J. Physiol. 270, L393-L403.
    • (1996) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.270
    • Bowden, J.J.1    Baluk, P.2    Lefevre, P.M.3    Schoeb, T.R.4    Lindsey, R.5    McDonald, D.M.6
  • 11
    • 0026512140 scopus 로고
    • Capsaicin-induced bronchoconstriction in the guinea-pig: Contribution of vagal cholinergic reflexes, local axon reflexes and their modulation by BW443C81
    • Buchan, P., and Adcock, J. J. (1992). Capsaicin-induced bronchoconstriction in the guinea-pig: Contribution of vagal cholinergic reflexes, local axon reflexes and their modulation by BW443C81. Br. J. Pharmacol. 105, 448-452.
    • (1992) Br. J. Pharmacol. , vol.105 , pp. 448-452
    • Buchan, P.1    Adcock, J.J.2
  • 12
    • 84985260994 scopus 로고
    • Examination of chili pepper and nutmeg oleoresins using the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenic assay
    • Buchanan, R. L., Goldstein, S., and Budroe, J. D. (1981). Examination of chili pepper and nutmeg oleoresins using the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenic assay. J. Food Sci. 47, 330-331.
    • (1981) J. Food Sci. , vol.47 , pp. 330-331
    • Buchanan, R.L.1    Goldstein, S.2    Budroe, J.D.3
  • 13
    • 0032411680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxicological evaluation of pepper spray as a possible weapon for the Dutch police force: Risk assessment and efficacy
    • Busker, R. W., and van Helden, H. P. (1998). Toxicological evaluation of pepper spray as a possible weapon for the Dutch police force: Risk assessment and efficacy. Am. J. Forens. Med. Pathol. 19, 309-316.
    • (1998) Am. J. Forens. Med. Pathol. , vol.19 , pp. 309-316
    • Busker, R.W.1    Van Helden, H.P.2
  • 15
    • 0024321073 scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity of the human cough reflex: Effect of inflammatory mediators prostaglandin E, bradykinin and histamine
    • Choudry, N. B., Fuller, R. W., and Pride, N. B. (1989) Sensitivity of the human cough reflex: Effect of inflammatory mediators prostaglandin E, bradykinin and histamine. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 140, 137-141.
    • (1989) Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , vol.140 , pp. 137-141
    • Choudry, N.B.1    Fuller, R.W.2    Pride, N.B.3
  • 16
    • 0015385272 scopus 로고
    • Sensitization of guinea pigs to alpha-chloroacetophenone (CN) and ortho-chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile (CS), tear gas chemicals
    • Chung, C. W., and Giles, A. L. (1972). Sensitization of guinea pigs to alpha-chloroacetophenone (CN) and ortho-chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile (CS), tear gas chemicals. J. Immunol. 109, 284-293.
    • (1972) J. Immunol. , vol.109 , pp. 284-293
    • Chung, C.W.1    Giles, A.L.2
  • 17
    • 0017664220 scopus 로고
    • Ventilation, cardiac frequency and pattern of breathing during exercise in men exposed to o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) and ammonia gas in low concentrations
    • Cole, T. J., Cotes, J. E., Johnson, G. R., Martin, H. DE V., Reed, J. W., and Saunders, M. J. (1977). Ventilation, cardiac frequency and pattern of breathing during exercise in men exposed to o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) and ammonia gas in low concentrations. Qu. J. Exper. Physiol. 62, 341-351.
    • (1977) Qu. J. Exper. Physiol. , vol.62 , pp. 341-351
    • Cole, T.J.1    Cotes, J.E.2    Johnson, G.R.3    Martin, H.DeV.4    Reed, J.W.5    Saunders, M.J.6
  • 18
    • 0016756376 scopus 로고
    • Ultrastructure of rat lungs following exposure to o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS)
    • Colgrave, H. F., and Creasey, J. M. (1975). Ultrastructure of rat lungs following exposure to o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS). Med. Sci. Law 15, 187-197.
    • (1975) Med. Sci. Law , vol.15 , pp. 187-197
    • Colgrave, H.F.1    Creasey, J.M.2
  • 19
    • 0021344458 scopus 로고
    • Capsaicin inhalation in man and the effects of sodium cromoglycate
    • Collier, J. G., and Fuller, R. W. (1984). Capsaicin inhalation in man and the effects of sodium cromoglycate. Br. J. Pharmacol. 81, 113-117.
    • (1984) Br. J. Pharmacol. , vol.81 , pp. 113-117
    • Collier, J.G.1    Fuller, R.W.2
  • 20
    • 0021885410 scopus 로고
    • In vitro mutagenicity tests on capsicum pepper, shallot and nutmeg oleoresins
    • cited in Surh and Lee (1995)
    • Damhoeri, A., Hosono, A., Itoh, T., and Matsuyama, A. (1985). In vitro mutagenicity tests on capsicum pepper, shallot and nutmeg oleoresins. Agric. Biol. Chem. 49, 1519-1520, cited in Surh and Lee (1995).
    • (1985) Agric. Biol. Chem. , vol.49 , pp. 1519-1520
    • Damhoeri, A.1    Hosono, A.2    Itoh, T.3    Matsuyama, A.4
  • 22
    • 0035964442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of oleoresin capsicum (OC) and ortho-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) on ciliary beat frequency
    • Delamanche, S., Desforges, P., Mario, S., Fuche, C., and Calvet, J.-H. (2001). Effect of oleoresin capsicum (OC) and ortho-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) on ciliary beat frequency. Toxicology 165, 79-85.
    • (2001) Toxicology , vol.165 , pp. 79-85
    • Delamanche, S.1    Desforges, P.2    Mario, S.3    Fuche, C.4    Calvet, J.-H.5
  • 23
    • 0025073928 scopus 로고
    • Absorption and metabolism of capsaicinoids following intragastric administration in rats
    • Donnerer, J., Amann, R., Schuligoi, R., and Lembeck, F. (1990). Absorption and metabolism of capsaicinoids following intragastric administration in rats. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 342, 357-361.
    • (1990) Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. , vol.342 , pp. 357-361
    • Donnerer, J.1    Amann, R.2    Schuligoi, R.3    Lembeck, F.4
  • 25
    • 0017059351 scopus 로고
    • Contact allergy to mace
    • Frazier, C. A. (1976). Contact allergy to mace. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 236, 2526.
    • (1976) J. Am. Med. Assoc. , vol.236 , pp. 2526
    • Frazier, C.A.1
  • 26
    • 0021239239 scopus 로고
    • Capsaicin-induced neuroparalytic keratitis-like corneal changes in the mouse
    • Fujita, S., Shimizu, T., Izumi, K., Fukuda, T., Sameshima, M., and Ohba, N. (1984). Capsaicin-induced neuroparalytic keratitis-like corneal changes in the mouse. Exp. Eye Res. 38, 165-175.
    • (1984) Exp. Eye Res. , vol.38 , pp. 165-175
    • Fujita, S.1    Shimizu, T.2    Izumi, K.3    Fukuda, T.4    Sameshima, M.5    Ohba, N.6
  • 27
    • 0021869371 scopus 로고
    • Bronchoconstrictor response to inhaled capsaicin in humans
    • Fuller, R. W., Dixon, C. M. S., and Barnes, P. J. (1985). Bronchoconstrictor response to inhaled capsaicin in humans. J. Appl. Physiol. 58, 1080-1084.
    • (1985) J. Appl. Physiol. , vol.58 , pp. 1080-1084
    • Fuller, R.W.1    Dixon, C.M.S.2    Barnes, P.J.3
  • 28
    • 0021923897 scopus 로고
    • Development of a standard protocol for in vitro cytogenic testing with chinese hamster ovary cells: Comparison of results for 22 compounds in two laboratories
    • Galloway, S. M., Bloom, A. D., Resnick, M., Margolin, B. H., Nakamura, F., Archer, P., and Zeiger, E. (1985). Development of a standard protocol for in vitro cytogenic testing with chinese hamster ovary cells: Comparison of results for 22 compounds in two laboratories. Environ. Mutagen. 7, 1-51.
    • (1985) Environ. Mutagen. , vol.7 , pp. 1-51
    • Galloway, S.M.1    Bloom, A.D.2    Resnick, M.3    Margolin, B.H.4    Nakamura, F.5    Archer, P.6    Zeiger, E.7
  • 33
    • 0022439505 scopus 로고
    • Capsicum - Production, technology, chemistry, and quality. Part III. Chemistry of the color, aroma, and pungency stimuli
    • Govindarajan, V. S. (1987). Capsicum - Production, technology, chemistry, and quality. Part III. Chemistry of the color, aroma, and pungency stimuli. CRC Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 24, 245-355.
    • (1987) CRC Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. , vol.24 , pp. 245-355
    • Govindarajan, V.S.1
  • 34
    • 0025985683 scopus 로고
    • Capsicum - Production, technology, chemistry, and quality. Part V. Impact on physiology, pharmacology, nutrition, and metabolism; structure, pungency, pain, and desensitization sequences
    • Govindarajan, V. S., and Sathyanarayana, M. N. (1991). Capsicum - Production, technology, chemistry, and quality. Part V. Impact on physiology, pharmacology, nutrition, and metabolism; structure, pungency, pain, and desensitization sequences. CRC Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 29, 435-474.
    • (1991) CRC Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. , vol.29 , pp. 435-474
    • Govindarajan, V.S.1    Sathyanarayana, M.N.2
  • 35
    • 0027302396 scopus 로고
    • The sensory response to capsaicin during repeated topical exposures: Differential effects on sensations of itching and pungency
    • Green, B. G., and Shaffer, G. S. (1993). The sensory response to capsaicin during repeated topical exposures: Differential effects on sensations of itching and pungency. Pain 53, 323-334.
    • (1993) Pain , vol.53 , pp. 323-334
    • Green, B.G.1    Shaffer, G.S.2
  • 36
    • 0027453296 scopus 로고
    • Sweet's syndrome with an exogenous cause
    • Greer, J. M., Rosen, T., and Tschen, J. A. (1993). Sweet's syndrome with an exogenous cause. Cutis 51, 112-114.
    • (1993) Cutis , vol.51 , pp. 112-114
    • Greer, J.M.1    Rosen, T.2    Tschen, J.A.3
  • 37
    • 0028900825 scopus 로고
    • Effects of topical capsaicin in seasonal allergic rhinitis
    • Greiff, L., Svensson, C., Andersson, M., and Persson, C. G. A. (1995). Effects of topical capsaicin in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Thorax 50, 225-229.
    • (1995) Thorax , vol.50 , pp. 225-229
    • Greiff, L.1    Svensson, C.2    Andersson, M.3    Persson, C.G.A.4
  • 39
    • 0023621570 scopus 로고
    • The effect of substance P on the regional lymph node antibody response to antigenic stimulation in capsaicin-pretreated rats
    • Helme, R. D., Eglezos, A., Dandie, G. W., Andrews, P. V., and Boyd, R. L. (1987). The effect of substance P on the regional lymph node antibody response to antigenic stimulation in capsaicin-pretreated rats. J. Immunol. 139, 3470-3473.
    • (1987) J. Immunol. , vol.139 , pp. 3470-3473
    • Helme, R.D.1    Eglezos, A.2    Dandie, G.W.3    Andrews, P.V.4    Boyd, R.L.5
  • 40
    • 0033866650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Medical hazards of the tear gas CS. A case of persistent, multisystem, hypersensitivity reaction and review of the literature
    • Hill, A. R., Silverberg, N. B., Mayorga, D., and Baldwin, H. E. (2000). Medical hazards of the tear gas CS. A case of persistent, multisystem, hypersensitivity reaction and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 79, 234-240.
    • (2000) Medicine (Baltimore) , vol.79 , pp. 234-240
    • Hill, A.R.1    Silverberg, N.B.2    Mayorga, D.3    Baldwin, H.E.4
  • 42
    • 0001520473 scopus 로고
    • Capsaicin: Selective toxicity for thin primary sensory neurons
    • H. Herken and F. Hucho, Eds. Springer-Verlag, Berlin
    • Holzer, P. (1992). Capsaicin: Selective toxicity for thin primary sensory neurons. In Selective Neurotoxicity (H. Herken and F. Hucho, Eds.), pp.419-481. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
    • (1992) Selective Neurotoxicity , pp. 419-481
    • Holzer, P.1
  • 44
    • 0021932668 scopus 로고
    • In vivo and in vitro metabolism of dihydrocapsaicin, a pungent principle of hot pepper, in rats
    • Kawada, T., and Iwai, K. (1985). In vivo and in vitro metabolism of dihydrocapsaicin, a pungent principle of hot pepper, in rats. Agric. Biol. Chem. 49, 441-448.
    • (1985) Agric. Biol. Chem. , vol.49 , pp. 441-448
    • Kawada, T.1    Iwai, K.2
  • 45
    • 0021351360 scopus 로고
    • Gastrointestinal absorption and metabolism of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin in rats
    • Kawada, T., Suzuki, T., Takahashi, M., and Iwai, K. (1984). Gastrointestinal absorption and metabolism of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin in rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 72, 449-456.
    • (1984) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , vol.72 , pp. 449-456
    • Kawada, T.1    Suzuki, T.2    Takahashi, M.3    Iwai, K.4
  • 47
    • 0028072403 scopus 로고
    • Toxicological evaluation of 1-chloroacetophenone and dibenz[b,f]-1,4-oxazepine after repeated inhalation exposure in mice
    • Kumar, P., Flora, S. J. S., Pant, S. C., Sachan, A. S., Saxena, S. P., and Das Gupta, S. (1994). Toxicological evaluation of 1-chloroacetophenone and dibenz[b,f]-1,4-oxazepine after repeated inhalation exposure in mice. J. Appl. Toxicol. 14, 411-416.
    • (1994) J. Appl. Toxicol. , vol.14 , pp. 411-416
    • Kumar, P.1    Flora, S.J.S.2    Pant, S.C.3    Sachan, A.S.4    Saxena, S.P.5    Das Gupta, S.6
  • 48
    • 0029000002 scopus 로고
    • Effect of inhaled aerosol of 1-chloroacetophenone (CN) and dibenz (b,f)-1,4 oxazepine (CR) on lung mechanics and pulmonary surfactants in rats
    • Kumar, P., Vijayaraghavan, R. Pant, S. C., Sachan, A. S., and Malhotra, R. C. (1995). Effect of inhaled aerosol of 1-chloroacetophenone (CN) and dibenz (b,f)-1,4 oxazepine (CR) on lung mechanics and pulmonary surfactants in rats. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 14, 404-409.
    • (1995) Hum. Exp. Toxicol. , vol.14 , pp. 404-409
    • Kumar, P.1    Vijayaraghavan, R.2    Pant, S.C.3    Sachan, A.S.4    Malhotra, R.C.5
  • 49
    • 0028805448 scopus 로고
    • Capsazepine inhibits cough induced by capsaicin and citric acid but not by hypertonic saline in guinea pigs
    • Lalloo, U. G., Fox, A. J., Belvisi, M. G., Chung, K. F., and Barnes, P. J. (1995). Capsazepine inhibits cough induced by capsaicin and citric acid but not by hypertonic saline in guinea pigs. J. Appl. Physiol. 79, 1082-1087.
    • (1995) J. Appl. Physiol. , vol.79 , pp. 1082-1087
    • Lalloo, U.G.1    Fox, A.J.2    Belvisi, M.G.3    Chung, K.F.4    Barnes, P.J.5
  • 50
    • 0027327930 scopus 로고
    • Respiratory function in chili grinders
    • Lankatilake, K. N., and Uragoda, C. G. (1993). Respiratory function in chili grinders. Occup. Med. 43, 139-142.
    • (1993) Occup. Med. , vol.43 , pp. 139-142
    • Lankatilake, K.N.1    Uragoda, C.G.2
  • 51
    • 0024472104 scopus 로고
    • The mutagenicity of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin in V79 cells
    • Lawson, T., and Gannett, P. (1989). The mutagenicity of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin in V79 cells. Cancer Lett. 48, 109-113.
    • (1989) Cancer Lett. , vol.48 , pp. 109-113
    • Lawson, T.1    Gannett, P.2
  • 52
    • 0024566395 scopus 로고
    • Allergic contact dermatitis from chloroacetophenone (tear gas)
    • Leenutaphong, V., and Goerz, G. (1989). Allergic contact dermatitis from chloroacetophenone (tear gas). Contact Dermat. 20, 316.
    • (1989) Contact Dermat. , vol.20 , pp. 316
    • Leenutaphong, V.1    Goerz, G.2
  • 54
    • 0026757244 scopus 로고
    • 1991 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers National Data Collection System
    • Litovitz, T. L., Holm, K. C., Bailey, K. M., and Schmitz, B. F. (1992). 1991 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers National Data Collection System. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 10, 452.
    • (1992) Am. J. Emerg. Med. , vol.10 , pp. 452
    • Litovitz, T.L.1    Holm, K.C.2    Bailey, K.M.3    Schmitz, B.F.4
  • 55
    • 0027181122 scopus 로고
    • 1992 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System
    • Litovitz, T. L., Holm, K. C., Clancy, C., Schmitz, B .F., Clark. L. R., and Odera, G.M. (1993). 1992 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 11, 494.
    • (1993) Am. J. Emerg. Med. , vol.11 , pp. 494
    • Litovitz, T.L.1    Holm, K.C.2    Clancy, C.3    Schmitz, B.F.4    Clark, L.R.5    Odera, G.M.6
  • 56
    • 0027980904 scopus 로고
    • 1993 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System
    • Litovitz, T. L., Clark, L. R., and Soloway, R. A. (1994). 1993 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 12, 546.
    • (1994) Am. J. Emerg. Med. , vol.12 , pp. 546
    • Litovitz, T.L.1    Clark, L.R.2    Soloway, R.A.3
  • 57
    • 0029166963 scopus 로고
    • 1994 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System
    • Litovitz, T. L., Felberg, L., Soloway, R. A., Ford, M., and Geller, R. (1995). 1994 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 13, 551.
    • (1995) Am. J. Emerg. Med. , vol.13 , pp. 551
    • Litovitz, T.L.1    Felberg, L.2    Soloway, R.A.3    Ford, M.4    Geller, R.5
  • 58
    • 0029742111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1995 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System
    • Litovitz, T. L., Felberg, L., White, S., and Klein-Schwartz, W. (1996). 1995 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 14, 487.
    • (1996) Am. J. Emerg. Med. , vol.14 , pp. 487
    • Litovitz, T.L.1    Felberg, L.2    White, S.3    Klein-Schwartz, W.4
  • 59
    • 0030793658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1996 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System
    • Litovitz, T. L., Smilkstein, M., Felberg, L., Klein-Schwartz, W., Berlin, R., and Morgan, J. L. (1997). 1996 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 15, 447.
    • (1997) Am. J. Emerg. Med. , vol.15 , pp. 447
    • Litovitz, T.L.1    Smilkstein, M.2    Felberg, L.3    Klein-Schwartz, W.4    Berlin, R.5    Morgan, J.L.6
  • 60
    • 0031904834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1997 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System
    • Litovitz, T. L., Klein-Schwartz, W., Dyer, K. S., Shannon, M., Lee, S., and Powers, M. (1998). 1997 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 16, 443.
    • (1998) Am. J. Emerg. Med. , vol.16 , pp. 443
    • Litovitz, T.L.1    Klein-Schwartz, W.2    Dyer, K.S.3    Shannon, M.4    Lee, S.5    Powers, M.6
  • 61
    • 0032822979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1998 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System
    • Litovitz, T. L., Klein-Schwartz, Caravati, E. M., Youniss, J., Crouch, B., and Lee, S. (1999). 1998 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 17, 435.
    • (1999) Am. J. Emerg. Med. , vol.17 , pp. 435
    • Litovitz, T.L.1    Klein-Schwartz2    Caravati, E.M.3    Youniss, J.4    Crouch, B.5    Lee, S.6
  • 62
  • 64
    • 0012939996 scopus 로고
    • Oleoresin capsicum in gas warfare (toxicological characteristics)
    • Loktionov, S. I., and Mukovsky, L. A. (1995). Oleoresin capsicum in gas warfare (toxicological characteristics). Toksikol. Vestn. 2, 14-16.
    • (1995) Toksikol. Vestn. , vol.2 , pp. 14-16
    • Loktionov, S.I.1    Mukovsky, L.A.2
  • 66
    • 0025903504 scopus 로고
    • Beneficial effects of intranasal applications of capsaicin in patients with vasomotor rhinitis
    • Marabini, S., Ciabatti, P. G., Polli, G., Fusco, B. M., and Geppetti, P. (1991). Beneficial effects of intranasal applications of capsaicin in patients with vasomotor rhinitis. Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol. 248, 191-194.
    • (1991) Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol. , vol.248 , pp. 191-194
    • Marabini, S.1    Ciabatti, P.G.2    Polli, G.3    Fusco, B.M.4    Geppetti, P.5
  • 68
    • 0023873563 scopus 로고
    • Responses of the L5178Ytk+/tk- mouse lymphoma cell forward mutation assay. II. 18 Coded chemicals
    • McGregor, D. B., Brown, A., Cattanach, P., Edwards, I., McBride, D., and Caspary. W. J. (1988). Responses of the L5178Ytk+/tk- mouse lymphoma cell forward mutation assay. II. 18 coded chemicals. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 11, 91-118.
    • (1988) Environ. Mol. Mutagen. , vol.11 , pp. 91-118
    • McGregor, D.B.1    Brown, A.2    Cattanach, P.3    Edwards, I.4    McBride, D.5    Caspary, W.J.6
  • 69
    • 0026639898 scopus 로고
    • Mutagenicity evaluation of riot control agent o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) in the Ames Salmonella/microsome test
    • Meshram, G. P., Malini, R. P., and Rao. K. M. (1992). Mutagenicity evaluation of riot control agent o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) in the Ames Salmonella/microsome test. J. Appl. Toxicol. 12, 377-384.
    • (1992) J. Appl. Toxicol. , vol.12 , pp. 377-384
    • Meshram, G.P.1    Malini, R.P.2    Rao, K.M.3
  • 71
    • 0024206917 scopus 로고
    • Non-mutagenicity of capsaicin in albino mice
    • Muralidhara, and Narasimhamurthy, K. (1988). Non-mutagenicity of capsaicin in albino mice. Food. Chem. Toxicol 26, 955-958.
    • (1988) Food. Chem. Toxicol. , vol.26 , pp. 955-958
    • Muralidhara1    Narasimhamurthy, K.2
  • 72
    • 0022375057 scopus 로고
    • Mutagenicity of chili extract and capsaicin in short-term tests
    • Nagabhushan, M., and Bhide, S. V. (1985). Mutagenicity of chili extract and capsaicin in short-term tests. Env. Mutagen. 7, 881-888.
    • (1985) Env. Mutagen. , vol.7 , pp. 881-888
    • Nagabhushan, M.1    Bhide, S.V.2
  • 73
    • 85031242206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I.D. No. HLT-08-97-00009-P. New York State Register (February 26, 1997)
    • New York State Department of Health (1997a). Rule Making Activities. Proposed Rule Making. Self-Defense Spray Devices, I.D. No. HLT-08-97-00009-P, pp. 15-19. New York State Register (February 26, 1997).
    • (1997) Rule Making Activities. Proposed Rule Making. Self-Defense Spray Devices , pp. 15-19
  • 74
    • 85031241346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I.D. No. HLT-08-97-00009-A. New York State Register (May 21, 1997)
    • New York State Department of Health. (1997b). Rule Making Activities. Notice of Adoption. Self-Defense Spray Devices, I.D. No. HLT-08-97-00009-A, pp. 14-15. New York State Register (May 21, 1997).
    • (1997) Rule Making Activities. Notice of Adoption. Self-Defense Spray Devices , pp. 14-15
  • 77
    • 0034793667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Riot control agenst: Pharmacology, toxicology, biochemistry and chemistry
    • Olajos, E. J., and Salem, H. (2001). Riot control agenst: Pharmacology, toxicology, biochemistry and chemistry. J. Appl. Toxicol. 21, 355-391.
    • (2001) J. Appl. Toxicol. , vol.21 , pp. 355-391
    • Olajos, E.J.1    Salem, H.2
  • 78
    • 0027793508 scopus 로고
    • Time dependent histomorphological assessment of lung damage induced by inhaled dibenz (b,f)-1-4-oxazepine (CR) and 1-chloroacetophenone (CN) in rats
    • Pant, S. C., and Kumar, P. (1993). Time dependent histomorphological assessment of lung damage induced by inhaled dibenz (b,f)-1-4-oxazepine (CR) and 1-chloroacetophenone (CN) in rats. Funct. Dev. Morphol. 3, 181-184.
    • (1993) Funct. Dev. Morphol. , vol.3 , pp. 181-184
    • Pant, S.C.1    Kumar, P.2
  • 79
    • 0014971760 scopus 로고
    • Contact dermatitis to chloroacetophenone
    • Penneys, N. S. (1971). Contact dermatitis to chloroacetophenone. Fed. Proc. 30, 96-99.
    • (1971) Fed. Proc. , vol.30 , pp. 96-99
    • Penneys, N.S.1
  • 80
    • 0014686827 scopus 로고
    • Contact dermatitis due to 1-choroacetophenone and chemical mace
    • Penneys, N. S., Isreal, R. M., and Indgin, S. M. (1969). Contact dermatitis due to 1-choroacetophenone and chemical mace. N. Engl. J. Med. 281, 413-415.
    • (1969) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.281 , pp. 413-415
    • Penneys, N.S.1    Isreal, R.M.2    Indgin, S.M.3
  • 81
    • 0000012188 scopus 로고
    • Inhalation studies with chloroacetophenone, diphenylaminochloroarsine, and pelargonic morpholide. I. Animal exposures
    • Punte, C. L., Ballard, T. A., and Weimer, J. T. (1962a). Inhalation studies with chloroacetophenone, diphenylaminochloroarsine, and pelargonic morpholide. I. Animal Exposures. Am. Indust. Hyg. Assoc. J. 23, 194-198.
    • (1962) Am. Indust. Hyg. Assoc. J. , vol.23 , pp. 194-198
    • Punte, C.L.1    Ballard, T.A.2    Weimer, J.T.3
  • 82
    • 0000012189 scopus 로고
    • Inhalation studies with chloracetophenone, diphenylaminochloroarsine and pelargonic morpholide. II. Human exposures
    • Punte, C. L., Gutentag, P. J., Owens, E. J., and Gongwer. L. E. (1962b). Inhalation studies with chloracetophenone, diphenylaminochloroarsine and pelargonic morpholide. II. Human exposures. Am. Indust. Hyg. Assoc. J. 23, 199-202.
    • (1962) Am. Indust. Hyg. Assoc. J. , vol.23 , pp. 199-202
    • Punte, C.L.1    Gutentag, P.J.2    Owens, E.J.3    Gongwer, L.E.4
  • 84
    • 0001727534 scopus 로고
    • Exposures to ortho-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile. Controlled human exposures
    • Punte, C. L., Owens, E. J., and Gutentag. P. J. (1963). Exposures to ortho-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile. Controlled human exposures. Arch. Environ. Health 6, 366-374.
    • (1963) Arch. Environ. Health , vol.6 , pp. 366-374
    • Punte, C.L.1    Owens, E.J.2    Gutentag, P.J.3
  • 85
    • 0028784366 scopus 로고
    • Erythema-mulitforme-like contact dermatitis due to capsicum
    • Raccagni, A. A., Bardazzi, F., Baldari, U., and Righini, M. G. (1995). Erythema-mulitforme-like contact dermatitis due to capsicum. Contact Dermat. 33, 353-354.
    • (1995) Contact Dermat. , vol.33 , pp. 353-354
    • Raccagni, A.A.1    Bardazzi, F.2    Baldari, U.3    Righini, M.G.4
  • 86
    • 0020515842 scopus 로고
    • 2-Chlorobenzylmercapturic acid, a metabolite of the riot control agent 2-chlorobenzylidene malononi-trile (CS) in the rat
    • Rietveld, E. C., Delbressine, L. P. C., Waegemaekers, T. H. J. M., and Seutter-Berlage, F. (1983). 2-Chlorobenzylmercapturic acid, a metabolite of the riot control agent 2-chlorobenzylidene malononi-trile (CS) in the rat. Arch. Toxicol. 54, 139-144.
    • (1983) Arch. Toxicol. , vol.54 , pp. 139-144
    • Rietveld, E.C.1    Delbressine, L.P.C.2    Waegemaekers, T.H.J.M.3    Seutter-Berlage, F.4
  • 87
    • 0025368952 scopus 로고
    • Capsaicin-induced neuronal degeneration in the brain and retina of preweanling rats
    • Ritter, S., and Dinh, T. T. (1990). Capsaicin-induced neuronal degeneration in the brain and retina of preweanling rats. J. Comp. Neurol. 266, 447-461.
    • (1990) J. Comp. Neurol. , vol.266 , pp. 447-461
    • Ritter, S.1    Dinh, T.T.2
  • 88
    • 0026581945 scopus 로고
    • Age-related changes in capsaicin-induced degeneration in rat brain
    • Ritter, S., and Dinh, T. T. (1992). Age-related changes in capsaicin-induced degeneration in rat brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 318, 103-116.
    • (1992) J. Comp. Neurol. , vol.318 , pp. 103-116
    • Ritter, S.1    Dinh, T.T.2
  • 89
    • 0026211392 scopus 로고
    • Tear gas dermatitis. Allergic contact sensitization due to CS
    • Ro, Y. S., and Lee, C. W. (1991). Tear gas dermatitis. Allergic contact sensitization due to CS. Int. J. Dermatol. 30, 576-577.
    • (1991) Int. J. Dermatol. , vol.30 , pp. 576-577
    • Ro, Y.S.1    Lee, C.W.2
  • 90
    • 0028958275 scopus 로고
    • Nasal response to capsaicin in patients with allergic rhinitis and in health volunteers: Effect of colchicine
    • Roche, N., Lurie, A., Authier, S., and Dusser, D. J. (1995). Nasal response to capsaicin in patients with allergic rhinitis and in health volunteers: Effect of colchicine. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 151, 1151-1158.
    • (1995) Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , vol.151 , pp. 1151-1158
    • Roche, N.1    Lurie, A.2    Authier, S.3    Dusser, D.J.4
  • 91
    • 0024339270 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy with topical capsaicin
    • Ross, D. R., and Varipapa, R. J. (1989). Treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy with topical capsaicin. N. Engl. J. Med. 321, 474-475.
    • (1989) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.321 , pp. 474-475
    • Ross, D.R.1    Varipapa, R.J.2
  • 92
    • 0014810327 scopus 로고
    • Skin sensitization of the riot control agents BBC, DM, CN and CS in guinea pigs
    • Rothberg, S. (1970). Skin sensitization of the riot control agents BBC, DM, CN and CS in guinea pigs. Military Med. 135, 552.
    • (1970) Military Med. , vol.135 , pp. 552
    • Rothberg, S.1
  • 93
    • 0012986565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On-line database. Partial citation (1970)
    • RTECS (Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances) (1996a). On-line database. Partial citation (1970). Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 17, 295.
    • (1996) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , vol.17 , pp. 295
  • 94
    • 85031252673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Technical Information Service (AD837-111)
    • RTECS (Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances) (1996b). On-line database. Partial citation. National Technical Information Service (AD837-111).
    • (1996) On-line Database. Partial Citation
  • 95
    • 0012934174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On-line database. Partial citation (1981)
    • RTECS (Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances) (1996c). On-line database. Partial citation (1981). Yakhak Hoeji 25, 101.
    • (1996) Yakhak Hoeji , vol.25 , pp. 101
  • 96
    • 0029799076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute oral toxicity of capsaicin in mice and rats
    • Saito, A., and Yamamoto, M. (1996). Acute oral toxicity of capsaicin in mice and rats. J. Toxicol. Sci. 21, 195-200.
    • (1996) J. Toxicol. Sci. , vol.21 , pp. 195-200
    • Saito, A.1    Yamamoto, M.2
  • 97
    • 0030688054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dose-dependent effects of capsaicin nasal challenge: In vivo evidence of human airway neurogenic inflammation
    • Sanico, A. M., Atsuta, S., Proud, D., and Togias, A. (1997). Dose-dependent effects of capsaicin nasal challenge: In vivo evidence of human airway neurogenic inflammation. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 100, 632-641.
    • (1997) J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. , vol.100 , pp. 632-641
    • Sanico, A.M.1    Atsuta, S.2    Proud, D.3    Togias, A.4
  • 98
    • 0026177267 scopus 로고
    • Plasma cell gingivitis of unusual origin. A case report
    • Serio, F. G., Siegel, M. A., and Slade, B. E. (1991). Plasma cell gingivitis of unusual origin. A case report. J. Periodontol. 62, 390-393.
    • (1991) J. Periodontol. , vol.62 , pp. 390-393
    • Serio, F.G.1    Siegel, M.A.2    Slade, B.E.3
  • 101
    • 0015577405 scopus 로고
    • Industrial contact dermatitis
    • Shmunes, E., and Taylor, J. S. (1973). Industrial contact dermatitis. Arch. Dermatol. 107, 212-216.
    • (1973) Arch. Dermatol. , vol.107 , pp. 212-216
    • Shmunes, E.1    Taylor, J.S.2
  • 102
    • 0028094710 scopus 로고
    • Capsaicin increases the frequency of cryptorchidism in flutamide-treated rats
    • Shono, T., and Hutson, J. M. (1994). Capsaicin increases the frequency of cryptorchidism in flutamide-treated rats. J. Urol. 152, 763-765.
    • (1994) J. Urol. , vol.152 , pp. 763-765
    • Shono, T.1    Hutson, J.M.2
  • 105
    • 0024578544 scopus 로고
    • Capsaicin and nicotine-sensitive afferent neurones and nasal secretion in healthy human volunteers and in patients with vasomotor rhinitis
    • Stjarne, P., Lundblad, L., Lundberg, J. M., and Anggard, A. (1989). Capsaicin and nicotine-sensitive afferent neurones and nasal secretion in healthy human volunteers and in patients with vasomotor rhinitis. Br. J. Pharmacol. 96, 694-701.
    • (1989) Br. J. Pharmacol. , vol.96 , pp. 694-701
    • Stjarne, P.1    Lundblad, L.2    Lundberg, J.M.3    Anggard, A.4
  • 106
    • 0021424057 scopus 로고
    • Tumorigenicity and mutagenicity studies with capsaicin of hot peppers
    • Toth, B., Rogan, E., and Walker, B. (1984). Tumorigenicity and mutagenicity studies with capsaicin of hot peppers. Anticancer Res. 4, 117-120.
    • (1984) Anticancer Res. , vol.4 , pp. 117-120
    • Toth, B.1    Rogan, E.2    Walker, B.3
  • 107
    • 0015535467 scopus 로고
    • Effects of o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) and the stress of aerosol inhalation upon rat and rabbit embryonic development
    • Upshall, D. G. (1973). Effects of o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) and the stress of aerosol inhalation upon rat and rabbit embryonic development. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 24, 45-59.
    • (1973) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , vol.24 , pp. 45-59
    • Upshall, D.G.1
  • 108
    • 0020972595 scopus 로고
    • A comparative study of chili grinders with paprika splitters
    • Uragoda, C. C. (1983). A comparative study of chili grinders with paprika splitters. J. Soc. Occup. Med. 33, 145-147.
    • (1983) J. Soc. Occup. Med. , vol.33 , pp. 145-147
    • Uragoda, C.C.1
  • 109
    • 0028082745 scopus 로고
    • Clastogenicity of red pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) extracts
    • Villasenor, I. M., and De Ocampo, E. J. (1994). Clastogenicity of red pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) extracts. Mutat. Res. 312, 151-155.
    • (1994) Mutat. Res. , vol.312 , pp. 151-155
    • Villasenor, I.M.1    De Ocampo, E.J.2
  • 110
    • 0001926875 scopus 로고
    • Mutagenicity study of chili and its pungent principles, capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin
    • Vinitketketkumnuen, U., Sasagawa, C., and Matsushima, T. (1991). Mutagenicity study of chili and its pungent principles, capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin. Mutat. Res. 252, 115.
    • (1991) Mutat. Res. , vol.252 , pp. 115
    • Vinitketketkumnuen, U.1    Sasagawa, C.2    Matsushima, T.3
  • 111
    • 0019792467 scopus 로고
    • Tests for mutagenicity in Salmonella and covalent binding to DNA and protein in the rat of the riot control agent, o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile
    • Von Daniken, A., Friederich, U., Lutz, W. K., and Schlatter, C. (1981). Tests for mutagenicity in Salmonella and covalent binding to DNA and protein in the rat of the riot control agent, o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile. Arch. Toxicol. 49, 15-28.
    • (1981) Arch. Toxicol. , vol.49 , pp. 15-28
    • Von Daniken, A.1    Friederich, U.2    Lutz, W.K.3    Schlatter, C.4
  • 112
    • 0028912526 scopus 로고
    • Contact dermatitis associated with capsaicin: Hunan hand syndrome
    • Williams, S. R., Clark, R. F., and Dunford, J. V. (1995). Contact dermatitis associated with capsaicin: Hunan hand syndrome. Ann. Emerg. Med. 25, 713-715.
    • (1995) Ann. Emerg. Med. , vol.25 , pp. 713-715
    • Williams, S.R.1    Clark, R.F.2    Dunford, J.V.3
  • 113
    • 0020509018 scopus 로고
    • Genotoxicity study of CS (ortho-chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile) in Salmonella, Drosophila and mice. Failure to detect mutagenic effects
    • Wild, D., Eckhardt, K., Harnasch, D., and King, M. T. (1983). Genotoxicity study of CS (ortho-chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile) in Salmonella, Drosophila and mice. Failure to detect mutagenic effects. Arch. Toxicol. 54, 167-170.
    • (1983) Arch. Toxicol. , vol.54 , pp. 167-170
    • Wild, D.1    Eckhardt, K.2    Harnasch, D.3    King, M.T.4
  • 117
    • 0024356619 scopus 로고
    • Mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of 2-chlorobenzylidene malonitrile (CS) and metabolites in V79 Chinese hamster cells
    • Ziegler-Skylakakis, K., Summer, K. H., and Andrae, U. (1989). Mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of 2-chlorobenzylidene malonitrile (CS) and metabolites in V79 Chinese hamster cells. Arch. of Toxicol. 63, 314-319.
    • (1989) Arch. of Toxicol. , vol.63 , pp. 314-319
    • Ziegler-Skylakakis, K.1    Summer, K.H.2    Andrae, U.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.