The establishment of ECVAM and its progress since 1993

Alternatives to Laboratory Animals

Volumn 30, Issue SUPPL. 2, 2002, Pages 5-11

  Balls, Michael ^a,b  

^a JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE   (Italy)

^b RUSSELL AND BURCH HOUSE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Alternatives; Animal testing; Biologicals testing; Chemicals testing; ECVAM; Three Rs

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL TESTING ALTERNATIVE; ANIMAL WELFARE; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; CONFERENCE PAPER; DRUG TOXICITY; EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUANTITATIVE STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATION; TOXICITY TESTING; VALIDATION PROCESS;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 0036972715     PISSN: 02611929     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/026119290203002s02     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (14)

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2. Smyth, D.H. (1978). Alternatives to Animal Experiments, 218pp. London, UK: Scolar Press.
3. Anon. (1986). Council Directive of 24 November 1986 on the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States regarding the protection of animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes. Official Journal of the European Communities L358, 1-29.
4. Anon. (1986). European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes, 51pp. Strasbourg, France: Council of Europe.
5. Anon. (1986). Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986, 24pp. London, UK: HMSO.
6. European Commission. (1991). Establishment of a European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (CEVMA). Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament, 6pp. Brussels, Belgium: Commission of the European Communities.
7. Worth, A.P. & Balls, M. (2201). The role of ECVAM in promoting the regulatory acceptance of alternative methods in the European Union. ATLA 29, 525-535.
8. Balls, M. (1995). Defining the role of ECVAM in the development, validation and acceptance of alternative tests and testing strategies. Toxicology in Vitro 9, 863-869.
9. Halder, M., Hendriksen, C.F.M., Cussler, K. & Balls, M. (2002). ECVAM's contribution to the implementation of the Three Rs in the production and quality control of biologicals. ATLA 30, 93-108.
10. Curren, R.D., Southee, J.A., Spielmann, H., Liebsch, M., Fentem, J.H. & Balls, M. (1995). The role of prevalidation in the development, validation and acceptance of alternative methods. ATLA 23, 211-217.
11. Worth, A.P. & Balls, M., eds (2002). Alternative (non-animal) methods for chemicals testing: current status and future prospects. A report prepared by ECVAM and the ECVAM Working Group on Chemicals. ATLA 30, Suppl. 1, 1-125.
12. Balls, M., Goldberg, A.M., Fentem, J.H., Broadhead, C.L., Burch, R.L., Festing, M.F.W., Frazier, J.M., Hendriksen, C.F.M., Jennings, M., van der Kamp, M.D.O., Morton, D.B., Rowan, A.N., Russell, C., Russell, W.M.S., Spielmann, H., Stephens, M.L., Stokes, W.S., Straughan, D.W., Yager, J.D., Zurlo, J. & van Zutphen, B.F.M. (1995). The Three Rs: the way forward. The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 11. ATLA 23, 838-866.
13. Anon. (2000). The Three Rs Declaration of Bologna. ATLA 28, 1-5.
14. Balls, M., van Zeller, A-M. & Halder, M. (2000). Progress in the Reduction, Refinement and Replacement of Animal Experimentation, 1795pp. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science.