Understanding the function of actin-binding proteins through genetic analysis of Drosophila oogenesis

Annual Review of Genetics

Volumn 36, Issue , 2002, Pages 455-488

  Hudson, Andrew M ^a   Cooley, Lynn ^a  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Actin crosslinker; Actin regulation; Follicle cell; Migration; Ring canal

Indexed keywords

ACTIN BINDING PROTEIN;

BIOCHEMISTRY; CROSS LINKING; CYTOLOGY; CYTOSKELETON; DROSOPHILA; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GENETIC MODEL; IN VITRO STUDY; NONHUMAN; OOCYTE DEVELOPMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; DROSOPHILA; MICROFILAMENT PROTEINS; OOGENESIS;

ARACHNIDA; HEXAPODA;

EID: 0036956958     PISSN: 00664197     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.genet.36.052802.114101     Document Type: Review

References (159)

1. Adams J, Kelso R, Cooley L. 2000. The kelch repeat superfamily of proteins: propellers of cell function. Trends Cell Biol. 10:17-24
2. Avraham KB, Hasson T, Steel KP, Kingsley DM, Russell LB, et al. 1995. The mouse Snell's waltzer deafness gene encodes an unconventional myosin required for structural integrity of inner ear hair cells. Nat. Genet. 11:369-75
3. Bailly M, Ichetovkin I, Grant W, Zebda N, Machesky LM, et al. 2001. The F-actin side binding activity of the Arp2/3 complex is essential for actin nucleation and lamellipod extension. Curr. Biol. 11:620-25
4. Bamburg JR. 1999. Proteins of the ADF/cofilin family: essential regulators of actin dynamics. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 15:185-230
5. Battles JR. 2000. Parallel actin bundles and their multiple actin-bundling proteins. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 12:72-78
6. Bateman J, Reddy RS, Saito H, Van Vactor D. 2001. The receptor tyrosine phosphatase Dlar and integrins organize actin filaments in the Drosophila follicular epithelium. Curr. Biol. 11:1317-27
7. Baum B, Li W, Perrimon N. 2000. A cyclase-associated protein regulates actin and cell polarity during Drosophila oogenesis and in yeast. Curr. Biol. 10:964-73
8. Baum B, Perrimon N. 2001. Spatial control of the actin cytoskeleton in Drosophila epithelial cells. Nat. Cell Biol. 3:883-90
9. Ben-Yaacov S, Le Borgne R, Abramson I, Schweisguth F, Schejter ED. 2001, Wasp, the Drosophila Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome gene homologue, is required for cell fate decisions mediated by Notch signaling. J. Cell Biol. 152:1-13
10. Benlali A, Draskovic I, Hazelett DJ, Treisman JE. 2000. act up controls actin polymerization to alter cell shape and restrict Hedgehog signaling in the Drosophila eye disc. Cell 101:271-81
11. Bennett V. 1990. Spectrin: a structural mediator between diverse plasma membrane proteins and the cytoplasm. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 2:51-56
12. Bohrmann J. 1997. Drosophila unconventional myosin VI is involved in intra- and intercellular transport during oogenesis. Cell Mol. Life Sci. 53:652-62
13. Bohrmann J, Biber K. 1994. Cytoskeleton-dependent transport of cytoplasmic particles in previtellogenic to mid-vitellogenic ovarian follicles of Drosophila: time-lapse analysis using video-enhanced contrast microscopy. J. Cell Sci. 107:849-58
14. Bork P, Doolittle RF. 1994. Drosophila kelch motif is derived from a common enzyme fold. J. Mol. Biol. 236:1277-82
15. Bryan J, Edwards R, Matsudaira P, Otto J, Wulfkuhle J. 1993. Fascin, an echinoid actin-bundling protein, is a homolog of the Drosophila singed gene product. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:9115-19
16. Buss F, Kendrick-Jones J, Lionne C, Knight AE, Cote GP, Paul Luzio J. 1998. The localization of myosin VI at the golgi complex and leading edge of fibroblasts and its phosphorylation and recruitment into membrane raffles of A431 cells after growth factor stimulation. J. Cell Biol. 143:1535-45
17. Buszczak M, Cooley L. 2000. Eggs to die for: cell death during Drosophila oogenesis. Cell Death Differ. 7:1071-74
18. Cant K, Knowles BA, Mahajan-Miklos S, Heintzelman M, Cooley L. 1998. Drosophila fascin mutants are rescued by over-expression of the villin-like protein, quail. J. Cell Sci. 111:213-21
19. Cant K, Knowles BA, Mooseker MS, Cooley L. 1994. Drosophila singed, a fascin homolog, is required for actin bundle formation during oogenesis and bristle extension. J. Cell Biol. 125:369-80
20. Carpenter AT. 1994. Egalitarian and the choice of cell fates in Drosophila melanogaster oogenesis. Ciba Found. Symp. 182:223-46
21. Castrillon DH, Gonczy P, Alexander S, Rawson R, Eberhart CG, et al. 1993. Toward a molecular genetic analysis of spermatogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster: characterization of male-sterile mutants generated by single P element mutagenesis. Genetics 135:489-505
22. Chen J, Godt D, Gunsalus K, Kiss I, Goldberg M, Laski FA. 2001. Cofilin/ADF is required for cell motility during Drosophila ovary development and oogenesis. Nat. Cell Biol. 3:204-9
23. Condeelis J. 2001. How is actin polymerization nucleated in vivo? Trends Cell Biol. 11:288-93
24. Cooley L, Verheyen E, Ayers K. 1992. chickadee encodes a profilin required for intercellular cytoplasm transport during Drosophila oogenesis. Cell 69:173-84
25. Corces VG, Geyer PK. 1991. Interactions of retrotransposons with the host genome: the case of the gypsy element of Drosophila. Trends Genet. 7:86-90
26. Cramer LP. 2000. Myosin VI. Roles for a minus end-directed actin motor in cells. J. Cell Biol. 150:121-26
27. de Cuevas M, Lee JK, Spradling AC. 1996. alpha-Spectrin is required for germline cell division and differentiation in the Drosophila ovary. Development 122:3959-68
28. Deng W, Leaper K, Bownes M. 1999. A targeted gene silencing technique shows that Drosophila myosin VI is required for egg chamber and imaginal disc morphogenesis. J. Cell Sci. 112:3677-90
29. DeRosier DJ, Tilney LG. 2000. F-actin bundles are derivatives of microvilli: What does this tell us about how bundles might form? J. Cell Biol. 148:1-6
30. Desai CJ, Gindhart JG Jr, Goldstein LS, Zinn K. 1996. Receptor tyrosine phosphatases are required for motor axon guidance in the Drosophila embryo. Cell 84:599-609
31. Dobens LL, Raftery LA. 2000. Integration of epithelial patterning and morphogenesis in Drosophila ovarian follicle cells. Dev. Dyn. 218:80-93
32. Dodson GS, Guarnieri DJ, Simon MA. 1998. Src64 is required for ovarian ring canal morphogenesis during Drosophila oogenesis. Development 125:2883-92
33. Dubreuil RR, Byers TJ, Stewart CT, Kiehart DP. 1990. A beta-spectrin isoform from Drosophila (beta H) is similar in size to vertebrate dystrophin. J. Cell Biol. 111:1849-58
34. Edwards KA, Kiehart DP. 1996. Drosophila nonmuscle myosin II has multiple essential roles in imaginal disc and egg chamber morphogenesis. Development 122:1499-511
35. Evangelista M, Pruyne D, Amberg DC, Boone C, Bretscher A. 2002. Formins direct Arp2/3-independent actin filament assembly to polarize cell growth in yeast. Nat. Cell Biol. 4:32-41
36. Fehon RG, Oren T, LaJeunesse DR, Melby TE, McCartney BM. 1997. Isolation of mutations in the Drosophila homologues of the human neurofibromatosis 2 and yeast CDC42 genes using a simple and efficient reverse-genetic method. Genetics 146:245-52
37. Flanagan LA, Chou J, Falet H, Neujahr R, Hartwig JH, Stossel TP. 2001. Filamin A, the Arp2/3 complex, and the morphology and function of cortical actin filaments in human melanoma cells. J. Cell Biol. 155:511-17
38. Freeman NL, Chen Z, Horenstein J, Weber A, Field J. 1995. An actin monomer binding activity localizes to the carboxyl-terminal half of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cyclase-associated protein. J. Biol. Chem. 270:5680-85
39. Freeman NL, Field J. 2000. Mammalian homolog of the yeast cyclase associated protein, CAP/Srv2p, regulates actin filament assembly. Cell Motil. Cytoskelet. 45:106-20
40. Frydman HM, Spradling AC. 2001. The receptor-like tyrosine phosphatase Lar is required for epithelial planar polarity and for axis determination within Drosophila ovarian follicles. Development 128:3209-20
41. Genova JL, Jong S, Camp JT, Fehon RG. 2000. Functional analysis of Cdc42 in actin filament assembly, epithelial morphogenesis, and cell signaling during Drosophila development. Dev. Biol. 221:181-94
42. Gieselmann R, Mann K. 1992. ASP-56, a new actin sequestering protein from pig platelets with homology to CAP, an adenylate cyclase-associated protein from yeast. FEBS Lett. 298:149-53
43. Gillespie PG, Walker RG. 2001. Molecular basis of mechanosensory transduction. Nature 413:194-202
44. ++-dependent nucleation and capping of the barbed end. Cell 24:471-80
45. Godt D, Laski FA. 1995. Mechanisms of cell rearrangement and cell recruitment in Drosophila ovary morphogenesis and the requirement of bric a brac. Development 121:173-87
46. Godt D, Tepass U. 1998. Drosophila oocyte localization is mediated by differential cadherin-based adhesion. Nature 395:387-91
47. Gottwald U, Brokamp R, Karakesisoglou I, Schleicher M, Noegel AA. 1996. Identification of a cyclase-associated protein (CAP) homologue in Dictyostelium discoideum and characterization of its interaction with actin. Mol. Biol. Cell 7:261-72
48. Guarnieri DJ, Dodson GS, Simon MA. 1998. SRC64 regulates the localization of a Tec-family kinase required for Drosophila ring canal growth. Mol. Cell 1:831-40
49. Guild GM, Connelly PS, Shaw MK, Tilney LG. 1997. Actin filament cables in Drosophila nurse cells are composed of modules that slide passively past one another during dumping. J. Cell Biol. 138:783-97
50. Gunsalus KC, Bonaccorsi S, Williams E, Verni F, Gatti M, Goldberg ML. 1995. Mutations in twinstar, a Drosophila gene encoding a cofilin/ADF homologue, result in defects in centrosome migration and cytokinesis. J. Cell Biol. 131:1243-59
51. Gutzeit HO. 1986. The role of microfilaments in cytoplasmic streaming in Drosophila follicles. J. Cell Sci. 80:159-69
52. Gutzeit HO. 1990. The microfilament pattern in the somatic follicle cells of mid-vitellogenic ovarian follicles of Drosophila. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 53:349-56
53. Gutzeit HO, Eberhardt W, Gratwohl E. 1991. Laminin and basement membrane-associated microfilaments in wild-type and mutant Drosophila ovarian follicles. J. Cell Sci. 100:781-88
54. Hakeda-Suzuki S, Ng J, Tzu J, Dietzl G, Sun Y, et al. 2002. Rac function and regulation during Drosophila development. Nature 416:438-42
55. Hartwig JH, Stossel TP. 1981. Structure of macrophage actin-binding protein molecules in solution and interacting with actin filaments. J. Mol. Biol. 145:563-81
56. Hasson T, Gillespie PG, Garcia JA, MacDonald RB, Zhao Y, et al. 1997. Unconventional myosins in inner-ear sensory epithelia. J. Cell Biol. 137:1287-307
57. Hasson T, Mooseker MS. 1994. Porcine myosin-VI: characterization of a new mammalian unconventional myosin. J. Cell Biol. 127:425-40
58. Hicks JL, Deng WM, Rogat AD, Miller KG, Bownes M. 1999. Class VI unconventional myosin is required for spermatogenesis in Drosophila. Mol. Biol. Cell 10:4341-53
59. Higgs HN, Pollard TD. 2001. Regulation of actin filament network formation through the Arp2/3 complex: activation by a diverse array of proteins. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 70:649-76
60. Huang C, Ni Y, Wang T, Gao Y, Haudenschild CC, Zhan X. 1997. Down-regulation of the filamentous actin cross-linking activity of cortactin by Src-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation. J. Biol. Chem. 272:13911-15
61. Hubberstey AV, Mottillo EP. 2002. Cyclase-associated proteins: CAPacity for linking signal transduction and actin polymerization. FASEB J. 16:487-99
62. Hudson AM, Cooley L. 2002. A subset of dynamic actin rearrangements in Drosophila requires the Arp2/3 complex. J. Cell Biol. 156:677-87
63. Ichetovkin I, Grant W, Condeelis J. 2002. Cofilin produces newly polymerized actin filaments that are preferred for dendritic nucleation by the Arp2/3 complex. Curr. Biol. 12:79-84
64. Ito N, Phillips SE, Stevens C, Ogel ZB, McPherson MJ, et al. 1991. Novel thioether bond revealed by a 1.7 Å crystal structure of galactose oxidase. Nature 350:87-90
65. Johnson DI. 1999. Cdc42: an essential Rho-type GTPase controlling eukaryotic cell polarity. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 63:54-105
66. Jones L. 2001. Stem cells: So what's in a niche? Curr. Biol. 11:R484-86
67. Jordan P, Karess R. 1997. Myosin light chain-activating phosphorylation sites are required for oogenesis in Drosophila. J. Cell Biol. 139:1805-19
68. Kamm KE, Stull JT. 2001. Dedicated myosin light chain kinases with diverse cellular functions. J. Biol. Chem. 276:4527-30
69. Kelso RJ, Hudson AM, Cooley L. 2002. Drosophila Kelch regulates actin organization via Src64-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation. J. Cell Biol. 156:703-13
70. Klahre U, Friederich E, Kost B, Louvard D, Chua NH. 2000. Villin-like actin-binding proteins are expressed ubiquitously in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 122:35-48
71. Krueger NX, Van Vactor D, Wan HI, Gelbart WM, Goodman CS, Saito H. 1996. The transmembrane tyrosine phosphatase DLAR controls motor axon guidance in Drosophila. Cell 84:611-22
72. Krugmann S, Jordens I, Gevaert K, Driessens M, Vandekerckhove J, Hall A. 2001. Cdc42 induces filopodia by promoting the formation of an IRSp53:Mena complex. Curr. Biol. 11:1645-55
73. Kureishy N, Sapountzi V, Prag S, Anilkumar N, Adams JC. 2002. Fascins and their roles in cell structure and function. BioEssays 24:350-61
74. Lee JK, Brandin E, Branton D, Goldstein LS. 1997. alpha-Spectrin is required for ovarian follicle monolayer integrity in Drosophila melanogaster. Development 124:353-62
75. Li MG, Serr M, Edwards K, Ludmann S, Yamamoto D, et al. 1999. Filamin is required for ring canal assembly and actin organization during Drosophila oogenesis. J. Cell Biol. 146:1061-74
76. Liu Y, Montell DJ. 1999. Identification of mutations that cause cell migration defects in mosaic clones. Development 126:1869-78
77. Lommel S, Benesch S, Rottner K, Franz T, Wehland J, Kuhn R. 2001. Actin pedestal formation by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and intracellular motility of Shigella flexneri are abolished in N-WASP-defective cells. EMBO Rep. 2:850-57
78. Machesky LM, Atkinson SJ, Ampe C, Vandekerckhove J, Pollard TD. 1994. Purification of a cortical complex containing two unconventional actins from Acanthamoeba by affinity chromatography on profilin-agarose. J. Cell Biol. 127:107-15
79. Machesky LM, Gould KL. 1999. The Arp2/3 complex: a multifunctional actin organizer. Curr. Opin. Cell. Biol. 11:117-21
80. Machesky LM, Insall RH. 1998. Scar1 and the related Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein, WASP, regulate the actin cytoskeleton through the Arp2/3 complex. Curr. Biol. 8:1347-56
81. Maciver SK. 1996. Myosin II function in non-muscle cells. BioEssays 18:179-82
82. Maciver SK. 1998. How ADF/cofilin depolymerizes actin filaments. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 10:140-44
83. Magie CR, Meyer MR, Gorsuch MS, Parkhurst SM. 1999. Mutations in the Rhol small GTPase disrupt morphogenesis and segmentation during early Drosophila development. Development 126:5353-64
84. Mahajan-Miklos S, Cooley L. 1994. Intercellular cytoplasm transport during Drosophila oogenesis. Dev. Biol. 165:336-51
85. Mahajan-Miklos S, Cooley L. 1994. The villin-like protein encoded by the Drosophila quail gene is required for actin bundle assembly during oogenesis. Cell 78:291-301
86. Manseau L, Calley J, Phan H. 1996. Profilin is required for posterior patterning of the Drosophila oocyte. Development 122:2109-16
87. Manseau LJ, Schupbach T. 1989. cappuccino and spire: two unique maternal-effect loci required for both the antero-posterior and dorsoventral patterns of the Drosophila embryo. Genes Dev. 3:1437-52
88. Margolis J, Spradling A. 1995. Identification and behavior of epithelial stem cells in the Drosophila ovary. Development 121:3797-807
89. Mata J, Curado S, Ephrussi A, Rorth P. 2000. Tribbles coordinates mitosis and morphogenesis in Drosophila by regulating string/CDC25 proteolysis. Cell 101:511-22
90. Matova N, Cooley L. 2001. Comparative aspects of animal oogenesis. Dev. Biol. 231:291-320
91. Matova N, Mahajan-Miklos S, Mooseker MS, Cooley L. 1999. Drosophila quail, a villin-related protein, bundles actin filaments in apoptotic nurse cells. Development 126:5645-57
92. Melchionda S, Ahituv N, Bisceglia L, Sobe T, Glaser F, et al. 2001. MYO6, the human homologue of the gene responsible for deafness in Snell's waltzer mice, is mutated in autosomal dominant nonsyndromic hearing loss. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 69:635-40
93. Mermall V, McNally JG, Miller KG. 1994. Transport of cytoplasmic particles catalysed by an unconventional myosin in living Drosophila embryos. Nature 369:560-62
94. Mermall V, Post PL, Mooseker MS. 1998. Unconventional myosins in cell movement, membrane traffic, and signal transduction. Science 279:527-33
95. Meyer SC, Zuerbig S, Cunningham CC, Hartwig JH, Bissell T, et al. 1997. Identification of the region in actin-binding protein that binds to the cytoplasmic domain of glycoprotein IB alpha. J. Biol. Chem. 272:2914-19
96. Miki H, Suetsugu S, Takenawa T. 1998. WAVE, a novel WASP-family protein involved in actin reorganization induced by Rac. EMBO J. 17:6932-41
97. Miki H, Yamaguchi H, Suetsugu S, Takenawa T. 2000. IRSp53 is an essential intermediate between Rac and WAVE in the regulation of membrane ruffling. Nature 408:732-35
98. Mooseker MS. 1985. Organization, chemistry, and assembly of the cytoskeletal apparatus of the intestinal brush border. Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 1:209-41
99. Morin X, Daneman R, Zavortink M, Chia W. 2001. A protein trap strategy to detect GFP-tagged proteins expressed from their endogenous loci in Drosophila. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:15050-55
100. Muller HA. 2000. Genetic control of epithelial cell polarity: lessons from Drosophila. Dev. Dyn. 218:52-67
101. Mullins RD, Heuser JA, Pollard TD. 1998. The interaction of Arp2/3 complex with actin: nucleation, high affinity pointed end capping, and formation of branching networks of filaments. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:6181-86
102. Murphy AM, Montell DJ. 1996. Cell type-specific roles for Cdc42, Rac, and RhoL in Drosophila oogenesis. J. Cell Biol. 133:617-30
103. Ng J, Nardine T, Harms M, Tzu J, Goldstein A, et al. 2002. Rac GTPases control axon growth, guidance and branching. Nature 416:442-47
104. Ono S, Yamakita Y, Yamashiro S, Matsudaira PT, Gnarra JR, et al. 1997. Identification of an actin binding region and a protein kinase C phosphorylation site on human fascin. J. Biol. Chem. 272:2527-33
105. Otto IM, Raabe T, Rennefahrt UE, Bork P, Rapp UR, Kerkhoff E. 2000. The p150- Spir protein provides a link between c-Jun N-terminal kinase function and actin reorganization. Curr. Biol. 10:345-48
106. Paterson J, O'Hare K. 1991. Structure and transcription of the singed locus of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 129:1073-84
107. Pepling ME, de Cuevas M, Spradling AC. 1999. Germline cysts: a conserved phase of germ cell development? Trends Cell Biol. 9:257-62
108. Pollard TD, Blanchoin L, Mullins RD. 2000. Molecular mechanisms controlling actin filament dynamics in nonmuscle cells. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 29:545-76
109. Riparbelli MG, Callaini G. 1995. Cytoskeleton of the Drosophila egg chamber: new observations on microfilament distribution during oocyte growth. Cell Motil. Cytoskelet. 31:298-306
110. Rivero F, Dislich H, Glockner G, Noegel AA. 2001. The Dictyostelium discoideum family of Rho-related proteins. Nucleic Acids Res. 29:1068-79
111. Robinson DN, Cant K, Cooley L. 1994. Morphogenesis of Drosophila ovarian ring canals. Development 120:2015-25
112. Robinson DN, Cooley L. 1996. Stable intercellular bridges in development: the cytoskeleton lining the tunnel. Trends Cell Biol. 6:474-79
113. Robinson DN, Cooley L. 1997. Drosophila kelch is an oligomeric ring canal actin organizer. J. Cell Biol. 138:799-810
114. Robinson DN, Cooley L. 1997. Examination of the function of two kelch proteins generated by stop codon suppression. Development 124:1405-17
115. Robinson DN, Cooley L. 1997. Genetic analysis of the actin cytoskeleton in the Drosophila ovary. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 13:147-70
116. Robinson DN, Smith-Leiker TA, Sokol NS, Hudson AM, Cooley L. 1997. Formation of the Drosophila ovarian ring canal inner rim depends on cheerio. Genetics 145:1063-72
117. Robinson RC, Turbedsky K, Kaiser DA, Marchand JB, Higgs HN, et al. 2001. Crystal structure of Arp2/3 complex. Science 294:1679-84
118. Rorth P. 1996. A modular misexpression screen in Drosophila detecting tissue-specific phenotypes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:12418-22
119. Rorth P. 1998. Gal4 in the Drosophila female germline. Mech. Dev. 78:113-18
120. Roulier EM, Panzer S, Beckendorf SK. 1998. The Tec29 tyrosine kinase is required during Drosophila embryogenesis and interacts with Src64 in ring canal development. Mol. Cell 1:819-29
121. Sagot I, Klee SK, Pellman D. 2002. Yeast formins regulate cell polarity by controlling the assembly of actin cables. Nat. Cell Biol. 4:42-50
122. Sellers JR. 2000. Myosins: a diverse superfamily. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1496:3-22
123. Smith CI, Islam TC, Mattsson PT, Mohamed AJ, Nore BF, Vihinen M. 2001. The Tec family of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases: mammalian Btk, Bmx, Itk, Tec, Txk and homologs in other species. BioEssays 23:436-46
124. Sokol NS, Cooley L. 1999. Drosophila filamin encoded by the cheerio locus is a component of ovarian ring canals. Curr. Biol. 9:1221-30
125. Sokol NS, Cooley L. 2002. Drosophila Filamin is required for follicle cell motility during oogenesis. Submitted
126. Spradling AC. 1993. Developmental genetics of oogenesis. In The Development of Drosophila melanogaster, ed. M Bate, A. Martinez-Arias, pp. 1-70. Plainview, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Press
127. Spradling AC, de Cuevas M, Drummond-Barbosa D, Keyes L, Lilly M, et al. 1997. The Drosophila germarium: stem cells, germ line cysts, and oocytes. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 62:25-34
128. Stabach PR, Morrow JS. 2000. Identification and characterization of beta V spectrin, a mammalian ortholog of Drosophila beta H spectrin. J. Biol. Chem. 275:21385-95
129. Stossel TP, Condeelis J, Cooley L, Hartwig JH, Noegel A, et al. 2001. Filamins as integrators of cell mechanics and signalling. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2:138-45
130. Strutt DI, Weber U, Mlodzik M. 1997. The role of RhoA in tissue polarity and Frizzled signalling. Nature 387:292-95
131. Sun S, Footer M, Matsudaira P. 1997. Modification of Cys-837 identifies an actin-binding site in the beta-propeller protein scruin. Mol. Biol. Cell. 8:421-30
132. Svitkina TM, Borisy GG. 1999. Arp2/3 complex and actin depolymerizing factor/cofilin in dendritic organization and treadmilling of actin filament array in lamellipodia. J. Cell Biol. 145:1009-26
133. Symons M. 1996. Rho family GTPases: the cytoskeleton and beyond. Trends Biochem. Sci. 21:178-81
134. Tal T, Vaizel-Ohayon D, Schejter ED. 2002. Conserved interactions with cytoskeletal but not signaling elements are an essential aspect of Drosophila Wasp function. Dev. Biol. 243:260-71
135. Tanentzapf G, Smith C, McGlade J, Tepass U. 2000. Apical, lateral, and basal polarization cues contribute to the development of the follicular epithelium during Drosophila oogenesis. J. Cell Biol. 151:891-904
136. Theriot JA, Mitchison TJ. 1991. Actin microfilament dynamics in locomoting cells. Nature 352:126-31
137. Theurkauf WE. 1994. Premature microtubule-dependent cytoplasmic streaming in cappuccino and spire mutant oocytes. Science 265:2093-96
138. Thomas GH, Kiehart DP. 1994. Beta heavy-spectrin has a restricted tissue and subcellular distribution during Drosophila embryogenesis. Development 120:2039-50
139. Thomas SM, Brugge JS. 1997. Cellular functions regulated by Src family kinases. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 13:513-609
140. Tilney LG, Tilney MS, Guild GM. 1996. Formation of actin filament bundles in the ring canals of developing Drosophila follicles. J. Cell Biol. 133:61-74
141. Tohtong R, Yamashita H, Graham M, Haeberle J, Simcox A, Maughan D. 1995. Impairment of muscle function caused by mutations of phosphorylation sites in myosin regulatory light chain. Nature 374:650-53
142. Van Vactor D. 1998. Protein tyrosine phosphatases in the developing nervous system. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 10:174-81
143. Vasioukhin V, Bauer C, Yin M, Fuchs E. 2000. Directed actin polymerization is the driving force for epithelial cell-cell adhesion. Cell 100:209-19
144. Volkmann N, Amann KJ, Stoilova-McPhie S, Egile C, Winter DC, et al. 2001. Structure of Arp2/3 complex in its activated state and in actin filament branch junctions. Science 293:2456-59
145. Warn RM, Gutzeit HO, Smith L, Warn A. 1985. F-actin rings are associated with the ring canals of the Drosophila egg chamber. Exp. Cell Res. 157:355-63
146. Weed SA, Parsons JT. 2001. Cortactin: coupling membrane dynamics to cortical actin assembly. Oncogene 20:6418-34
147. Wellington A, Emmons S, James B, Calley J, Grover M, et al. 1999. Spire contains actin binding domains and is related to ascidian posterior end mark-5. Development 126:5267-74
148. Wells AL, Lin AW, Chen LQ, Safer D, Cain SM, et al. 1999. Myosin VI is an actin-based motor that moves backwards. Nature 401:505-8
149. Wheatley S, Kulkarni S, Karess R. 1995. Drosophila nonmuscle myosin II is required for rapid cytoplasmic transport during oogenesis and for axial nuclear migration in early embryos. Development 121:1937-46
150. Winter DC, Choe EY, Li R. 1999. Genetic dissection of the budding yeast Arp2/3 complex: a comparison of the in vivo and structural roles of individual subunits. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:7288-93
151. Xie T, Spradling AC. 1998. decapentaplegic is essential for the maintenance and division of germline stem cells in the Drosophila ovary. Cell 94:251-60
152. Xie T, Spradling AC. 2000. A niche maintaining germ line stem cells in the Drosophila ovary. Science 290:328-30
153. Xue F, Cooley L. 1993. kelch encodes a component of intercellular bridges in Drosophila egg chambers. Cell 72:681-93
154. Yue L, Spradling AC. 1992. hu-li tai shao, a gene required for ring canal formation during Drosophila oogenesis, encodes a homolog of adducin. Genes Dev. 6:2443-54
155. Zallen JA, Cohen Y, Hudson AM, Cooley L, Wieschaus E, Schejter ED. 2002. SCAR is a primary regulator of Arp2/3-dependent morphological events in Drosophila. J. Cell Biol. 156:689-701
156. Zarnescu DC, Thomas GH. 1999. Apical spectrin is essential for epithelial morphogenesis but not apicobasal polarity in Drosophila. J. Cell Biol. 146:1075-86
157. Zebda N, Bernard O, Bailly M, Welti S, Lawrence DS, Condeelis JS. 2000. Phosphorylation of ADF/cofilin abolishes EGF-induced actin nucleation at the leading edge and subsequent lamellipod extension. J. Cell Biol. 151:1119-28
158. Zigmond SH. 1993. Recent quantitative studies of actin filament turnover during cell locomotion. Cell Motil. Cytoskelet. 25:309-16
159. Zigmond SH. 1996. Signal transduction and actin filament organization. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 8:66-73