Postoperative ileus: Progress towards effective management

Drugs

Volumn 62, Issue 18, 2002, Pages 2603-2615

  Holte, Kathrine ^a   Kehlet, Henrik ^a  

^a HVIDOVRE HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALVIMOPAN; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CERULETIDE; CHOLECYSTOKININ; CISAPRIDE; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 INHIBITOR; DIHYDROERGOTAMINE; ERYTHROMYCIN; GASTROINTESTINAL POLYPEPTIDE; LOCAL ANESTHETIC AGENT; MAGNESIUM OXIDE; METOCLOPRAMIDE; NEOSTIGMINE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; OCTREOTIDE; OPIATE; OPIATE ANTAGONIST; PARACETAMOL; PROPRANOLOL; PRUCALOPRIDE; SEROTONIN 4 AGONIST; SODIUM DIHYDROGEN PHOSPHATE; SOMATOSTATIN; SOMATOSTATIN DERIVATIVE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL POLYPEPTIDE; VASOPRESSIN;

CLINICAL TRIAL; COLON SURGERY; DRUG EFFICACY; EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA; FLUID THERAPY; GASTROINTESTINAL MOTILITY; HEART DISEASE; HUMAN; ILEUS; INFLAMMATION; MINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGERY; MOBILIZATION; NAUSEA; NUTRITION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; VOMITING;

ANALGESIA; ANALGESICS, OPIOID; ANESTHESIA; CLINICAL TRIALS; GASTROINTESTINAL MOTILITY; HUMANS; ILEAL DISEASES; INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION; NARCOTIC ANTAGONISTS; PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS;

EID: 0036955191     PISSN: 00126667     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00003495-200262180-00004     Document Type: Review

References (112)

1. Holte K, Kehlet H. Postoperative ileus: a preventable event. Br J Surg 2000; 87: 1480-93
2. Kehlet H, Holte K. Review of postoperative ileus. Am J Surg 2001; 182: S3-S10
3. Chang SS, Baumgartner RG, Wells N, et al. Causes of increased hospital stay after radical cystectomy in a clinical pathway setting. J Urol 2002; 167: 208-11
4. Schmidt WK. Alvimopan* (ADL 8-2698) is a novel peripheral opioid antagonist. Am J Surg 2001; 182: S27-38
5. Kehlet H, Wilmore DW. Multimodal strategies to improve surgical outcome. Am J Surg 2002; 183: 630-41
6. Bederman SS, Betsy M, Winiarsky R, et al. Postoperative ileus in the lower extremity arthroplasty patient. J Arthroplasty 2001; 16: 1066-70
7. Livingston EH, Passaro EPJ. Postoperative ileus. Dig Dis Sci 1990; 35: 121-32
8. Kalff JC, Schraut WH, Simmons RL, et al. Surgical manipulation of the gut elicits an intestinal muscularis inflammatory response resulting in postsurgical ileus. Ann Surg 1998; 228: 652-63
9. Kalff JC, Carlos TM, Schraut WH, et al. Surgically induced leukocytic infiltrates within the rat intestinal muscularis mediate postoperative ileus. Gastroenterology 1999; 117: 378-87
10. Kalff JC, Buchholz BM, Eskandari MK, et al. Biphasic response to gut manipulation and temporal correlation of cellular infiltrates and muscle dysfunction in rat. Surgery 1999; 126: 498-509
11. Kalff JC, Schraut WH, Billiar TR, et al. Role of inducible nitric oxide synthase in postoperative intestinal smooth muscle dysfunction in rodents. Gastroenterology 2000; 118: 316-27
12. Schwarz NT, Beer-Stolz D, Simmons RL, et al. Pathogenesis of paralytic ileus: intestinal manipulation opens a transient pathway between the intestinal lumen and the leukocytic infiltrate of the jejunal muscularis. Ann Surg 2002; 235: 31-40
13. De Winter BY, Robberecht P, Boeckxstaens GE, et al. Role of VIP1/PACAP receptors in postoperative ileus in rats. Br J Pharmacol 1998; 124: 1181-6
14. Espat NJ, Cheng G, Kelley MC, et al. Vasoactive intestinal peptide and substance P receptor antagonists improve postoperative ileus. J Surg Res 1995; 58: 719-23
15. Zittel TT, Lloyd KC, Rothenhofer I, et al. Calcitonin gene-related peptide and spinal afferents partly mediate postoperative colonic ileus in the rat. Surgery 1998; 123: 518-27
16. Schwarz NT, Kalff JC, Turler A, et al. Prostanoid production via COX-2 as a causative mechanism of rodent postoperative ileus. Gastroenterology 2001; 121: 1354-71
17. Pappagallo M. Incidence, prevalence, and management of opioid bowel dysfunction. Am J Surg 2001; 182: S11-8
18. Manara L, Bianchetti A. The central and peripheral influences of opioids on gastrointestinal propulsion. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1985; 25: 249-73
19. Manara L, Bianchi G, Ferretti P, et al. Inhibition of gastrointestinal transit by morphine in rats results primarily from direct drug action on gut opioid sites. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1986; 237: 945-9
20. Culpepper-Morgan JA, Inturrisi CE, Portenoy RK, et al. Treatment of opioid-induced constipation with oral naloxone: a pilot study. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1992; 52: 90-5
21. Yuan CS, Foss JF. Antagonism of gastrointestinal opioid effects. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2000; 25: 639-42
22. Brix-Christensen V, Goumon Y, Tonnesen E, et al. Endogenous morphine is produced in response to cardiopulmonary bypass in neonatal pigs. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2000; 44: 1204-8
23. Brix-Christensen V, Tonnesen E, Sanchez RG, et al. Endogenous morphine levels increase following cardiac surgery as part of the antiinflammatory response? Int J Cardiol 1997; 62: 191-7
24. Yoshida S. Ohta J, Yamasaki K, et al. Effect of surgical stress on endogenous morphine and cytokine levels in the plasma after laparoscopoic or open cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc 2000; 14: 137-40
25. Kehlet H. Endogenous morphine - another component and biological modifier of the response to surgical injury? Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2000; 44: 1167-8
26. Wilmore DW, Smith RJ, O'Dwyer ST. The gut - a central organ following surgical stress. Surgery 2000; 104: 917-23
27. Holte K, Sharrock NE, Kehlet H. Pathophysiology and clinical implications of perioperative fluid excess. Br J Anaesth. In press
28. Kehlet H. Modification of responses to surgery by neural blockade: Clinical implications. In: Cousins MJ, Bridenbaugh PS, editors. Neural blockade in clinical anesthesia and management of pain. 3rd ed. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott-Raven 1998, 129-75
29. Kehlet H, Werner M, Perkins F. Balanced analgesia: What is it and what are its advantages in postoperative pain? Drugs 1999; 58: 793-7
30. Jorgensen H, Wetterslev J, Moiniche S, et al. Epidural local anaesthetics versus opioid-based analgesic regimens on postoperative gastrointestinal paralysis, PONV and pain after abdominal surgery (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2002. Oxford: Update Software
31. Hodgson PS, Liu S. Thoracic epidural anaesthesia and analgesia for abdominal surgery: effects on gastrointestinal function and perfusion. Baillieres Clin Anaesthesiol 1999; 13: 9-22
32. Carli F, Trudel JL, Belliveau P. The effect of intraoperative thoracic epidural anesthesia and postoperative analgesia on bowel function after colorectal surgery a prospective, randomized trial. Dis Colon Rectum 2001; 44: 1083-9
33. Jorgensen H, Fomsgaard JS, Dirks J, et al. Effect of peri- and postoperative epidural anaesthesia on pain and gastrointestinal function after abdominal hysterectomy. Br J Anaesth 2001; 87: 577-83
34. Finucane BT, Ganapathy S, Carli F, et al. Prolonged epidural infusions of ropivacaine (2 mg/mL) after colonic surgery: the impact of adding fentanyl. Anesth Analg 2001; 92: 1276-85
35. Jorgensen H, Fomsgaard JS, Dirks J, et al. Effect of epidural bupivacaine vs combined epidural bupivacaine and morphine on gastrointestinal function and pain after major gynaecological surgery. Br J Anaesth 2001; 87: 727-32
36. Steinbrook RA. Epidural anesthesia and gastrointestinal motility. Anesth Analg 1998; 86: 837-44
37. Norris EJ, Beattie C, Perler BA, et al. Double-masked randomized trial comparing alternate combinations of intraoperative anesthesia and postoperative analgesia in abdominal aortic surgery. Anesthesiology 2001; 95: 1054-67
38. Paulsen EK, Porter MG, Helmer SD, et al. Thoracic epidural versus patient-controlled analgesia in elective bowel resections. Am J Surg 2001; 182: 570-7
39. Werner MU, Basse L, Gaarn-Larsen L, et al. Does postoperative pain influence gastro-intestinal recovery and hospital stay following colonic resection in an accelerated multimodal program? [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001; 95: A-821
40. Holte K, Kehlet H. Epidural analgesia and risk of anastomotic leakage. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2001; 26: 111-7
41. Power I, Barratt S. Analgesic agents for the postoperative period. Nonopioids. Surg Clin North Am 1999; 79: 275-95
42. Kelley MC, Hocking MP, Marchand SD, et al. Ketorolac prevents postoperative small intestinal ileus in rats. Am J Surg 1993; 165: 107-11
43. De Winter BY, Boeckxstaens GE, De Man JG, et al. Differential effect of indomethacin and ketorolac on postoperative ileus in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1998; 344: 71-6
44. Cali RL, Meade PG, Swanson MS, et al. Effect of morphine and incision length on bowel function after colectomy. Dis Colon Rectum 2000; 43: 163-8
45. Foss JF. A review of the potential role of methylnaltrexone in opioid bowel dysfunction. Am J Surg 2001; 182: S19-26
46. Taguchi A, Sharma N, Saleem RM, et al. Selective postoperative inhibition of gastrointestinal opioid receptors. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 935-40
47. Steinbrook RA. An opioid antagonist for postoperative ileus. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 988-9
48. Kehlet H, Holte K. Effect of postoperative analgesia on surgical outcome. Br J Anaesth 2001; 87: 62-72
49. Kehlet H. Multimodal approach to control postoperative pathophysiology and rehabilitation. Br J Anaesth 1997; 78: 606-17
50. Hallerback B, Carlsen E, Carlsson K, et al. Beta-adrenoceptor blockade in the treatment of postoperative adynamic ileus. Scand J Gastroenterol 1987; 22: 149-55
51. Hallerback B, Ander S, Glise H. Effect of combined blockade of beta-adrenoceptors and acetylcholinesterase in the treatment of postoperative ileus after cholecystectomy. Scand J Gastroenterol 1987; 22: 420-4
52. Ferraz AA, Wanderley GJ, Santos Jr MA, et al. Effects of propranolol on human postoperative ileus. Dig Surg 2001; 18: 305-10
53. Altaparmakov I, Erckenhrecht JF, Wienbeck M. Modulation of the adrenergic system in the treatment of postoperative bowel atonia. Scand J Gastroenterol 1984; 19: 1104-6
54. Thorup J, Wille-Jorgensen P, Jorgensen T, et al. Dihydroergotamine in postoperative ileus. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1983; 34: 54-5
55. Kreis ME, Kasparek M, Zittel TT. et al. Neostigmine increases postoperative colonic motility in patients undergoing colorectal surgery. Surgery 2001; 130: 449-56
56. Myrhoj T, Olsen O, Wengel B. Neostigmine in postoperative intestinal paralysis. A double-blind, clinical, controlled trial. Dis Colon Rectum 1988; 31: 378-9
57. Smith AJ, Nissan A, Lanouette NM, et al. Prokinetic effect of erythromycin after colorectal surgery: randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Dis Colon Rectum 2000; 43: 333-7
58. Bonacini M, Quiason S, Reynolds M, et al. Effect of intravenous erythromycin on postoperative ileus. Am J Gastroenterol 1993; 88: 208-11
59. Tollesson PO, Cassuto J, Rimback G, et al. Treatment of postoperative paralytic ileus with cisapride. Scand J Gastroenterol 1991; 26: 477-82
60. Brown TA, McDonald J, Williard W. A prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of cisapride after colorectal surgery. Am J Surg 1999; 177: 399-401
61. Boghaert A, Haesaert G, Mourisse P, et al. Placebo-controlled trial of cisapride in postoperative ileus. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 1987; 38: 195-9
62. Verlinden M, Michiels G, Boghaert A, et al. Treatment of postoperative gastrointestinal atony. Br J Surg 1987; 74: 614-7
63. Hallerback H, Bergman B, Bing H. Cisapride in the treatment of postoperative ileus. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1991; 5: 503-11
64. Benson MJ, Roberts JP, Wingate DL, et al. Small bowel motility following major intra-abdominal surgery: the effects of opiates and rectal cisapride. Gastroenterology 1994; 106: 924-36
65. Roberts JP, Benson MJ, Rogers J, et al. Effect of cisapride on distal colonic motility in the early postoperative period following left colonic anastomosis. Dis Colon Rectum 1995; 38: 139-45
66. von Ritter C, Hunter S, Hinder RA. Cisapride does not reduce postoperative paralytic ileus. S Afr J Surg 1987; 25: 19-21
67. Cheape JD, Wexner SD, James K, et al. Does metoclopramide reduce the length of ileus after colorectal surgery? A prospective randomized trial. Dis Colon Rectum 1991; 34: 437-41
68. Tollesson PO, Cassuto J, Faxen A, et al. Lack of effect of metoclopramide on colonic motility after cholecystectomy. Eur J Surg 1991; 157: 355-8
69. Davidson ED, Hersh T, Brinner RA, et al. The effects of metoclopramide on postoperative ileus. A randomized double-blind study. Ann Surg 1979; 190: 27-30
70. Jepsen S, Klaerke A, Nielsen PH, et al. Negative effect of metoclopramide in postoperative adynamic ileus. A prospective, randomized, double blind study. Br J Surg 1986; 73: 290-1
71. Frisell J, Magnusson I, Leijonmarck CE, et al. The effect of cholecystokinin on postoperative bowel function. Acta Chir Scand 1985; 151: 557-9
72. Sadek SA, Cranford C, Eriksen C, et al. Pharmacological manipulation of adynamic ileus: controlled randomized double-blind study of ceruletide on intestinal motor activity after elective abdominal surgery. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1988; 2: 47-54
73. Madsen PV, Lykkegaard-Nielsen M, Nielsen OV. Ceruletide reduces postoperative intestinal paralysis. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Dis Colon Rectum 1983; 26: 159-60
74. Hakansson T, Watt-Boolsen S, Olsen O, et al. Postoperative intestinal atony and vasopressin. A randomized study of the effect of administration of vasopressin on the duration of postoperative intestinal atony. Ugeskr Laeger 1985; 147: 3069-70
75. Ponec RJ, Saunders MD, Kimmey MB. Neostigmine for the treatment of acute colonic pseudo-obstruction. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 137-41
76. Condon RE, Cowles VE, Ferraz AA, et al. Human colonic smooth muscle electrical activity during and after recovery from postoperative ileus. Am J Physiol 1995; 269: G408-17
77. Cullen JJ, Eagon JC, Kelly KA. Gastrointestinal peptide hormones during postoperative ileus. Effect of octreotide. Dig Dis Sci 1994; 39: 1179-84
78. Tonini M, De Ponti F, Di Nucci A, et al. Review article: cardiac adverse effects of gastrointestinal prokinetics. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1999; 13: 1585-91
79. De Winter BY, Boeckxstaens GE, De Man JG, et al. Effect of different prokinetic agents and a novel enterokinetic agent on postoperative ileus in rats. Gut 1999; 45: 713-8
80. Bungard TJ, Kale-Pradhan PB. Prokinetic agents for the treatment of postoperative ileus in adults: a review of the literature. Pharmacotherapy 1999; 19: 416-23
81. Kivalo I, Miettinen K. The effects of metoclopramide on postoperative nausea and bowel function. Ann Chir Gynaecol Fenn 1970; 59: 155-8
82. Breivik H. Lind B. Anti-emetic and propulsive peristaltic properties of metoclopramide. Br J Anaesth 1971; 43: 400-3
83. Olsen O, Hakansson T, Forrest JI. Bisocadyl in the treatment of postoperative intestinal atony. Ugeskr Laeger 1985; 147: 3070-1
84. Kraus K, Fanning J. Prospective trial of early feeding and bowel stimulation after radical hysterectomy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 182: 996-8
85. Fanning J, Yu-Brekke S. Prospective trial of aggressive postoperative bowel stimulation following radical hysterectomy. Gynecol Oncol 1999; 73: 412-4
86. Woods JH, Erickson LW, Condon RE, et al. Postoperative ileus: a colonic problem? Surgery 1978; 84: 527-33
87. Kehlet H. Surgical stress response: does endoscopic surgery confer an advantage? World J Surg 1999; 23: 801-7
88. Lacy AM, Garcia-Valdecasas JC, Pique JM. et al. Short-term outcome analysis of a randomized study comparing laparoscopic vs open colectomy for colon cancer. Surg Endosc 1995; 9: 1101-5
89. Schwenk W, Bohm B, Haase O, et al. Laparoscopic versus conventional colorectal resection: a prospective randomised study of postoperative ileus and early postoperative feeding. Langenbecks Arch Surg 1998; 383: 49-55
90. Milsom JW, Bohm B, Hammerhofer KA, et al. A prospective, randomized trial comparing laparoscopic versus conventional techniques in colorectal cancer surgery: a preliminary report. J Am Coll Surg 1998; 187: 46-54
91. Leung KL, Lai PB, Ho RL, et al. Systemic cytokine response after laparoscopic-assisted resection of rectosigmoid carcinoma: a prospective randomized trial. Ann Surg 2000; 231: 506-11
92. Maxwell-Armstrong CA, Robinson MH, Scholefield JH. Laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery. Am J Surg 2000; 179: 500-7
93. Sagar PM, Kruegener G, MacFie J. Nasogastric intubation and elective abdominal surgery. Br J Surg 1992; 79: 1127-31
94. Cheatham ML, Chapman WC, Key SP, et al. A meta-analysis of selective versus routine nasogastric decompression after elective laparotomy. Ann Surg 1995; 221: 469-76
95. Sculati O, Bardi M, Radrizzani D, et al. Preoperative fibre and postoperative ileus. Lancet 1980; 1: 1252-3
96. Cook JA, Fraser IA, Sandhu D, et al. A randomised comparison of two postoperative fluid regimens. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1989; 71: 67-9
97. Lobo DN, Bostock KA, Neal KR, et al. Effect of salt and water balance on recovery of gastrointestinal function after elective colonic resection: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2002; 359: 1812-8
98. Woods MS, Kelley H. Oncotic pressure, albumin and liens: the effect of albumin replacement on postoperative ileus. Am Surg 1993; 59: 758-63
99. Barker P, Allcutt D, McCollum CN. Pulsed electromagnetic energy fails to prevent postoperative ileus. J R Coll Surg Edinb 1984; 29: 147-50
100. Tusek DL, Church JM, Strong SA, et al. Guided imagery: a significant advance in the care of patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery. Dis Colon Rectum 1997; 40: 172-8
101. Disbrow EA, Bennett HL, Owings JT. Effect of preoperative suggestion on postoperative gastrointestinal motility. West J Med 1993; 158: 488-92
102. Le Blanc-Louvry I, Costaglioli B, Boulon C, et al. Does mechanical massage of the abdominal wall after colectomy reduce postoperative pain and shorten the duration of ileus? Results of a randomized study. J Gastrointest Surg 2002; 6: 43-9
103. Basse L, Hjort Jakobsen D, Billesbolle P, et al. Accelerated rehabilitation after colon resection. Ugeskr Laeger 2001; 163: 913-7
104. Basse L, Hjort Jakobsen D, Billesbolle P, et al. A clinical pathway to accelerate recovery after colonic resection. Ann Surg 2000; 232: 51-7
105. Basse L, Billesbolle P, Kehlet H. Early recovery after abdominal rectopexy with multimodal rehabilitation. Dis Colon Rectum 2002; 45: 195-9
106. Basse L, Madsen L, Kehlet H. Normal gastrointestinal transit after colonic resection using epidural analgesia, enforced oral nutrition and laxative. Br J Surg 2001; 88: 1498-500
107. Bardram L, Funch-Jensen P, Kehlet H. Rapid rehabilitation in elderly patients after laparoscopic colonic resection. Br J Surg 2000; 87: 1540-5
108. Senagore AJ. Whalley D, Delaney CP, et al. Epidural anesthesia-analgesia shortens length of stay after laparoscopic segmental colectomy for benign pathology. Surgery 2001; 129: 672-6
109. Delaney CP, Fazio VW, Senagore AJ, et al. 'Fast track' postoperative management protocol for patients with high comorbidity undergoing complex abdominal and pelvic colorectal surgery. Br J Surg 2001; 88: 1533-8
110. Brodner G, Van Aken H, Hertle L, et al. Multimodal perioperative management - combining thoracic epidural analgesia, forced mobilization, and oral nutrition - reduces hormonal and metabolic stress and improves convalescence after major urologic surgery. Anesth Analg 2001; 92: 1594-600
111. Brodner G, Pogatzki E, Van Aken H, et al. A multimodal approach to control postoperative pathophysiology and rehabilitation in patients undergoing abdominothoracic esophagectomy. Anesth Analg 1998; 86: 228-34
112. Lewis SJ, Egger M, Sylvester PA, et al. Early enteral feeding versus "nil by mouth" after gastrointestinal surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials. BMJ 2001; 323: 773-6