Liver transplantation and hepatitis C

Transplant International

Volumn 15, Issue 2-3, 2002, Pages 61-72

  Willems, M ^a   Metselaar, H J ^a   Tilanus, H W ^a   Schalm, S W ^a   De Man, R A ^a  

^a ERASMUS MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Antiviral therapy; HCV recurrence; HCV RNA; Hepatitis C; Immunosuppression; Liver transplantation

Indexed keywords

ALPHA2B INTERFERON; AMANTADINE; AZATHIOPRINE; CORE PROTEIN; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOSPORIN; HEPATITIS C ANTIBODY; INTERFERON; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID 2 MORPHOLINOETHYL ESTER; OKT 3; RIBAVIRIN; RIMANTADINE; TACROLIMUS; VIRUS RNA;

ANEMIA; CHOLESTATIC HEPATITIS; CHRONIC ACTIVE HEPATITIS; CHRONIC GRAFT REJECTION; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG RESPONSE; GRAFT REJECTION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE FAILURE; HEMOLYSIS; HEPATITIS C; HEPATITIS C VIRUS; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER FAILURE; LIVER FIBROSIS; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; LOW DRUG DOSE; MONOTHERAPY; MYALGIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RASH; RECURRENT INFECTION; REOPERATION; REVIEW; SURVIVAL; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; TREATMENT INDICATION; VIRUS LOAD; VIRUS REPLICATION;

ANTIVIRAL AGENTS; HEPATITIS C; HUMANS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS; LIVER FAILURE; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; RECURRENCE; REOPERATION; RNA, VIRAL; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 0036934019     PISSN: 09340874     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00147-002-0382-4     Document Type: Review

References (96)

1. Aardema KL, Nakhleh RE, Terry LK, Burd EM, Ma CK, Moonka DK, Brown KA, Abouljoud MS (1999) Tissue quantification of hepatitis C virus RNA with morphologic correlation in the diagnosis of recurrent hepatitis C virus in human liver transplants. Modern Pathol 12:1043-1049
2. Asanza CG, Garcia-Monzon C, Clemente G, Salcedo M, Garcia-Buey L, Garcia-Iglesias C, Banares R, Alvarez E, Moreno-Otero R (1997) Immunohistochemical evidence of immunopathogenetic mechanisms in chronic hepatitis C recurrence after liver transplantation. Hepatology 26:755-763
3. Baiocchi L, Tisone G, Palmieri G, Rapicetta M, Pisani F, Orlando G, Casciani CU, Angelico M (1998) Hepatic steatosis: a specific sign of hepatitis C reinfection after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl Surg 4:441-447
4. Baron P, Sindram D, Higdon D, Howell D, Gottfried M, Tuttle-Newhall J, Clavien P (2000) Prolonged rewarming time during allograft implantation predisposes to recurrent hepatitis C infection after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 6:407-412
5. Berenguer M, Prieto M, Cordoba J, Rayon JM, Carrasco D, Olaso V, San-Juan F, Gobernado M, Mir J, Berenguer J (1998) Early development of chronic active hepatitis in recurrence hepatitis C virus infection after liver transplantation: association with treatment of rejection. J Hepatol 28:756-763
6. Bigam DL, Pennington JJ, Carpentier A, Wanless IR, Hemming AW, Croxford R, Greig PD, Lilly LB, Heathcote JE, Levy GA, Cattral MS (2000) Hepatitis C-related cirrhosis: a predictor of diabetes after liver transplantation. Hepatology 32:87-90
7. Bizollon T, Ducerf C, Trepo C (1995) New approaches to the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection after liver transplantation using ribavirin. J Hepatol [Suppl 2] 23:22-25
8. Bizollon T, Palazzo U, Ducerf C, Chevallier M, Elliott M, Baulieux J, Pouyet M, Trepo C (1997) Pilot study of the combi-nation of interferon alfa and ribavirin as therapy of recurrence hepatitis C after liver transplantation. Hepatology 26:500-504
9. Bizollon T, Guichard S, Ahmed SN, Chevallier P, Ducerf C, Sepetjan M, Baulieux J, Trepo C (1998) Impact of hepatitis G virus co-infection on the course of hepatitis C virus infection before and after liver transplantation. J Hepatol 29:893-900
10. Bizollon T, Ducerf C, Trepo C (1999) Hepatitis C virus recurrence after liver transplantation. Gut 44:575-578
11. Blendis L, Wong F, Prieto M, Berenguer M (1999) Transplantation for hepatitis C: good news and bad news. Gastroenterology 117:502-503
12. Boillot O, Berger F, Rasolofo E, Mion F, Chevallier P, Gille D, Paliard P (1996) Effectiveness of early alpha-interferon therapy for hepatitis C virus infection recurrence after liver transplantation. Transplant Int [Suppl 1] 9:S202-S203
13. Boker KH, Dalley G, Bahr MJ, Maschek H, Tillmann HL, Trautwein C, Oldhaver, K, Bode U, Pichlmayr R, Manns MP (1997) Long-term outcome of hepatitis C virus infection after liver transplantation. Hepatology 25:203-210
14. Bona MD, Rupolo G, Ponton P, Iemmolo RM, Boccagni P, Destro C, Ermani M, Naccarato R, Burra P (1998) The effect of recurrence of HCV infection on quality of life after liver transplantation. Transplant Int [Suppl 1] 11:S475-S479
15. Brandhagen DJ, Gross JB Jr, Poterucha JJ, Charlton MR, Detmer J, Kolberg J, Gossard AA, Batts KP, Kim WR, Germer JJ, Wiesner RH, Persing DH (1999) The clinical significance of simultaneous infection with hepatitis G virus in patiënts with chronic hepatitis C. Am J Gastroenterol 94:1000-1005
16. Carithers RL Jr (1997) Recurrence hepatitis C after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl Surg [5 Suppl 1] 3:S16-S17
17. Cattral MS, Krajden M, Wanless IR, Rezig M, Cameron R, Greig PD, Chung SW, Levy GA (1996) A pilot study of ribavirin therapy for recurrence hepatitis C virus infection after liver transplantation. Transplantation 61:1483-1488
18. Cattral MS, Hemming AW, Wanless IR, Al Ashgar H, Krajden M, Lilly L, Greig PD, Levy GA (1999) Outcome of long-term ribavirin therapy for recurrence hepatitis C after liver transplantation. Transplantation 67:1277-1280
19. Charco R, Murio E, Edo A, Balsells J, Lazaro JL, Bilbao I, Hidalgo E, Margarit C (1998) Early use of tacrolimus as rescue therapy for refractory liver allograft rejection. Transplant Int [Suppl 1] 11:S313-S317
20. Charlton M, Seaberg E (1999) Impact of immunosuppression and acute rejection on recurrence of hepatitis C: Results of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Liver transplantation database. Liver Transpl Surg 5:S107-114
21. Charlton M, Seaberg E, Wiesner R, Everhart J, Zetterman R, Lake J, Detre K, Hoofnagle J (1998) Predictors of patiënt and graft survival following liver transplantation for hepatitis C. Hepatology 28:823-830
22. Chazouilleres O, Wright TL (1995) Hepatitis C and liver transplantation. J Gastroen Hepatol 10:471-480
23. Chung SW, Greig PD, Cattral MS, Taylor BR, Sheiner PA, Wanless I, Cameron R, Phillips MJ, Blendis LM, Langer B, Levy GA (1997) Evaluation of liver transplantation for high-risk indications. Brit J Surg 84:189-195
24. Costes V, Durand L, Pageaux GP, Ducos J, Mondain AM, Picot MC, Domergue J, Larrey D, Baldet P (1999) Hepatitis C virus genotypes and quantification of serum hepatitis C RNA in liver transplant recipients. Relationship with histologic outcome of recurrence hepatitis C. Am J Clin Pathol 111:252-258
25. Cotler SJ, Taylor SL, Gretch DR, Bronner MP, Rizk R, Perkins JD, Carithers RL (2000) Hyperbilirubinemia and cholestatic liver injury in hepatitis C-infected liver transplant recipients. Am J Gastroenterol 95:753-759
26. Crespo J, Carte B, Lozano JL, Casafont F, Rivero M, de la Cruz F, Pons-Romero F (1997) Hepatitis C virus recurrence after liver transplantation: relationship to anti-HCV core IgM, genotype, and level of viremia. Am J Gastroenterol 92:1458-1462
27. Davern TJ, Lake JR (1998) Recurrence disease after liver transplantation. Semin Gastrointest Dis 9:86-109
28. Dickson RC, Mizokami M, Orito E, Qian KP, Lau JY (1999) Quantification of serum HCV core antigen by a fluorescent enzyme immunoassay in liver transplant recipients with recurrent hepatitis C: clinical and virologic implications. Transplantation 68:1512-1516
29. Di Martino V, Saurini F, Samuel D, Gigou M, Dussaix E, Reynes M, Bismuth H, Feray C (1997) Long-term longitudinal study of intrahepatic hepatitis C virus replication after liver transplantation. Hepatology 26:1343-1350
30. Doughty AL, Painter DM, McCaughan GW (2000) Post-transplant quasispecies pattern remains stable over time in patients with recurrent cholestatic hepatitis due to hepatitis C virus. J Hepatol 32:126-134
31. Everhart J, Wei Y, Eng H, Charlton M, Persing D, Wiesner R, Germer J, Lake J, Zetterman R, Hoofnagle J (1999) Recurrence and new hepatitis C virus infection after liver transplantation. Hepatology 29:1220-1226
32. Feray, C, Gigou M, Samuel D, Paradis V, Wilber J, David MF, Urdea M, Reynes M, Brechot C, Bismuth H (1994) The course of hepatitis C virus infection after liver transplantation. Hepatology 20:1137-1143
33. Feray C, Gigou M, Samuel D, Paradis V, Mishiro S, Maertens G, Reynes M, Okamoto H, Bismuth H, Brechot C (1995) Influence of the genotypes of hepatitis C virus on the severity of recurrence liver disease after liver transplantation. Gastroenterology 108:1088-1096
34. Feray C, Samuel D, Gigou M, Paradis V, David MF, Lemonnier C, Reynes M, Bismuth H (1995) An open trial of interferon alfa recombinant for hepatitis C after liver transplantation: antiviral effects and risk of rejection. Hepatology 22:1084-1089
35. Feray, C, Gigou M, Samuel D, Ducot B,. Maisonneuve P, Reynes M, Bismuth A, Bismuth H (1998) Incidence of hepatitis C in patiënts receiving different preparations of hepatitis B immunoglobulins after liver transplantation. Ann Intern Med 128:810-816
36. Féray C, Caccamo L, Alexander GJM, Ducot B, Gugenheim J, Casanovas T, Loinaz C, Gigou M, Burra P, Barkholt L, Esteban R, Bizollon T, Lerut J, Minello-Franza A, Bernard PH, Nachbaur K, Botta-Fridlund D, Bismuth H, Schalm SW, Samuel D (1999) European collobarative study on factors influencing outcome after liver transplantation for hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 117:619-625
37. Freeman RB, Tran S, Lee YM, Rohrer RJ, Kaplan MM (1996) Serum hepatitis C RNA titers after liver transplantation are not correlated with immunosuppression or hepatitis. Transplantation 61:542-546
38. Gane EJ, Naoumov NV, Qian KP, Mondelli MU, Maertens G, Portmann BC, Lau JY, Williams R (1996) A longitudinal analysis of hepatitis C virus replication following liver transplantation. Gastroenterology 110:167-177
39. Gane EJ, Lo SK, Riordan SM, Portmann BC, Lau JY, Naoumov NV, Williams R (1998) A randomized study comparing ribavirin and interferon alfa monotherapy for hepatitis C recurrence after liver transplantation. Hepatology 27:1403-1407
40. Gane EJ, Maertens G, Ducatteeuw A, Qian KP, Lau JY, Jones H, Davies E, Naoumov NV, Williams R (1999) Antibodies to hepatitis C virus envelope proteins correlate with hepatitis C viraemia after liver transplantation. Transplantation 67:78-84
41. Gaweco AS, Wiesner RH, Porayko M, Rustgi VK, Yong S, Hamdani R, Harig J, Chejfec G, McClatchey KD, Van Thiel DH (2000) Intragraft localization of activated nuclear factor kappa B in recurrent hepatitis C virus disease following liver ransplantation. Hepatology 31:1183-1191
42. Gayowski T, Singh N, Marino IR, Vargas H, Wagener M, Wannstedt C, Morelli F, Laskus T, Fung JJ, Rakela J, Starzl TE (1997) Hepatitis C virus genotypes in liver transplant recipients: impact on posttransplant recurrence, infections, response to interferon-alpha therapy and outcome. Transplantation 64:422-426
43. Ghobrial RM, Farmer DG, Baquerizo A, Colquhoun S, Rosen HR, Yersiz H, Markmann JF, Drazan KE, Holt C, Imagawa D, Goldstein LI, Martin P, Busuttil RW (1999) Orthotopic liver transplantation for hepatitis C: outcome, effect of immunosuppression, and causes of retransplantation during an 8-year single-center experience. Ann Surg 229:824-831
44. Greenson JK, Svoboda-Newman SM, Merion RM, Frank TS (1996) Histologic progression of recurrence hepatitis C in liver transplant allografts. Am J Surg Pathol 20:731-738
45. Guerrero RB, Batts KP, Burgart LJ, Barrett SL, Germer JJ, Poteruch JJ, Wiesner RH, Charlton MR, Persing DH (2000) Early detection of hepatitis C allograft reinfection after orthotopic liver transplantation: a molecular and histologic study. Modern Pathol 13:229-237
46. Herrero JI, de la Pena A, Quiroga J, Sangro B, Garcia N, Sola I., Cienfuegos JA, Civeira MP, Prieto J (1998) Risk factors for recurrence of hepatitis C after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl Surg 4:265-270
47. Hezode C, Duvoux C, Germanidis G, Roudot-Thoraval F, Vincens AL, Gaulard P, Cherqui D, Pawlotsky JM, Dhumeaux D (1999) Role of hepatitis C virus in lymphoproliferative disorders after liver transplantation. Hepatology 30:775-778
48. Hu KQ, Tong MJ (1999) The long-term outcomes of patiënts with compensated hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis and history of parenteral exposure in the United States. Hepatology 29:1311-1316
49. Johnson MW, Washburn WK, Freeman RB, FitzMaurice SE, Dienstag J, Basgoz N, Jenkins RL, Cosimi AB (1996) Hepatitis C viral infection in liver transplantation. Arch Surg 131:284-291
50. Koff RS (1998) Chronic hepatitis C: early intervention. Hosp Pract 33:101-105, 108, 111-114
51. Konig V, Bauditz J, Lobeck H, Lusebrink R, Neuhaus P, Blumhardt G, Bechstein WO, Neuhaus R, Steffen R, Hopf U (1992) Hepatitis C virus reinfection in allografts after orthotopic liver transplantation. Hepatology 16:1137-1143
52. Lake JR, Wright T, Ferrell L, Donegan E, Roberts J, Ascher N (1993) Hepatitis C and B in liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 25:2006-2009
53. Markus BH, Duquesnoy RJ, Blaheta RA, Scholz M, Encke A (1998) Role of HLA antigens in liver transplantation with special reference to cellular immune reactions. Langenbecks Arch Surg 383:87-94
54. Mateo R, Jethmalani S, Angus DC, Gorcsan J 3rd, Uretsky B, Fung J (1996) Interferon-associated left ventricular dysfunction in a liver transplant recipient. Digest Dis Sci 41:1500-1503
55. Mazzaferro V, Coppa J, Schiavo M, Zucchini N, Tagger A, Ribero M, romito R, Pulvirenti A, Regalia E, Bonino F (2000) Interferon-alpha 2b and ribavirin prophyllaxis against HCV recurrence after liver transplantation. International Congress of the Transplantation Society, Rome, August 27-September 1. A443 p143
56. McDiarmid SV, Conrad A, Ament ME, Vargas J, Martin MG, Goss JA, Busuttil RW (1998) De novo hepatitis C in children after liver transplantation. Transplantation 66:311-318
57. Mutimer D (1999) Long term outcome of liver transplantation for viral hepatitis: is there a need to re-evaluate patient selection? Gut 45:475-476
58. Negro F, Giostra E, Krawczynski K, Quadri R, Rubbia-Brandt L, Mentha G, Colucci G, Perrin L, Hadengue A (1998) Detection of intrahepatic hepatitis C virus replication by strand-specific semi-quantitative RT-PCR: preliminary application to the liver transplantation model. J Hepatol 29: 1-11
59. Negro F, Giostra E, Rubbia-Brandt L, Mentha G, Colucci G, Morel P, Quadri R, Perrin L, Hadengue A (1998) IgM anti-hepatitis C virus core antibodies as marker of recurrence hepatitis C after liver transplantation. J Med Virol 56:224-229
60. Papatheodoridis GV, Patch D, Dusheiko M, Burroughs AK (1999) The outcome of hepatitis C virus infection after liver transplantation - is it influenced by the type of immunosuppression? J Hepatol 30:731-738
61. Paterson DL, Gayowski T, Wannstedt CF, Wagener MM, Marino IR, Vargas H, Laskus T, Rakela J, Singh N (2000) Quality of life in long-term survivors after liver transplantation: impact of recurrent viral hepatitis C virus hepatitis. Clin Transplant 14:48-54
62. Pelletier SJ, Iezzoni JC (2000) Prediction of liver allograft fibrosis after transplantation for hepatitis C virus: persistent elevation of serum transaminase levels versus necroinflammatory activity. Liver Transpl 6:44-53
63. Pelletier SJ, Raymond DP, Crabtree TD, Iezzoni JC, Sawyer RG, Hahn YS, Pruett TL (2000) Pretransplantation hepatitis C virus quasispecies may be predictive of outcome after liver transplantation. Hepatology 32:375-381
64. Pelletier SJ, Raymond DP, Crabtree TD, Berg CL, lezzoni JC, Hahn YS, Sawyer RG, Pruett TL (2000) Hepatitis C-induced hepatic allograft injury is associated with pretransplantation elevated viral replication rate. Hepatology 32:418-426
65. Pessoa MG, Bzowej N, Berenguer M, Phung Y, Kim M, Ferrell L, Hassoba H, Wright TL (1999) Evolution of hepatitis C virus quasispecies in patients with severe cholestatic hepatitis after liver transplantation. Hepatology 30:1513-1520
66. Petrovic LM, Villamil FG, Vierling JM, Makowka L, Geller SA (1997) Comparison of histopathology in acute allograft rejection and recurrence hepatitis C infection after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl Surg 3:398-406
67. Pham HP, Feray C, Samuel D, Gigou M, Azoulay D, Paradis V, Ducret F, Charpentier B, Debuire B, Lemoine A (1998) Effects of ribavirin on hepatitis C-associated nephrotic syndrome in four liver transplant recipients. Kidney Int 54:1311-1319
68. Platz KP, Mueller AR, Neuhaus R, Keck H, Lemmens P, Hopf U, Neuhaus P (1996) Hepatitis C: indication for anti-viral therapy? Transplant Int 9:S198-201
69. Platz KP, Mueller AR, Berg T, Neuhaus R, Hopf U, Lobeck H, Neuhaus P (1998) Searching for the optimal management of hepatitis C patiënts after liver transplantation, Transplant Int 11:S209-211
70. Prieto M, Berenguer M, Rimola A, Loinaz C, Barrios C, Clemente G, Figueras J, Vargas V, Casafont F, Pons JA, Herrero JI (1998) Liver transplantation in hepatitis C. A Spanish multicentre experience. Eur J Gastroen Hepat 10:771-776
71. Prieto M, Berenguer M, Rayon JM, Cordoba J, Arguello L, Carrasco D, Garcia-Herola A, Olaso V, De Juan M, Gobernado M, Mir J, Berenguer J (1999) High incidence of allograft cirrhosis in hepatitis C virus genotype 1b infection following transplantation: relationship with rejection episodes. Hepatology 29:250-256
72. Rosen HR, O'Reilly PM, Shackleton CR, McDiarmid S, Holt C, Busuttil RW, Martin P (1996) Graft loss following liver transplantation in patiënts with chronic hepatitis C. Transplantation 62:1773-1776
73. Rosen HR, Shackleton CR, Higa L, Gralnek IM, Farmer DA, McDiarmid SV, Holt C, Lewin KJ, Busuttil RW, Martin P (1997) Use of OKT3 is associated with early and severe recurrence of hepatitis C after liver transplantation. Am J Gastroenterol 92:1453-1457
74. Rosen HR, Chou S, Corless CL, Gretch DR, Flora KD, Boudousquie A, Orloff SL, Rabkin JM, Benner KG (1997) Cytomegalovirus viremia: risk factor for allograft cirrhosis after liver transplantation for hepatitis C. Transplantation 64:721-726
75. Rosen HR, Gretch DR, Oehlke M, Flora KD, Benner KG, Rabkin JM, Corless CL (1998) Timing and severity of initial hepatitis C recurrence as predictors of long-term liver allograft injury. Transplantation 65:1178-1182
76. Rosen HR, Hinrichs DJ, DR Gretch, MJ Koziel, Chou S, Houghton M, Rabkin J, Corless CL, Bouwer HGA (1999) Association of multispecific CD4+ response to hepatitis C and severity of recurrence after liver transplantation. Gastroenterology 117:926-932
77. Rosen HR, Lentz JJ, Rose SL, Rabkin J, Corless L, Taylor K, Chou S (1999) Donor polymorphism of tumor necrosis factor gene: relationship with variable severity of hepatitis C recurrence after liver transplantation. Transplantation 68:1898-1902
78. Samuel D, Feray C, Bismuth H (1994) Liver transplantation for viral hepatitis: the experience of the hepatobiliary enter at Hospital Paul Brousse. Clin Transplant 72:157-162
79. Samuel D, Feray C, Bismuth H (1997) Hepatitis viruses and liver transplantation. J Gastroen Hepatol 12:S335-341
80. Samuel D, Bizollon T, Feray C, Roche B, Ahmed S, Lemonnier C, Cohard M, Bismuth H, Trepo C (2000) Combination of interferon-alfa 2b plus ribavirin for recurrent HCV infection after liver transplantation: a randomized controlled study. 51st Annual AASLD Meeting Dallas. Hepatology 32 (Pt 2):295A
81. Sherman KE, Sickler J, Aranda-Michel J, Weber FL, Martin S, Whiting J, Hanto D (1999) Rimantadine for treatment of hepatitis C infection in liver transplant recipients. Liver Transpl Surg 5:25-28
82. Schluger LK, Sheiner PA, Thung SN, Lau JY, Min A, Wolf DC, Fiel I, Zhang D, Gerber MA, Miller CM, Bodenheimer HC Jr (1996) Severe recurrence cholestatic hepatitis C following orthotopic liver transplantation. Hepatology 23:971-976
83. Sheiner PA, Schwartz ME, Mor E, Schluger LK, Theise N, Kishikawa K, Kolesnikov V, Bodenheimer H, Emre S, Miller CM (1995) Severe or multiple rejection episodes are associated with early recurrence of hepatitis C after orthotopic liver transplantation. Hepatology 21:30-34
84. Sheiner PA, Schluger LK, Emre S, Thung SN, Lau JY, Guy SR, Schwartz ME, Miller CM (1997) Retransplantation for recurrence hepatitis C. Liver Transpl Surg 3:130-136
85. Sheiner PA, Boros P, Klion FM, Thung SN, Schluger LK, Lau JY, Mor E, Bodian C, Guy SR, Schwartz ME, Emre S, Bodenheimer HC Jr, Miller CM (1998) The efficacy of prophylactic interferon alfa-2b in preventing recurrence hepatitis C after liver transplantation. Hepatology 28:831-838
86. Shuhart MC, Bronner MP, Gretch DR, Thomassen LV, Wartelle CF, Tateyama H, Emerson SS, Perkins JD, Carithers RL Jr (1997) Histological and clinical outcome after liver transplantation for hepatitis C. Hepatology 26:1646-1652
87. Singh N, Gayowski T, Wannstedt CF, Marino IR, Wagener MM (1996) Interferon-alpha therapy for hepatitis C virus recurrence after liver transplantation: long-term response with maintenance therapy. Clin Transplant 10:348-351
88. Singh N, Gayowski T, Wagener MM, Doyle H, Marino IR (1997) Invasive fungal infections in liver transplant recipients receiving tacrolimus as the primary immunosuppressive agent. Clin Infect Dis 24:179-184
89. Singh N, Gayowski T, Wannstedt CF, Shakil AO, Wagener MM, Fung JJ, Marino IR (1998) Interferon-alpha for prophylaxis of recurrence viral hepatitis C in liver transplant recipients: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Transplantation 65:82-86
90. Sreekumar R, Gonzalez-Koch A, Maor-Kendler Y, Batts K, Moreno-Luna L, Poterucha J, Burgart L, Wiesner R, Kremers W, Rosen C, Charlton M (2000) Early identification of recipients wiht progressive histologic recurrence of hepatitis C after liver transplantation. Hepatology 32:1125-1130
91. Tisone G, Angelico M, Palmieri G, Pisani F, Anselmo A, Baiocchi L, Negrini S, Orlando G, Vennarecci G, Casciani CU (1999) A pilot study on the safety and effectiveness of immunosuppression without prednisone after liver transplantation. Transplantation 67:1308-1313
92. Vargas HE, Laskus T, Radkowski M, Poutous A, Wang LF, Lee R, Dodson F, Gayowski T, Singh N, Marino IR, Fung JJ, Zhang-Keck ZY, Kim JP, Rakela J (1997) Hepatitis G virus coinfection in hepatitis C virus-infected liver transplant recipients. Transplantation 64:786-788
93. Vargas HE, Laskus T, Wang LF, Lee R, Radkowski M, Dodson F, Fung JJ, Rakela J (1999) Outcome of liver transplantation in hepatitis C virus-infected patients who received hepatitis C virus-infected grafts. Gastroenterology 117:149-153
94. Villamil FG, Vierling JM (1995) Recurrence of viral hepatitis after liver transplantation: insights into management. Liver Transpl Surg [Suppl 1] 1:89-99
95. Zein NN, Rakela J, Poterucha JJ, Steers JL, Wiesner RH, Persing DH (1995) Hepatitis C genotypes in liver transplant recipients: distribution and 1-year follow-up. Liver Transpl Surg 1:354-357
96. Zervos XA, Weppler D, Fragulidis GP, Torres MB, Nery JR, Khan MF, Pinna AD, Kato T, Miller J, Reddy KR, Tzakis AG (1998) Comparison of tacrolimus with microemulsion cyclosporine as primary immunosuppression in hepatitis C patients after liver transplantation. Transplantation 65:1044-1046