The notochord of hagfish Myxine glutinosa: Visco-elastic properties and mechanical functions during steady swimming

Journal of Experimental Biology

Volumn 205, Issue 24, 2002, Pages 3819-3831

  Long Jr , John H ^a,b   Koob Emunds, Magdalena ^a,c   Sinwell, Benjamin ^a,b   Koob, Thomas J ^a,c  

^a MOUNT DESERT ISLAND BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^b VASSAR COLLEGE   (United States)

^c SHRINERS HOSPITALS FOR CHILDREN   (United States)

Author keywords

Axial skeleton; Backbone; Bending; Damping; Flexural stiffness; Hagfish; Kinematics; Myxine glutinosa; Notochord; Stiffness; Swimming; Viscoelastic properties

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; BIOMECHANICS; ELASTICITY; HAGFISH; HISTOLOGY; MECHANICAL STRESS; NOTOCHORD; PHYSIOLOGY; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; SWIMMING;

ANIMALS; BIOMECHANICS; ELASTICITY; HAGFISHES; NOTOCHORD; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; STRESS, MECHANICAL; SWIMMING;

HAGFISH; MYXINE; MYXINE GLUTINOSA;

EID: 0036928298     PISSN: 00220949     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Adams, H. (1960). Different types of body movement in the hagfish, Myxine glutinosa. Nature 188, 595-596.
2. Bainbridge, R. (1958). The speed of swimming of fish as related to size and to the frequency and amplitude of the tail beat. J. Exp. Biol. 35, 109-133.
3. Bainbridge, R. (1963). Caudal fin and body movement in the propulsion of some fish. J. Exp. Biol. 40, 23-56.
4. Blight, A. R. (1977). The muscular control of vertebrate swimming movements. Biol. Rev. 52, 181-218.
5. Brainerd, E. L. and Patek, S. N. (1998). Vertebral column morphology, c-start curvature, and the evolution of mechanical defenses in tetraodontiform fishes. Copeia 1998, 971-984.
6. Carling, J. C., Williams, T. L. and Bowtell, G. (1998). Self-propelled anguilliform swimming: Simultaneous solution of the two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations and Newton's laws of motion. J. Exp. Biol. 201, 3143-3166.
7. Clark, R. B. (1964). Dynamics in Metazoan Evolation: The Origin of the Coelom and Segments. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
8. Cole, F. J. (1905). A monograph on the general morphology of the myxinoid fishes, based on a study of Myxine. Part 1. The anatomy of the skeleton. Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh XLI, 749-788.
9. DeMont, M. E. (1990). Tuned oscillations in the swimming scallop Pecten maximus. Can. J. Zool. 78, 786-791.
10. th edition (reprinted, 1985). USA: Dover Publications.
11. Denny, M. W. (1988). Biology and Mechanics of the Wave-Swept Environment. Princeton, NJ, USA: Princeton University Press.
12. Dickinson, M. H., Farley, C. T., Full, R. J., Koehl, M. A. R., Kram, R. and Lehman, S. (2000). How animals move: An integrative view. Science 288, 100-106.
13. Ekeberg, O. (1993). A combined neuronal and mechanical model of fish swimming. Biol. Cybernet. 69, 363-374.
14. Forster, M. E. (1997). The blood sinus system of hagfish: Its significance in a low-pressure circulation. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 116, 239-244.
15. Gee, H. (1996). Before the Backbone: Views on the Origins of the Vertebrates. London, UK: Chapman and Hall.
16. Goodrich, E. (1930). Studies on the Structure and Development of Vertebrates. London: Macmillan.
17. Harper, K. A., Berkemeier, M. D. and Grace, S. (1998). Modeling the dynamics of spring-driven, oscillating-foil propulsion. IEEE J. Oceanic Eng. 23, 285-296.
18. Hoff, K. V. S. and Wassersug, R. J. (2000). Tadpole locomotion: Axial movement and tail functions in a largely vertebraeless vertebrate. Am. Zool. 40, 62-76.
19. Holland, N. D. and Chen, J. (2001). Origin and early evolution of the vertebrates: New insights from advances in molecular biology, anatomy, and paleontology. BioEssays 23, 142-151.
20. Hukins, D. W. L. and Meakin, J. R. (2000). Relationship between structure and mechanical function of the tissues of the intervertebral joint. Amer. Zool. 40, 42-52.
21. Iatridis, J. C., Kumar, S., Foster, R. J. and Mow, V. C. (1999). Shear mechanical properties of human lumbar anulus fibrosus. J. Orth. Res. 17, 732-737.
22. Iatridis, J. C., Setton, L. A., Weidenbaum, M. and Mow, V. C. (1997). Visco-elastic behaviors of the human lumbar nucleus pulposus in shear. J. Biomech. 30, 1005-1013.
23. Iatridis, J. C., Weidenbaum, M., Setton, L. A. and Mow, V. C. (1996). Is the nucleus pulposus a solid or fluid? Mechanical behaviors of the nucleus pulposus of the human intervertebral disc. Spine 21, 1174-1184.
24. Ijspeert, A. J., Hallam, J. and Willshaw, D. (1998). From lampreys to salamanders: Evolving neural controllers for swimming and walking. In From Animals to Animals 5: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior (ed. R. Pfeifer, B. Blumberg, J.-A. Meyer and S. W. Wilson), pp. 390-399. Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press.
25. Ijspeert, A. J., Hallam, J. and Willshaw, D. (1999a). Evolving swimming controllers for a simulated lamprey with inspiration from neurobiology. Adapt. Behav. 7, 151-172.
26. Ijspeert, A. J. and Kodjabachian, J. (1999b). Evolution and development of a central pattern generator for the swimming of a lamprey. Artificial Life 5, 247-269.
27. Jayne, B. C. and Lauder, G. V. (1993). Red and white muscle activity and kinematics of the escape response of the bluegill sunfish during swimming. Comp. Physiol. A 173, 495-508.
28. Kielstein, J. T., Stolte, H. and Koob, T. J. (1996). Biomechanical properties of hagfish (Myxine glutinosa) notochord. The Bulletin, Mt. Desert Isl. Biol. Lab. 35, 105-107.
29. Koob, T. J., Kielstein, J. T., Koob-Emunds, M. and Stolte, H. (1994). Physicochemical properties and proteoglycans of the hagfish (Myxine glutinosa) notochord. The Bulletin, Mt. Desert Isl. Biol. Lab. 33, 5-8.
30. Koob, T. J. and Long, J. H., Jr (2000). The vertebrate body axis: Evolution and mechanical function. Am. Zool. 40, 1-18.
31. Long, J. H., Jr (1992). Stiffness and damping forces in the intervertebral joints of blue marlin (Makaira nigricans). J. Exp. Biol. 162, 131-155.
32. Long, J. H., Jr (1995). Morphology, mechanics, and locomotion: the relation between the notochord and swimming motions in sturgeon. Env. Biol. Fishes 44, 199-211.
33. Long, J. H., Jr (1998). Muscles, elastic energy, and the dynamics of body stiffness in swimming eels. Am. Zool. 38, 771-792.
34. Long, J. H., Jr, Adcock, B. and Root, R. G. (2002). Force transmission via axial tendons in undulating fish: a dynamic analysis. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. (in press).
35. Long, J. H., Jr, Koob-Emunds, M. and Koob, T. J. (1998). Does the notochord matter? Bending mechanics of hagfish (Myxine glutinosa). The Bulletin, MDI Biol. Lab. 37, 114-116.
36. Long, J. H., Jr and Nipper, K. S. (1996). The importance of body stiffness in undulatory propulsion. Am. Zool. 36, 678-694.
37. Long, J. H., Jr, Pabst, D. A., Shepherd, W. R. and McLellan, W. A. (1997). Locomotor design of dolphin vertebral columns: Bending mechanics and morphology of Delphinus delphis. J. Exp. Biol 200, 65-81.
38. Lui, H., Wassersug, R. J. and Kawachi, K. (1996). A computational fluid dynamics study of tadpole swimming. J. Exp. Biol. 199, 1245-1260.
39. Lui, H., Wassersug, R. J. and Kawachi, K. (1997). The three-dimensional hydrodynamics of tadpole lcomotion. J. Exp. Biol. 200, 2807-2819.
40. Martini, F. H., Lesser, M. P. and Heiser, J. B. (1997). Ecology of the hagfish, Myxine glutinosa L. in the Gulf of Maine. II. Potential impact on benthic communities and commercial fisheries. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 214, 97-106.
41. McHenry, M. J. (2001). Mechanisms of helical swimming: Asymmetries in the morphology, movement and mechanics of larvae of the ascidian Distaplia occidentalis. J. Exp. Biol. 204, 2959-2973.
42. McHenry, M. J., Pell, C. A. and Long, J. H., Jr (1995). Mechanical control of swimming speed: Stiffness and axial wave form in an undulatory fish model. J. Exp. Biol. 198, 2293-2305.
43. Nishino, A. and Satoh, N. (2001). The simple tail of chordates: Phylogenetic significance of appendicularians. Genesis 29, 36-45.
44. Oxner, W. M., Quinn, J. and DeMont, E. M. (1993). A mathematical model of body kinematics in swimming tadpoles. Can. J. Zool. 71, 407-413.
45. Pabst, D. A. (1998). Spring in swimming animals. Am. Zool. 36, 723-735.
46. Riegel, J. A. (1978). Factors affecting glomerular function in the Pacific hagfish Eptatretus stouti (Lockington). J. Exp. Biol. 73, 261-277.
47. Schmitz, R. J. (1995). Ultrastructure and function of cellular components of the intercentral joint in the percoid vertebral column. J. Morph. 226, 1-24.
48. Schmitz, R. J. (1998). Comparative ultrastructure of the cellular components of the unconstricted notochord in the sturgeon and the lungfish. J. Morph. 236, 75-104.
49. Sinwell, B. J., Czuwala, P. J., Long, J. H., Jr, Koob-Emunds, M. and Koob, T. J. (1999). Bending mechanics of the hagfish (Myxine glutinosa) notochord under different osmotic treatments. The Bulletin, Mt. Desert Isl. Biol. Lab. 38, 94-96.
50. Urban, J. P. G., Roberts, S. and Ralphs, J. R. (2000). The nucleus of the intervertebral disc from development to degeneration. Am. Zool. 40, 53-61.
51. Videler, J. J. (1993). Fish Swimming. London: Chapman and Hall.
52. Vogel, F. and Gemballa, S. (2000). Locomotory design of 'cyclostome' fishes: spatial arrangement and architecture of myosepta and lamellae. Acta Zool. 81, 267-283.
53. nd Edition. Princeton, NJ, USA: Princeton University Press.
54. Wainwright, S. A. (1988). Axis and Circumference: The Cylindrical Shape of Plants and Animals. Cambridge, MA, USA: Harvard University Press.
55. Wainwright, S. A., Biggs, W. D., Currey, J. D. and Gosline, J. M. (1976). Mechanical Design in Organisms. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
56. Webb, P. W., Kostecki, P. T. and Stevens, E. D. (1984). The effect of size and swimming speed on locomotor kinematics of rainbow trout. J. Exp. Biol. 109, 77-95.
57. Webb, J. E. (1973). The role of the notochord in forward and reverse swimming and burrowing in the amphioxus Branchiostoma lanceolatum. J. Zool. Lond. 170, 325-338.
58. Welsch, U., Chiba, A. and Honma, Y. (1998). The notochord. In The Biology of Hagfishes (ed. J. Jorgensen, J. P. Lomholt, R. Weber and H. Malte), pp. 145-149. London: Chapman and Hall.
59. Wu, T. Y. (1977). Introduction to the scaling of aquatic animal locomotion. In Scale Effects in Animal Locomotion (ed. T. J. Pedley), pp. 203-232. New York: Academic Press.
60. Zar, J. H. (1996). Biostatistical Analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Prentice-Hall.