Causal inference: The case of hygiene and health

American Journal of Infection Control

Volumn 30, Issue 8, 2002, Pages 503-510

  Aiello, Allison E ^a   Larson, Elaine L ^b  

^a Mailman School of Public Health   (United States)

^b Howard Hughes Medical Institute   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BACILLUS ANTHRACIS; BACTERIAL COLONIZATION; BACTERIUM CONTAMINATION; ENTEROCOCCUS; ESCHERICHIA COLI; FECES MICROFLORA; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HYGIENE; INFECTION RISK; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; SALMONELLA; SHIGELLA;

EID: 0036918693     PISSN: 01966553     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1067/mic.2002.124585     Document Type: Review

References (28)

1. Haley RW, Culver DH, White JW, et al. The efficacy of infection surveillance and control programs in preventing nosocomial infections in US hospitals. Am J Epidemiol 1985;121:182-205.
2. DHHS. US Surgeons General's Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health. Washington (DC): US Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service; 1964.
3. Evans AS. Causation and disease: The Henle-Koch postulates revisited. Yale J Biol Med 1976;49:175-95.
4. Hill A. The environment and disease: Association or causation? Proc R Soc Med 1965;58:295-300.
5. Susser M. Criteria of Judgement. Causal Thinking in the Health Sciences: Concepts and Strategies in Epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press; 1973. p. 140-62.
6. Han AM, Hlaing T. Prevention of diarrhoea and dysentery by hand washing. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1989;83:128-31.
7. Shahid NS, Greenough WB III, Samadi AR, Huq MI, Rahman N. Hand washing with soap reduces diarrhoea and spread of bacterial pathogens in a Bangladesh village. J Diarrhoeal Dis Res 1996;14:85-9.
8. Wilson JM, Chandler GN, Muslihatun J. Hand-washing reduces diarrhoea episodes: A study in Lombok, Indonesia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1991;85:819-21.
9. Larson E, Gomez Duarte C. Home hygiene practices and infectious disease symptoms among household members. Public Health Nurs 2001;18:116-27.
10. Buck C. Popper's philosophy for epidemiologists. Int J Epidemiol 1975;4:159-68.
11. Susser M. What is a cause and how do we know one? A grammar for pragmatic epidemiology. Am J Epidemiol 1991;133:635-48.
12. Cook T, Campbell D. Quasi-experimentation: Design and Analysis Issues for Field Settings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co; 1979.
13. Aiello AE, Larson EL. What is the evidence for a causal link between hygiene and infections? Lancet Infect Dis 2002;2:103-10.
14. Huskins WC. Transmission and control of infections in out-of-home child care. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000;19:S106-10
15. Koch R. Ueber bacteriologische forschung. In verh. In: X. International Medical Congress. Berlin, 1890.
16. Hoque BA, Juncker T, Sack RB, Ali M, Aziz KM. Sustainability of a water, sanitation and hygiene education project in rural Bangladesh: A 5-year follow-up. Bull World Health Organ 1996;74:431-7.
17. Pinfold JV, Horan NJ. Measuring the effect of a hygiene behaviour intervention by indicators of behaviour and diarrhoeal disease. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1996;90:366-71.
18. Peterson EA, Roberts L, Toole MJ, Peterson DE. The effect of soap distribution on diarrhoea: Nyamithuthu Refugee Camp. Int J Epidemiol 1998;27:520-4.
19. Alam N, Wojtyniak B, Henry FJ, Rahaman MM. Mothers' personal and domestic hygiene and diarrhoea incidence in young children in rural Bangladesh. Int J Epidemiol 1989;18:242-7.
20. Khan MU. Interruption of shigellosis by hand washing. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1982;76:164-8.
21. Buchanan RL, Whiting RC. Risk assessment and predictive microbiology. J Food Prot 1996S;55:509-13.
22. Cabelli VJ, Dufour AP, McCabe LJ, Levin MA. Swimming-associated gastroenteritis and water quality. Am J Epidemiol 1982;115:606-16.
23. Carabin H, Gyorkos TW, Soto JC, Joseph L, Payment P, Collet JP. Effectiveness of a training program in reducing infections in toddlers attending day care centers. Epidemiology 1999;10:219-27.
24. Rothman KJ. Causes. Am J Epidemiol 1976;104:587-92.
25. Koopman JS, Lynch JW. Individual causal models and population system models in epidemiology. Am J Public Health 1999;89:1170-4.
26. Longini IM Jr, Koopman JS, Haber M, Cotsonis GA. Statistical inference for infectious diseases. Risk-specific household and community transmission parameters. Am J Epidemiol 1988;128:845-59.
27. Haber M, Longini IM Jr, Cotsonis GA. Models for the statistical analysis of infectious disease data. Biometrics 1988;44:163-73.
28. Susser M. Causal Thinking in the Health Sciences. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1973.