Cavity spot of carrot (Daucus carota)

Annals of Applied Biology

Volumn 141, Issue 3, 2002, Pages 201-223

  Hiltunen, L H ^a   White, J G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WARWICK   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cavity spot; Daucus carota; Disease control; Disease detection; Molecular primers; Polyclonal antisera; Pythium sulcatum; Pythium violae

Indexed keywords

CROP PLANT; DISEASE CONTROL; DISEASE INCIDENCE; FUNGICIDE; VEGETABLE;

DAUCUS; DAUCUS CAROTA; FUNGI; PYTHIA; PYTHIUM; PYTHIUM SULCATUM; PYTHIUM VIOLAE;

EID: 0036915296     PISSN: 00034746     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7348.2002.tb00213.x     Document Type: Review

References (155)

1. Anon. 1943. Diseases of crop plants. A ten years' review (1933-1942). MAFF Bulletin No. 126. 101 pp.
2. Anon. 1986. NIAB cavity spot research pays off. Grower, 1986, November 29, 10.
3. Anon. 1994. Descriptive List of Early and Maincrop Carrots Grown in NIAB Trials. Vegetable Growers Leaflet. Cambridge, UK: National Institute of Agricultural Botany.
4. Anon. 1995. Vegetable Variety Handbook. NIAB Descriptive Lists of Vegetables 1995. Cambridge, UK: National Institute of Agricultural Botany.
5. Anon. 1996. Vegetable Variety Handbook. NIAB Descriptive Lists of Vegetables 1996. Cambridge, UK: National Institute of Agricultural Botany.
6. Anon. 1997. Vegetable Variety Handbook. NIAB Descriptive Lists of Vegetables 1997. Cambridge, UK: National Institute of Agricultural Botany.
7. Anon. 1998. Vegetable Variety Handbook. NIAB Descriptive Lists of Vegetables 1998. Cambridge, UK: National Institute of Agricultural Botany.
8. Anon. 1999. Vegetable Variety Handbook. NIAB Descriptive Lists of Vegetables 1999. Cambridge, UK: National Institute of Agricultural Botany.
9. Anon. 2000. Vegetable Variety Handbook. NIAB Descriptive Lists of Vegetables 2000. Cambridge, UK: National Institute of Agricultural Botany.
10. Arsvoll K. 1980a. Gropflekk i gulrot - Problemet loyst. [Cavity spot in carrot - The problem solved]. Aktuelt fra Landbruksdepartementets Opplysningstjeneste 1980, No. 2, pp. 65-69.
11. Arsvoll K. 1980b. Gropflekk i gulrot - Problemet loyst. [Cavity spot in carrot - The problem solved]. Gartneryrket 70:559-560.
12. Avigdori-Avidov H, Jacobsohn R, Zutra D, Nachmias A, Krikun J. 1987. [Chemical control of cavity spot of carrots]. Hassadeh 67:1556-1559.
13. Bailey A M, Coffey M D. 1985. Biodegradation of metalaxyl in avocado soils. Phytopathology 75:135-137.
14. Baker J J. 1972. Report on diseases of cultivated plants in England and Wales for the years 1957-1968. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Technical Bulletin 25, 86, pp. 236-237.
15. Barr D J S, Kemp W G. 1975. Olpidium brassicae, tobacco necrosis virus and Pythium species in relation to rusty root rot of carrots in Ontario and Quebec. Canadian Plant Disease Survey 55:77-82.
16. Beale R E, Sweet J B. 1990. Control of diseases in field vegetables using resistant cultivars and their integration with biological and chemical methods. Monograph - British Crop Protection Council No. 45, pp. 131-136.
17. Benard D, Punja Z K. 1992. Role of Pythium spp. in the developement of cavity spot on carrots in British Columbia. Phytopathology 82:1091 (Abstract).
18. Benard D, Punja Z K. 1995. Role of Pythium species in cavity spot developement on carrots in British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 17:31-45.
19. Breton D, Rouxel F. 1993. Données récentes sur le cavity-spot de la carotte en France. Acta Horticulturae 354:159-170.
20. Briard M. 1990. Etude Comparée de Phytophthora megasperma et Pythium violae et de leurs Rélations avec la Plante dans l'Expression des Symptomes de Bague et de Cavity-Spot sur Carotte (Daucus carota). Ph.D. Thesis, Université de Rennes I. 119 pp.
21. Campion C. 1997. Etude Comparée des Processus Infectieux de Pythium violae, Pythium sulcatum et Pythium ultimum chez Daucus carota L. Roles des Enzymes Fongiques et de la Paroi Végétale dans l'Expression du Cavity Spot. Ph.D. Thesis, Université de Rennes I. 142 pp.
22. Campion C, Massiot P, Rouxel F. 1997. Aggressiveness and production of cell-wall degrading enzymes by Pythium violae, Pythium sulcatum and Pythium ultimum, responsible for cavity spot on carrots. European Journal of Plant Pathology 103:725-735.
23. Campion C, Vian B, Nicole M, Rouxel F. 1998. A comparative study of carrot root tissue colonization and cell wall degradation by Pythium violae and Pythium ultimum, two pathogens responsible for cavity spot. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 44:221-230.
24. Chesters C G C, Hickman C J. 1939. Preliminary report on stem and root rot of Viola and Pansy. National Viola and Pansy Society Yearbook 1938, pp. 1-8.
25. Chesters C G C, Hickman C J. 1944. On Pythium violae n. sp. and P. oligandrum Drechsler from cultivated Viola. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 27:55-62.
26. Cohen Y, Coffey M D. 1986. Systemic fungicides and the control of Oomycetes. Annual Review of Phytopathology 24:311-338.
27. Collier G F, Huntington V C. 1979. Cavity spot in carrots. National Vegetable Research Station Annual Report for 1978, p. 109.
28. Cooper C S. 1996. Somaclonal Variation in Carrot (Daucus carota cv. Fancy) and Resistance to Cavity Spot. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Liverpool. 202 pp.
29. Davies J S, Hembry J K. 1993. Novel production systems to minimise pesticide use in intensive field vegetable crops. Crop Protection in Northern Britain 1993: Proceedings of a Conference, Dundee University, 23-25 March 1993, pp. 195-200.
30. Davis R M, Nunez J J, Guerard J P, Vivoda E. 1991. If registered, fungicide could reduce cavity spot of carrots. Californian Agriculture 45:29-30.
31. Davis R M, Liddell C M, Guerard J P, Nunez J, Vivoda E. 1988. Pythium diseases of carrots in California. Phytopathology 78:1578 (Abstract).
32. Davison E M, McKay A G. 1998. Pythium spp. associated with cavity spot of carrots in Western Australia. Australasian Plant Pathology 27:163-168.
33. Davison E M, McKay A G. 1999. Reduced persistence of metalaxyl in soil associated with its failure to control cavity spot of carrots. Plant Pathology 48:830-835.
34. Davison E M, McKay A G. 2000. Cavity spot in Australia. Proceedings of Carrot Conference Australia, Perth, Western Australia, October 2000, p. 43.
35. Davison E M, McKay A G. 2001. Integrated management of Pythium diseases of carrots. Report of Horticulture Australia Project VG98011. 83 pp.
36. DeKock P C, Hall A, Inkson R H E. 1981. Cavity spot of carrots. Anales de Edafologia y Agrobiologia 40:307-316.
37. Dewan M M, Sivasithamparam K. 1988. Pythium spp in roots of wheat and rye-grass in Western Australia and their effect on root rot caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 20:801-808.
38. Dick M W, Ali-Shtayeh M S. 1986. Distribution and frequency of Pythium species in parkland and farmland soils. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 86:49-62.
39. Drechsler C. 1946. Several species of Pythium peculiar in their sexual development. Phytopathology 36:781-864.
40. Droby S, Coffey M D. 1991. Biodegradation process and the nature of metabolism of metalaxyl in soil. Annals of Applied Biology 118:543-553.
41. El-Tarabily K A, Hardy G E St J, Sivasithamparam K. 1996a. Association of Pythium coloratum and Pythium sulcatum with cavity spot disease in Western Australia. Plant Pathology 45:727-735.
42. El-Tarabily KA, Hardy G E St J, Sivasithamparam K. 1997a. Effects of host age on development of cavity spot disease of carrots caused by Pythium coloratum in Western Australia. Australian Journal of Botany 45:727-734.
43. El-Tarabily K A, Hardy G E St J, Sivasithamparam K, Kurtboke I D. 1996b. Microbiological differences between limed and unlimed soils and their relationship with cavity spot disease of carrots (Daucus carota L.) caused by Pythium coloratum in Western Australia. Plant and Soil 183:279-290.
44. El-Tarabily K A, Hardy G E St J, Sivasithamparam K, McKay A G. 1997b. Amendment of soil with lime or gypsum and its effect on cavity spot disease of carrots (Daucus carota L.) caused by Pythium coloratum. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 37:265-270.
45. El-Tarabily K A, Hardy G E St J, Sivasithamparam K, Hussein A M, Kurtboke I D. 1997c. The potential for the biological control of cavity-spot disease of carrots, caused by Pythium coloratum, by streptomycete and non-streptomycete actinomycetes. New Phytologist 137:495-507.
46. Erceg D, Sivasithamparam K, O'Brien P. 1993. Identification of Pythium isolates associated with cavity spot disease of carrots in Western Australia. Proceedings of the 6th International Congress of Plant Pathology, Montreal, Canada, p. 149 (Abstract).
47. Finkelstein E, Bashan Y, Okon Y, Yaakobi C. 1983. Induction of, and crop loss due to, cavity spot of carrots. Phytoparasitica 11:210-211.
48. Galati A, McKay A G. 1993. The export carrot industry. Western Australian Journal of Agriculture 34:48-51.
49. Galati A, McKay A G. 1995. Cavity spot disease of carrots. Farmnote No. 74/95. Agriculture Western Australia.
50. Galati A, McKay A G. 1996. Carrot yield decline. Final Report for Horticultural Research and Development Corporation. Western Australia, 199. 268 pp.
51. Gladders P, Crompton J G. 1984. Comparison of fungicides for control of cavity spot of carrots. Tests of Agrochemicals and Cultivars 5 (Annals of Applied Biology 104, Supplement), pp. 36-37.
52. Gladders P, McPherson G M. 1986. Control of cavity spot in carrots with fungicides. Aspects of Applied Biology 12:223-233.
53. Goh K M, Ali N S. 1983. Effects of nitrogen fertilisers, calcium and water regime on the incidence of cavity spot in carrot. Fertilizer Research 4:223-230.
54. Green C D, Makin T. 1985. Soil-borne transmission of cavity spot of carrots, grown in north Lincolnshire for processing. Crop Protection 4:351-358.
55. Groom M R, Perry D A. 1985a. Induction of 'cavityspot-like' lesions on roots of Daucus carota by Pythium violae. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 84:755-757.
56. Groom M R, Perry D A. 1985b. The epidemiology and control of cavity spot of carrots. Annual Report, Scottish Crop Research Institute, 1984, p. 132.
57. Guba E F, Young R E, Ui T. 1961. Cavity spot disease of carrot and parsnip roots. Plant Disease Reporter 45:102-105.
58. Guerard J. 1988. Fungal disease threaten carrot harvests. American Vegetable Grower, 1988, August: 17.
59. Guerin L. 1993. Analyse de la Diversité des Pythium spp. Impliqués dans le Cavity Spot de la Carotte et Étude des Relations Hote-Parasite en vue de la Sélection Variétale pour la Résistance. Ph.D. Thesis, Université de Rennes I. 101 pp.
60. Guerin L, Benhamou N, Rouxel F. 1998. Ultrastructural and cytochemical investigations of pathogen development and host reactions in susceptible and partially-resistant carrot roots infected by Pythium violae, the major causal agent for cavity spot. European Journal of Plant Pathology 104:653-665.
61. Guerin L, Briard M, Rouxel F. 1994. Biochemical characterisation of Pythium spp. involved in cavity spot of carrots in France. Annals of Applied Biology 125:255-265.
62. Hafidh F T, Kelly W C. 1982. Cavity spot of carrots caused by feeding of fungus gnat larvae. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 107:1177-1181.
63. Hancock J G. 1985. Fungal infection of feeder rootlets of alfalfa. Phytopathology 75:1112-1120.
64. Hiltunen L H, Kenny S R, White J G. 2000. Cavity spot - Potential control measures. Proceedings of Carrot Conference Australia, Perth, Western Australia, October 2000, pp. 44-45.
65. Howard R J, Pratt R G, Williams P H. 1978. Pathogenicity to carrots of Pythium species from organic soils of North America. Phytopathology 68:1293-1296.
66. Hulme J M, Hickey M J, Hoogers R. 2000. Using soil moisture monitoring to improve irrigation. Proceedings of Carrot Conference Australia, Perth, Western Australia, October 2000, pp. 23-24.
67. Jacobsohn R, Dan C, Yaakobi C, Sander N. 1973. [Unidentified spots on carrots]. Hassedeh 53:1168-1171.
68. Jacobsohn R, Zutra D, Dan H, Kelman Y. 1984. Studies of carrot cavity spot. Journal of Horticultural Science 59:529-535.
69. Jakobsen S T, Jorgensen I. 1986. Virkning af godninger pa cavity spot i gulerodder. [Effect of fertiliser treatment on cavity spot in carrots]. Gartner-Tidende 102:748-749.
70. Jensen A. 1973. Syddomme hos gulerodder. Soertryk of Landbonyt 27:75-82.
71. Jorgensen I. 1986. Jorddesinfektion med metam-Na til gulerodder. [Soil sterilisation with metam-sodium for carrot growing]. Gartner-Tidende 102:38-39.
72. Kalu N N, Sutton J C, Vaartaja O. 1976. Pythium species associated with root dieback of carrot in Ontario. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 56:555-561.
73. Kenny S R, White J G, Walker A. 2001. Evidence for the enhanced degradation of metalaxyl in UK carrot soils. BCPC Symposium Proceedings No. 78: Pesticide Behaviour in Soils and Water, pp. 133-138.
74. Long E. 1985. Cavity spot - The culprits are Pythium fungi. Grower, 14 March 1985, pp. 15-16.
75. Lyons N F, White J G. 1992. Detection of Pythium violae and Pythium sulcatum in carrots with cavity spot. Annals of Applied Biology 120:235-244.
76. Lyshol A J, Semb L, Taksdal G. 1984. Reduction of cavity spot and root dieback in carrots by fungicide applications. Plant Pathology 33:193-198.
77. Martin F N, Hancock J G. 1986. Association of chemical and biological factors in soils suppressive to Pythium ultimum. Phytopathology 76:1221-1231.
78. Maynard D N, Gersten B, Vlach E F, Vernell H F. 1961. The effects of nutrient concentration and calcium levels on the occurrence of carrot cavity spot. Proceedings of American Society for Horticultural Science 78:339-342.
79. Maynard D N, Gersten B, Young R E, Vernell H F. 1963. The influence of plant maturity and calcium level on the occurrence of carrot cavity spot. Proceedings of American Society for Horticultural Science 83:506-510.
80. McDonald M R. 1994. Cavity Spot of Carrot (Pythium spp.): Etiology, Epidemiology and Control. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Guelph. 399 pp.
81. McDonald M R, Edgington L V. 1988. Development of control of cavity spot of carrot. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 10:369-370 (Abstract).
82. McDonald M R, Edgington L V. 1989. Evaluation of metalaxyl and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria for the control of cavity spot of carrot. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 11:194 (Abstract).
83. McDonald M R, Sutton J C. 1992. Horizontal resistance to cavity spot in commercial carrot cultivars. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 14:245-246 (Abstract).
84. McDonald M R, Sutton J C. 1993. Influence of cultivar, plant age, rainfall and soil temperature on the development of cavity spot of carrot. Proceedings of the 6th International Congress of Plant Pathology, Montreal, Canada, p. 106 (Abstract).
85. McDonald M R, Knibbe E N, Edgington L V. 1987. Evaluation of phenylamides for the control of cavity spot of carrots. Phytopathology 77:120 (Abstract).
86. McKay A G, Davison E M. 2000. Carrot export development. Final Report for Horticultural Research and Development Corporation Project VG 95010. 168 pp.
87. McPherson G M. 1995. Evaluation of fungicides applied as seed treatments, HV sprays or granules for the control of cavity spot in susceptible and tolerant carrot cultivars. Final Report to the Horticultural Development Council (FV 5b). 94 pp.
88. Montfort F, Rouxel F. 1988. La maladie de la "tache" de la carotte due ȧ Pythium violae Chesters et Hickman: Données symptomatologiques et étiologiques. Agronomie 8:701-706.
89. Nagai Y, Fukami M, Murata A, Watanabe T. 1986. Brown-blotted root rot of carrots in Japan (1). Occurrence, symptoms and isolation. Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan 52:278-286.
90. Norman B. 1981. Cavity spot conundrum. Supplement to Grower, 26 November 1981, p. 20.
91. Perry D A. 1967. Carrot root disorders. Agriculture (London) 74:222-225.
92. Perry D A. 1972. Excess potash linked to cavity spot. Grower, 22 April 1972, p. 19.
93. Perry D A. 1982. Induction of carrot lesions. Annual Report of the Scottish Crop Research Institute for 1981, pp. 82-83.
94. Perry D A. 1983. Effect of soil cultivation and anaerobiosis on cavity spot of carrots. Annals of Applied Biology 103:541-547.
95. Perry D A, Groom M R. 1984. Epidemiology and etiology of root disorders of carrots. Report of the Scottish Crop Research Institute, 1983, p. 128.
96. Perry D A, Harrison J G. 1977. Pectolytic anaerobic bacteria cause symptoms of cavity spot in carrots. Nature 269:509.
97. Perry D A, Harrison J G. 1979a. Cavity spot of carrots. I. Symptomatology and calcium involvement. Annals of Applied Biology 93:101-108.
98. Perry D A, Harrison J G. 1979b. Cavity spot of carrots. II. The effect of soil conditions and the role of pectolytic anaerobic bacteria. Annals of Applied Biology 93:109-115.
99. Perry D A, Horgan A. 1983. Cavity spot of carrots. Field experiment. Annual Report of the Scottish Crop Research Institute Annual Report for 1982, pp. 110-111.
100. Perry D A, Rubens T G. 1967. Cavity spot of carrots. Annual Report of the Scottish Horticultural Research Institute for 1966, p. 37.
101. Petch G M. 1999. Aspects of the detection and discrimination of members of the fungal genus Pythium by serological and molecular methods. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Birmingham, 237 pp.
102. Petch G M, White J G. 1995. Coping with cavity spot. Grower 123:25-28.
103. Petch G M, Maude R B, White J G. 1991. Effect of film coat layering of metalaxyl on the germination of carrot seeds, their emergence and the control of cavity spot. Crop Protection 10:117-120.
104. Phelps K, White J G, Henn A J. 1991. Studies on the spatial distribution of Pythium-induced cavity spot of carrots. Annals of Applied Biology 119:21-30.
105. Plaats-Niterink A J. 1975. Species of Pythium in the Netherlands. Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology 81:22-57.
106. Plaats-Niterink A J. 1981. Monograph of the genus Pythium. Studies in Mycology No. 21. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Baarn. 242 pp.
107. Pratt R G, Mitchell J E. 1973. A new species of Pythium from Wisconsin and Florida isolated from carrots. Canadian Journal of Botany 51:333-339.
108. Punja Z K. 1990. Association of Pythium spp. and other soilborne fungi with cavity spot lesions on fresh market carrots grown in muck soils. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 12:338 (Abstract).
109. Rubens T G, Halford M. 1983. Seeking the causes of cavity spot in the field. Grower, 24 February 1983, pp. 49, 51, 53.
110. Saaltink G J. 1969. Root rot of hyacinth caused by species of Pythium. Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology 75:343-354.
111. Scaife M A, Burton A K, Turner M K. 1980a. Cavity spot of carrots - An association with soil ammonium. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 11:621-628.
112. Scaife M A, Burton A K, Turner M K. 1980b. Cavity spot of carrots. National Vegetable Research Station Annual Report 30, p. 110.
113. Scaife M A, Turner M K, Barnes A, Hunt J. 1983. Cavity spot of carrots - Observations on a commercial crop. Annals of Applied Biology 102:567-575.
114. Scaife M A, Turner M K, Hunt J, Barnes A. 1981. Cavity spot of carrots - A pot experiment on cation effects. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 12:897-908.
115. Schrandt J K, Davis R M, Nunez J J, 1994. Host range and influence of nutrition, temperature and pH on growth of Pythium violae from carrot. Plant Disease 78:335-338.
116. Shlevin E, Ben-nun R, Tzror L, Nachmias A, Ohali I. 1987. [Reduction of "cavity spots" in carrots by Ridomil applications]. Hassadeh 67:2272-2274.
117. Smith B M, Crowther T C, White J G, Martin L. 1997. Screening carrot germplasm for resistance to cavity spot caused by Pythium violae. Journal of Applied Genetics 37a:60-70.
118. Soroker E, Bashan Y, Okon Y. 1984. Reproducible induction of cavity spot in carrots and physiological and microbial changes occurring during cavity formation. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 16:541-548.
119. Stanghellini M E. 1974. Spore germination, growth and survival of Pythium in soil. Proceedings of American Phytopathological Society 1:211-214.
120. Sweet J, Beale R. 1988. It's the big screen for cavity spot. Grower, 8 September 1988, pp. 16-17.
121. Sweet J B, Beale R E, Wright I R. 1989. Cavity spot disease in six carrot cultivars treated with a metalaxyl and thiram fungicide. Tests of Agrochemicals and Cultivars 10 (Annals of Applied Biology 114, Supplement), pp. 38-39.
122. Sweet J B, Lake S E, Wright I R, Priestley R H. 1986. Resistance of carrot varieties to cavity spot disease. Aspects of Applied Biology 112:235-245.
123. Taksdal G. 1990. Verdiproving i gronsaker. Seine gulrotsortar til friskkonsum. [Performance trials of vegetables. Maincrop carrots for the fresh market]. Aktuelt fra Statens Fagtjeneste for Landbrucket No. 9. 19 pp.
124. Tyler F. 1971. High potash levels could encourage cavity spot. Grower, 13 November 1971, pp. 958.
125. Vaartaja O. 1967. Damping-off pathogens in S. Australia. Phytopathology 57:765-768.
126. Vivoda E, Davis R M, Nunez J J, Guerard J P. 1991. Factors affecting the development of cavity spot of carrot. Plant Disease 75:519-522.
127. Wagenvoort W A, Batik I, Findenegg G R. 1985. The effect of oxygen supply and calcium levels in hydroponic culture on the occurrence of cavity spot. Soilless Culture 1:67-72.
128. Wagenvoort W A, Blok I, Momberg H F M, Velhuizen T. 1989. Cavity spot of carrots in relation to a Pythium sp. Gartenbauwissenschaft 54:70-73.
129. Walker G E. 1988. Control of cavity spot of carrot with metalaxyl and phosphorous acid. Australasian Plant Pathology 17:41-44.
130. Walker G E. 1991. Effect of metalaxyl and phosphonate on incidence of cavity spot in carrots. Australasian Plant Pathology 20:21-26.
131. Wang P-H, White J G. 1996. Development of a species-specific primer for Pythium violae. BCPC Monograph No 65: Diagnostics in Crop Production, BCPC, Farnham Surrey, pp. 205-210.
132. Wang P-H, White J G. 1997. Molecular characterization of Pythium species based on RFLP analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 51:129-143.
133. Watanabe T, Nagai Y, Fukami M. 1986. Brown-blotted root rot of carrots in Japan (2). Culture and identification. Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan 52:287-291.
134. Wheatley G A, Hardman J A, Edmonds G H, 1984a. Development of cavity spot in carrots and effect of pesticides. Report of the National Vegetable Research Station for 1983, pp. 40-41.
135. Wheatley G A, Hardman J A, Edmonds G H. 1984b. Effects of metalaxyl and carbofuran in a fluid-drilling gel on cavity spot incidence and the yield of carrots. Tests of Agrochemicals and Cultivars 5 (Annals of Applied Biology 104, Supplement), pp. 38-39.
136. Whipps J M, Lumsden R D. 1991. Biological control of Pythium species. Biocontrol Science and Technology 1:75-90.
137. White J G. 1984. The association of Pythium and Phytophthora spp. with cavity spot. Report of the National Vegetable Research Station for 1983, pp. 80-81.
138. White J G. 1986. The association of Pythium spp. with cavity spot and root dieback of carrots. Annals of Applied Biology 108:265-273.
139. White J G. 1988. Studies on the biology and control of cavity spot of carrots. Annals of Applied Biology 113:259-268.
140. White J G. 1991. Curing spotty carrots. Grower 115:9-10.
141. White J G. 1992. The effects of previous cropping and fungicides on field populations of Pythium oligandrum. Phytoparasitica 20, Supplement: 117s-120s.
142. White J G. 1993. A natural approach to cavity spot. Grower 120:9-10.
143. White J G, Wakeham A J. 1987. Responses of Pythium spp. associated with cavity spot of carrots to metalaxyl and related fungicides. Tests of Agrochemicals and Cultivars 8 (Annals of Applied Biology 110, Supplement), pp. 52-53.
144. White J G, Dowker B D, Crowther T C. 1987. Screening carrot cultivars against Pythium spp. associated with cavity spot. Tests of Agrochemicals and Cultivars 8 (Annals of Applied Biology 110, Supplement), pp. 138-139.
145. White J G, Hiltunen L H, Petch G M. 1996a. Screening of fungicides against the pathogens which cause cavity spot of carrot. Report of the Horticultural Development Council. 25 pp.
146. White J G, Lyons N F, Petch G M. 1995. Development of a diagnostic test for the pathogens which cause cavity spot of carrot. Final Report to the Horticultural Development Council. 52 pp.
147. White J G, Lyons N F, Petch G M. 1996b. Development of a commercial diagnostic test for the pathogens which cause cavity spot of carrot. 1996 BCPC Symposium Proceedings No 65: Diagnostics in Crop Production, pp. 343-348.
148. White J G, Petch G M, Hiltunen L H 1997. Development of a commercial diagnostic test for cavity spot. Carrot Country, Fall 1997: 7, 9, 10, 23.
149. White J G, Stanghellini M E, Ayoubi L M. 1988a. Variation in the sensitivity to metalaxyl of Pythium spp. isolated from carrot and other sources. Annals of Applied Biology 113:269-277.
150. White J G, Wakeham A J, Petch G M. 1992. Deleterious effect of soil-applied metalaxyl and mancozeb on the mycoparasite Pythium oligandrum. Biocontrol Science and Technology 2:335-340.
151. White J G, Wakeham A J, Shlevin E. 1993. Pythium violae isolated from cavity spot lesions on carrots in Israel. Phytoparasitica 21:230-243.
152. White J G, Dowker B D, Crowther T C, Wakeham A J. 1988b. Laboratory screening of carrot cultivars with reported differential field performance for cavity spot to three Pythium spp. Tests of Agrochemicals and Cultivars 9 (Annals of Applied Biology 112: Supplement), pp. 76-77.
153. Wisbey B D, Copeman R J, Black T A. 1977. Other incitants associated with Pythium root dieback of muck-grown carrots in British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 57:235-242.
154. Zamski E, Peretz I. 1995. Cavity spot of carrots: Interactions between the host and pathogen, related to the cell wall. Annals of Applied Biology 127:23-32.
155. Zamski E, Peretz I. 1996. Cavity spot of carrots: II. Cell-wall-degrading enzymes secreted by Pythium and pathogen related proteins produced by the root cells. Annals of Applied Biology 128:195-207.