Transplant mediated repair of the central nervous system: An imminent solution?

Current Opinion in Neurology

Volumn 15, Issue 6, 2002, Pages 701-705

  Lakatos, Andras ^a   Franklin, Robin J M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Grafting; Olfactory ensheathing cell; Schwann cell; Spinal cord injury; Stem cell; Transplantation

Indexed keywords

PROTEOCHONDROITIN SULFATE; TETRACYCLINE;

CELL TRANSPLANTATION; DNA MODIFICATION; FETAL TISSUE TRANSPLANTATION; FIBROBLAST; GENE EXPRESSION; GLIA CELL; HUMAN; MACROPHAGE; NERVE FIBER REGENERATION; NONHUMAN; OLFACTORY ENSHEATHING CELL; PROMOTER REGION; REMYELINIZATION; REVIEW; SCHWANN CELL; SPINAL CORD INJURY; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; SYRINGOMYELIA;

ANIMALS; AXONS; BRAIN INJURIES; FETAL TISSUE TRANSPLANTATION; FIBROBLASTS; HUMANS; MACROPHAGES; NERVE GROWTH FACTORS; NERVE REGENERATION; SCHWANN CELLS; SPINAL CORD INJURIES; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; SYRINGOMYELIA;

EID: 0036907505     PISSN: 13507540     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00019052-200212000-00007     Document Type: Review

References (46)

1. Barker RA. Prospects for the treatment of Parkinson's disease using neural grafts. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2000; 1:889-902.
2. Blakemore WF, Franklin RJM. Transplantation options for therapeutic CNS remyelination. Cell Transplant 2000; 9:289-294.
3. Weidner N, Ner A, Salimi N, Tuszynski MH. Spontaneous corticospinal axonal plasticity and functional recovery after adult central nervous system injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98:3513-3518.
4. Jeffery ND, Fitzgerald M. Effects of red nucleus ablation and exogenous neurotrophin-3 on corticospinal axon terminal distribution in the adult. Neuroscience 2001; 104:513-521. Loss of anatomical connection in one descending pathway can be remedied by compensatory sprouting in another, provided it receives exogenous neurotrophic support.
5. von Euler M, Janson AM, Larsen JO, et al. Spontaneous axonal regeneration in rodent spinal cord after ischemic injury. J Neuropath Exp Neurol 2002; 61:64-75.
6. Calancie B, Molano MR, Broton JG. Interlimb reflexes and synaptic plasticity become evident months after human spinal cord injury. Brain 2002; 125:1150-1161.
7. Xu XM, Guénard V, Kleitman N, Bunge MB. Axonal regeneration into Schwann cell-seeded guidance channels grafted into transected adult rat spinal cord. J Comp Neurol 1995; 351:145-160.
8. Xu XM, Guénard V, Kleitman N, et al. Combination of BDNF and NT-3 promotes supraspinal axonal regeneration into Schwann cell grafts in adult rat thoracic spinal cord. Exp Neurol 1995; 134:261-272.
9. Cheng H, Cao Y, Olson L. Spinal cord repair in adult paraplegic rats: Partial restoration of hind limb function. Science 1996; 273:510-513.
10. Xu XM, Zhang SX, Li HY, et al. Regrowth of axons into the distal spinal cord through a Schwann-cell-seeded mini-channel implanted into hemisected adult rat spinal cord. Eur J Neurosci 1999; 11:1723-1740.
11. Plant GW, Bates ML, Bunge MB. Inhibitory proteoglycan immunoreactivity is higher at the caudal than the rostral Schwann cell graft-transected spinal cord interface. Mol Cell Neurosci 2001; 17:471-487. This paper provides clear evidence that the composition of the graft can have profound effects on the expression of nonpermissive molecules in the surrounding host tissue.
12. Davies SJ, Fitch MT, Memberg SP, et al. Regeneration of adult axons in white matter tracts of the central nervous system. Nature 1997; 390:680-683.
13. Ramón-Cueto A, Plant GW, Avila J, Bunge MB. Long distance axonal regeneration in the transected adult rat spinal cord is promoted by olfactory ensheathing glia transplants. J Neurosci 1998; 18:3802-3815.
14. Li Y, Field PM, Raisman G. Repair of adult rat corticospinal tract by transplants of olfactory ensheathing cells. Science 1997; 277:2000-2002.
15. Ramon-Cueto A, Cordero MI, Santos-Benito FF, Avila J. Functional recovery of paraplegic rats and motor axon regeneration in their spinal cords by olfactory ensheathing glia. Neuron 2000; 25:425-435.
16. Imaizumi T, Lankford KL, Burton WV, et al. Xenotransplantation of transgenic pig olfactory ensheathing cells promotes axonal regeneration in rat spinal cord. Nat Biotech 2000; 18:949-953.
17. Lu J, Feron F, Mackay-Sim A, Waite PME. Olfactory ensheathing cells promote locomotor recovery after delayed transplantation into transected spinal cord. Brain 2002; 125:14-21. This paper supports earlier studies indicating that damaged axons remain responsive to a regeneration-supportive environment for several weeks after injury has occurred and therefore that transplant based surgical intervention need not be conducted at the time of injury.
18. Li Y, Field PM, Raisman G. Regeneration of adult rat corticospinal axons induced by transplanted olfactory ensheathing cells. J Neurosci 1998; 18:10514-10524.
19. Franklin RJM, Gilson JM, Franceschini IA, Barnett SC. Schwann cell-like myelination following transplantation of an olfactory bulb-ensheathing cell line into areas of demyelination in the adult CNS. Glia 1996; 17:217-224.
20. Imaizumi T, Lankford KL, Waxman SG, et al. Transplanted olfactory ensheathing cells remyelinate and enhance axonal conduction in the demyelinated dorsal columns of the rat spinal cord. J Neurosci 1998; 18:6176-6185.
21. Ruitenberg MJ, Plant GW, Christensen CL, et al. Viral vector-mediated gene expression in olfactory ensheathing glia implants in the lesioned rat spinal cord. Gene Ther 2002; 9:135-146.
22. Lakatos A, Franklin RJM, Barnett SC. Olfactory ensheathing cells and Schwann cells differ in their in vitro interactions with astrocytes. Glia 2000; 32:214-225.
23. Anderson DK, Howland DR, Reier PJ. Fetal neural grafts and repair of the injured spinal cord. Brain Pathol 1995; 5:451-457.
24. Wirth ED III, Reier PJ, Fessler RG, et al. Feasibility and safety of neural tissue transplantation in patients with syringomyelia. J Neurotrauma 2001; 18:911-929. This paper (and the following reference) provides preliminary reports of a clinical trial using foetal spinal cord transplants to promote recovery in patients with SCI, currently in progress at the University of Florida Medical School.
25. Thompson FJ, Reier PJ, Uthman B, et al. Neurophysiological assessment of the feasibility and safety of neural tissue transplantation in patients with syringomyelia. J Neurotrauma 2001; 18:931-945.
26. Bregman BS, McAtee M, Dal HN, Kuhn PL. Neurotrophic factors increase axonal growth after spinal cord injury and transplantation in the adult rat. Exp Neurol 1997; 148:475-494.
27. Coumans JV, Lin TTS, Dai HN, et al. Axonal regeneration and functional recovery after complete spinal cord transection in rats by delayed treatment with transplants and neurotrophins. J Neurosci 2001; 21:9334-9344. This well conducted study covers a number of important issues including the advantages of delaying grafting and approaches to addressing the mechanisms by which grafts induce functional recovery.
28. Duchossoy Y, Kassar-Duchossoy L, Orsal D, et al. Reinnervation of the biceps brachii muscle following cotransplantation of fetal spinal cord and autologous peripheral nerve into the injured cervical spinal cord of the adult rat. Exp Neurol 2001; 167:329-340.
29. McDonald JW, Liu XZ, Qu Y, et al. Transplanted embryonic stem cells survive, differentiate and promote recovery in injured rat spinal cord. Nat Med 1999; 5:1410-1412.
30. Teng YD, Lavik EB, Qu X, et al. Functional recovery following traumatic spinal cord injury mediated by a unique polymer scaffold seeded with neural stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99:3024-3029. This paper describes the use of a murine neural stem cell clone (C17.2) that has successfully been used to repair many forms of CNS pathology to support recovery in SCI when transplanted attached to a polymer scaffold.
31. Liu S, Stewart TJ, Howard MJ, et al. Embryonic stem cells differentiate into oligodendrocytes and myelinate in culture and after spinal cord transplantation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97:6126-6131.
32. Cao Q, Zhang YP, Howard RM, et al. Pluripotent stem cells engrafted into the normal or lesioned adult rat spinal cord are restricted to a glial lineage. Exp Neurol 2002; 167:46-58. This study illustrates that the environment of the damaged spinal cord favours differentiation of uncommitted neural stem cells to a glial rather than a neuronal fate, despite the lesion resulting in a loss of both gila and neurons.
33. Gage FH, Ray J, Fisher LJ. Isolation, characterization, and use of stem cells from the CNS. Annu Rev Neurosci 1995; 18:159-192.
34. Fricker RA, Carpenter MK, Winkler C, et al. Site-specific migration and neuronal differentiation of human neural progenitor cells after transplantation in the adult rat brain. J Neurosci 2002; 19:5990-6005.
35. Tuszynski MH, Peterson DA, Ray J, et al. Fibroblasts genetically modified to produce nerve growth factor induce robust neuritic ingrowth after grafting to the spinal cord. Exp Neurol 1994; 126:1-14.
36. Blesch A, Conner JM, Tuszynski MH. Modulation of neuronal survival and axonal growth in vivo by tetracycline-regulated neurotrophin expression. Gene Ther 2001; 8:954-960. This paper describes the use of conditional gene expression technology to regulate the expression of genes that have beneficial effects on recovery from SCI.
37. Blesch A, Lu P, Tuszynski MH. Neurotrophic factors, gene therapy, and neural stem cells for spinal cord repair. Brain Res Bull 2002; 57:833-838.
38. Rapalino O, Lazarov-Spiegler O, Agranov E, et al. Implantation of stimulated homologous macrophages results in partial recovery of paraplegic rats. Nat Med 1998; 4:814-821.
39. Lazarov-Spiegler O, Solomon AS, Zeev-Brann AB, et al. Transplantation of activated macrophages overcomes central nervous system regrowth failure. FASEB J 1996; 10:1296-1302.
40. Barnett SC, Alexander CL, Iwashita Y, et al. Identification of a human olfactory ensheathing cell that can effect transplant-mediated remyelination of demyelinated CNS axons. Brain 2000; 123:1581-1588.
41. Lu J, Feron F, Ho SM, et al. Transplantation of nasal olfactory tissue promotes partial recovery in paraplegic adult rats. Brain Res 2001; 889:344-357.
42. Mezey E, Chandross KJ, Harta G, et al. Turning blood into brain: Cells bearing neuronal antigens generated in vivo from bone marrow. Science 2000; 290:1779-1782.
43. Sasaki M, Honmou O, Akiyama Y, et al. Transplantation of an acutely isolated bone marrow fraction repairs demyelinated adult rat spinal cord axons. Glia 2001; 35:26-34.
44. Mahmood A, Lu D, Wang L, el al. Treatment of traumatic brain injury in female rats with intravenous administration of bone marrow stromal cells. Neurosurgery 2001; 49:1196-1203.
45. Schwab ME. Repairing the injured spinal cord. Science 2002; 295:1029-1031. A useful 'state-of-the-art' overview by a leading figure in the SCI field.
46. Smith PM, Lakatos A, Barnett SC, et al. Cryopreserved cells isolated from the adult canine olfactory bulb are capable of extensive remyelination following transplantation into the adult rat CNS. Exp Neurol 2002; 176:402-406.