The basics of renal imaging and function studies

Quarterly Journal of Nuclear Medicine

Volumn 46, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 249-267

  Durand, Emmanuel ^a   Prigent, A ^a  

^a BICÊTRE HOSPITAL   (France)

Author keywords

Kidney, physiology; Kidney, radionuclide imaging; Radiopharmaceuticals

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOHIPPURIC ACID; CONTRAST MEDIUM; CREATININE; EDETATE CHROMIUM CR 51; EDETATE TECHNETIUM TC 99M; EDETIC ACID; GLUCOHEPTONIC ACID; IODOHIPPURATE SODIUM I 123; IODOHIPPURIC ACID; IOHEXOL; IOTALAMIC ACID I 125; MERTIATIDE TC 99M; PENTETIC ACID; RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL AGENT; SUCCIMER; TECHNETIUM 99M; TRACER;

BODY SURFACE; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; CREATININE BLOOD LEVEL; CREATININE CLEARANCE; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DISPLAY SYSTEM; EXTRACTION; FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT; GLOMERULUS; GLOMERULUS FILTRATION RATE; HUMAN; IMAGE ANALYSIS; IMAGE QUALITY; KIDNEY BLOOD FLOW; KIDNEY CLEARANCE; KIDNEY CORTEX; KIDNEY FAILURE; KIDNEY FUNCTION; KIDNEY SCINTISCANNING; KIDNEY TUBULE; NORMAL VALUE; PHYSIOLOGY; PLASMA CLEARANCE; RELIABILITY; RENOGRAPHY; REVIEW; SCINTILLATION CAMERA; SIGNAL NOISE RATIO; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; URINE FLOW RATE; URODYNAMICS;

HUMANS; KIDNEY; KIDNEY FUNCTION TESTS; METABOLIC CLEARANCE RATE; RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS;

EID: 0036892256     PISSN: 11243937     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (117)

1. Blaufox MD, Aurell M, Bubeck B, Fommei E, Piepsz A, Russell C et al. Report of the Radionuclides in Nephrourology Committee on renal clearance. J Nucl Med 1996;37:1883-90.
2. Dubovsky EV, Russell CD, Bischof-Delaloye A, Bubeck B, Chaiwatanarat T, Hilson AJ et al. Report of the Radionuclides in Nephrourology Committee for evaluation of transplanted kidney (review of techniques). Semin Nucl Med 1999;29:175-88.
3. O'Reilly P, Aurell M, Britton K, Kletter K, Rosenthal L, Testa T. Consensus on diuresis renography for investigating the dilated upper urinary tract. Radionuclides in Nephrourology Group. Consensus Committee on Diuresis Renography. J Nucl Med 1996;37:1872-6.
4. Piepsz A, Blaufox MD, Gordon I, Granerus G, Majd M, O'Reilly P et al. Consensus on renal cortical scintigraphy in children with urinary tract infection. Scientific Committee of Radionuclides in Nephrourology. Semin Nucl Med 1999;29:160-74.
5. Prigent A, Cosgriff P, Gates GF, Granerus G, Fine EJ, Itoh K et al. Consensus report on quality control of quantitative measurements of renal function obtained from the renogram: International Consensus Committee from the Scientific Committee of Radionuclides in Nephrourology. Semin Nucl Med 1999;29:146-59.
6. Taylor A, Nally J, Aurell M, Blaufox D, Dondi M, Dubovsky E et al. Consensus report on ACE inhibitor renography for detecting renovascular hypertension. Radionuclides in Nephrourology Group. Consensus Group on ACEI Renography. J Nucl Med 1996;37:1876-82.
7. Navar L, Carmines P, Paul R. Renal circulation. In: Massry S, Glassock R, editors. Textbook of Nephrology. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1989. p.43-53.
8. Blantz R. Glomerular filtration. In: Massry S, Glassock R, editors. Textbook of Nephrology. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1989. p.54-9.
9. Levey AS. Use of glomerular filtration rate measurements to assess the progression of renal disease. Semin Nephrol 1989;9:370-9.
10. Van Acker BA, Koomen GC, Koopman MG, Krediet RT, Arisz L. Discrepancy between circadian rhythms of inulin and creatinine clearance. J Lab Clin Med 1992;120:400-10.
11. Piepsz A, Pintelon H, Ham HR. Estimation of normal chromium-51 ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid clearance in children. Eur J Nucl Med 1994;21:12-6.
12. Richard F, Maksud P, Prigent A. Explorations isotopiques de l'appareil urinaire. Encycl Méd Chir 1996; 34-106-A10: 1-10.
13. Brøchner-Mortensen J. Current status on assessment and measurement of glomerular filtration rate. Clin Physiol 1985;5:1-17.
14. Bubeck B, Brandau W, Weber E, Kalble T, Parekh N, Georgi P. Pharmacokinetics of Technetium-99m-MAG3 in humans. J Nucl Med 1990;31:1285-93.
15. Verbruggen AM, Nosco DL, Van Nerom CG, Bormans GM, Adriaens PJ, De Roo MJ. Technetium-99m-L, L-ethylenedicysteine: A renal imaging agent. I. Labeling and evaluation in animals. J Nucl Med 1992;33:551-7.
16. Heath DA, Knapp MS, Walker WH. Comparison between inulin and 51Cr-labelled edetic acid for the measurement of glomerular filtration-rate. Lancet 1968;2:1110-2.
17. Stacy BD, Thorburn GD. Chromium-51 ethylenediaminetetraacetate for estimation of globerular filtration rate. Science 1966;152:1076-7.
18. 99mTc]DTPA. Evaluation of a commercially available dry-kit. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1988;48:603-9.
19. 125I-iothalamate. Nucl Med Commun 1997;18:324.
20. Chervu LR, Blaufox MD. Renal radiopharmaceuticals - An update. Semin Nucl Med 1982;12:224-45.
21. Perrone RD, Madias NE, Levey AS. Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: New insights into old concepts. Clin Chem 1992;38:1933-53.
22. Shemesh O, Golbetz H, Kriss JP, Myers BD. Limitations of creatinine as a filtration marker in glomerulopathic patients. Kidney Int 1985;28:830-8.
23. Hilbrands LB, Artz MA, Wetzels JF, Koene RA. Cimetidine improves the reliability of creatinine as a marker of glomerular filtration. Kidney Int 1991;40:1171-6
24. Taylor A. Radionuclide renography: A personal approach. Semin Nucl Med 1999;29:102-27.
25. Rolin HA 3rd, Hall PM, Wei R. Inaccuracy of estimated creatinine clearance for prediction of iothalamate glomerular filtration rate. Am J Kidney Dis 1984;4:48-54.
26. Hagstam KE, Nordenfelt I, Svenson L, Svensson SE. Comparison of different methods for determination of glomerular filtration rate in renal disease. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1974;34:31-6.
27. Cockcroft DW, Gault MH. Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine. Nephron 1976;16:31-41.
28. Waller DG, Fleming JS, Ramsey B, Gray J. The accuracy of creatinine clearance with and without urine collection as a measure of glomerular filtration rate. Postgrad Med J 1991;67:42-6.
29. Robertshaw M, Lai KN, Swaminathan R. Prediction of creatinine clearance from plasma creatinine: comparison of five formulae. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1989;28:275-80.
30. Florijn KW, Barendregt JN, Lentjes EG, van Dam W, Prodjosudjadi W, van Saase JL et al. Glomerular filtration rate measurement by "single-shot" injection of inulin. Kidney Int 1994;46:252-9.
31. 51Cr-labelled ethylenediaminetetra-acetate and inulin in man. Clin Sci (Lond) 1984;66:613-9.
32. Ladegaard-Pedersen HJ. Measurement of extracellular volume and renal clearance by a single injection of inulin. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1972;29:145-53.
33. Skov PE. Glomerular filtration rate in patients with severe and very severe renal insufficiency. Determined by simultaneous inulin, creatinine and 125 iothalamate clearance. Acta Med Scand 1970;187:419-28.
34. Prescott LF, Freestone S, McAuslane JA. Reassessment of the single intravenous injection method with inulin for measurement of the glomerular filtration rate in man. Clin Sci (Lond) 1991;80:167-76.
35. 51Cr-edetic-acid complex. Lancet 1967;1:818-9.
36. Brøchner-Mortensen J, Giese J, Rossing N. Renal inulin clearance versus total plasma clearance of 51Cr-EDTA. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1969;23:301-5.
37. Chantler C, Garnett ES, Parsons V, Veall N. Glomerular filtration rate measurement in man by the single injection methods using 51Cr-EDTA. Clin Sci 1969;37:169-80.
38. 99mTc-DTPA for the measurement of glomerular filtration rate. Br J Radiol 1976;49:794-6.
39. 99mTc-DTPA - A useful clinical tool for the measurement of glomerular filtration rate. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1982;16:237-41.
40. 99mTc DTPA for measurement of glomerular filtration: concise communication. J Nucl Med 1983;24:722-7.
41. Carlsen JE, Moller ML, Lund JO, Trap-Jensen J. Comparison of four commercial Tc-99m(Sn)DTPA preparations used for the measurement of glomerular filtration rate: concise communication. J Nucl Med 1980;21:126-9.
42. Zimmer AM, Pavel DG. Rapid miniaturized chromatographic quality-control procedures for Tc-99m radiopharmaceuticals. J Nucl Med 1977;18:1230-3.
43. 125I-sodium iothalamate (Conray). Br J Radiol 1967;40:581-3.
44. Adefuin PY, Gur A, Siegel NJ, Spencer RP, Hayslett JP. Single subcutaneous injection of iothalamate sodium I 125 to measure glomerular filtration rate. JAMA 1976;235:1467-9.
45. Moran JK. Technetium-99m-EC and other potential new agents in renal nuclear medicine. Semin Nucl Med 1999;29:91-101.
46. Moretti JL, Rapin JR, Saccavini JC, Lageron A, Le Poncin M, Bardy A. 2,3-Dimercaptosuccinic-acid chelates-2. Renal localization. Int J Nucl Med Biol 1984:11:275-9.
47. Muller-Suur R, Gutsche HU. Tubular reabsorption of technetium-99m-DMSA. J Nucl Med 1995;36:1654-8.
48. O'Reilly P. Obstructive uropathy. Q J Nucl Med 2002;46:295-303.
49. Taylor A. Renovascular hypertension: Nuclear Medicine Techniques. Q J Nucl Med 1991;21:116-27.
50. Fine EJ. Interventions in renal scintigraphy. Semin Nucl Med 1991;21:116-27.
51. Rehling M, Poulsen E, Hvistendahl J, Pedersen T, Jørgenson T, Frøkiær J. Renal extraction of OIH decreases in response to dopamine infusion and ureteral obstruction. In: Taylor A Jr, Nally J, Thomsen H, editors. Radionuclides in Nephrology. Reston: Society of Nuclear Medicine; 1997. p. 174-7.
52. 99mTc DTPA (Sn) supplemented by a transplant perfusion index in the management of renal transplants. J Nucl Med 1978;19:994-1000.
53. Kirchner PT, Goldman MH, Leapman SB, Kiepfer RF. Clinical application of the kidney to aortic blood flow index (K/A ratio). Contrib Nephrol 1978;11:120-6.
54. Peters AM, Gunasekera RD, Lavender JP, Myers MJ, Gordon I, Ash JM et al. Noninvasive measurement of renal blood flow using DTPA. Contrib Nephrol 1987;56:26-30.
55. Taylor A Jr. Thakore K, Folks R, Halkar R, Manatunga A. Background subtraction in Technetium-99m-MAG3 renography. J Nucl Med 1997;38:74-9.
56. 99mTc-MAG3 renal uptake: Reproducibility and accuracy. J Nucl Med 1999;40:972-6.
57. Rutland MD. A comprehensive analysis of renal DTPA studies. II. Renal transplant evaluation. Nucl Med Commun 1985;6:21-30.
58. Rutland MD. A comprehensive analysis of renal DTPA studies. I. Theory and normal values. Nucl Med Commun 1985;6:11-20.
59. Patlak CS, Blasberg RG, Fenstermacher JD. Graphical evaluation of blood-to-brain transfer constants from multiple- time uptake data. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1983;3:1-7.
60. Piepsz A, Dobbeleir A, Ham HR. Effect of background correction on separate technetium-99m-DTPA renal clearance. J Nucl Med 1990;31:430-5.
61. Lythgoe MF, Gordon I, Khader Z, Smith T, Anderson PJ. Assessment of various parameters in the estimation of differential renal function using Technetium-99m mercaptoacetyltriglycine. Eur J Nucl Med 1999;26:155-62.
62. 99mTc-DTPA renography using multiple background regions: A comparison of methods. Nucl Med Commun 1994;15:636-42.
63. Britton KE, Chaiwatanarat T, Padhy A, Bomanji J, Nimmon CC, Sonmezoglu K et al. Output efficiency and obstructive uropathy. In: Taylor A Jr, Nally J, Thomsen H, editors. Radionuclides in Nephrology. Reston: Society of Nuclear Medicine, 1997. p. 169-73.
64. Ham HR. Is renography suitable for deconvolution analysis? J Nucl Med 1996;37:403-4.
65. Russell CD, Japanwalla M, Khan S, Scott JW, Dubovsky EV. Techniques for measuring renal transit time. Eur J Nucl Med 1995;22:1372-8.
66. Lythgoe MF, Gradwell MJ, Evans K, Gordon I. Estimation and relevance of depth correction in paediatric renal studies. Eur J Nucl Med 1998;25:115-9.
67. Taylor A, Lewis C, Giacometti A, Hall EC, Barefield KP. Improved formulas for the estimation of renal depth in adults. J Nucl Med 1993;34:1766-9.
68. Tønnensen K. Munck O, Hald T, Mogensen P, Wolf H. Influence on the radiorenogram of variation in skin to kidney distance and the clinical importance hereof. International Symposium on Radionuclides in Nephrology, Stuttgart, 1974.
69. Raynaud C, Jacquot C, Freeman LM. Measuring renal uptake of 197HGCl2 by gamma camera. Radiology 1974;110:413-8.
70. Maneval DC, Magill HL, Cypess AM, Rodman JH. Measurement of skin-to-kidney distance in children: Implications for quantitative renography. J Nucl Med 1990;31:287-91.
71. Siegel JA. The effect of source size on the buildup factor calculation of absolute volume. J Nucl Med 1985;26:1319-22.
72. Schlegel JU, Hamway SA. Individual renal plasma flow determination in 2 minutes. J Urol 1976;116:282-5.
73. 99mTc-DTPA (stannous). AJR Am J Roentgenol 1982;138:565-70.
74. Mulligan JS, Blue PW, Hasbargen JA. Methods for measuring GFR with Technetium-99m-DTPA: an analysis of several common methods. J Nucl Med 1990;31:1211-9.
75. Durand E, Prigent A, Gaillard J. Comparison between 9 methods for estimation of glomerular filtration rate (G.F.R.) with simultaneous injections of 51Cr-EDTA and 99mTc-DTPA. In: Taylor A Jr, Nally J, Thomsen H, editors. Radionuclides in nephrology. Reston: Society of Nuclear Medicine; 1997. p. 112-20.
76. Goates JJ, Morton KA, Whooten WW, Greenberg HE, Datz FL, Handy JE et al. Comparison of methods for calculating glomerular filtration rate: technetium-99m-DTPA scintigraphic analysis, protein-free and whole-plasma clearance of technetium-99m-DTPA and iodine-125-iothalamate clearance. J Nucl Med 1990;31:424-9.
77. 99mTc-DTPA. Eur J Nucl Med 1985;11:7-12.
78. Russell CD, Dubovsky EV. Gates method for GFR measurement. J Nucl Med 1986;27:1373-4.
79. Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet 1986;1:307-10.
80. Rabito CA, Moore RH, Bougas C, Dragotakes SC. Noninvasive, real-time monitoring of renal function: the ambulatory renal monitor. J Nucl Med 1993;34:199-207.
81. Groshar D, Embon OM, Frenkel A, Front D. Renal function and technetium-99m-dimercaptosuccinic acid uptake in single kidneys: the value of in vivo SPECT quantitation. J Nucl Med 1991;32:766-8.
82. 51Cr-EDTA clearance. Nucl Med Commun 1999;20:829-32.
83. Durand E, Prigent A. Can dimercaptosuccinic acid renal scintigraphy be used to assess global renal function? Eur J Nucl Med 2000;27:727-30.
84. Bergstrom J, Bucht H, Josephson B, Sundell H. The renal extraction of para-amino hippurate in normal persons and in patients with diseased kidney. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1959;11:361.
85. Rehling M, Hyldstrup L, Henriksen JH. Arterio-venous concentration difference of [51Cr]EDTA after a single injection in man. Significance of renal function and local blood flow. Clin Physiol 1989;9:279-88.
86. Sapirstein L, Vidt D, Mandel M, Hanusek G. Volumes of distribution and clearances of intravenously injected creatinine in the dog. Am J Physiol 1955;181:330-6.
87. Brøchner-Mortensen J. A simple method for the determination of glomerular filtration rate. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1972;30:271-4.
88. Russell CD, Bischoff PG, Kontzen FN, Rowell KL, Yester MV, Lloyd LK et al. Measurement of glomerular filtration rate: single injection plasma clearance method without urine collection. J Nucl Med 1985;26:1243-7.
89. 99mTc-DTPA clearance by a single plasma sample method. Clin Physiol 1986;6:579-88.
90. Watson WS. A simple method of estimating glomerular filtration rate. Eur J Nucl Med 1992;19:827.
91. Morgan WD, Birks JL, Sivyer A, Ghose RR. An efficient technique for the simultaneous estimation of GFR and ERPF, involving a single injection and two blood samples. Int J Nucl Med Biol 1977;4:79-83.
92. Constable AR, Hussein MM, Albrecht MP, Thompson FD, Philalithis PE, Joekes AM. Single sample estimates of renal clearances. Br J Urol 1979;51:84-7.
93. Fawdry RM, Gruenewald SM. Three-hour volume of distribution method: an accurate simplified method of glomerular filtration rate measurement. J Nucl Med 1987;28:510-3.
94. Galli G, Rufini V, Meduri G. A simplified determination of glomerular filtration rate with 99Tcm-DTPA. Nucl Med Commun 1994;15:831-5.
95. 51-chromium edetic acid. Arch Dis Child 1972;47:613-7.
96. 51Cr-EDTA clearance determined by one plasma sample in children. Clin Physiol 1984;4:75-83.
97. Ham HR, Piepsz A. Estimation of glomerular filtration rate in infants and in children using a single-plasma sample method. J Nucl Med 1991;32:1294-7.
98. Tauxe WN, Bagchi A, Tepe PG, Krishnaiah PR. Single-sample method for the estimation of glomerular filtration rate in children. J Nucl Med 1987;28:366-71.
99. Fleming JS, Wilkinson J, Oliver RM, Ackery DM, Blake GM, Waller DG. Comparison of radionuclide estimation of glomerular filtration rate using technetium 99m diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid and chromium 51 ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Eur J Nucl Med 1991;18:391-5.
100. Li Y, Lee HB, Blaufox MD. Single-sample methods to measure GFR with technetium-99m-DTPA. J Nucl Med 1997;38:1290-5.
101. Rehling M, Rabol A. Measurement of glomerular filtration rate in adults: Accuracy of five single-sample plasma clearance methods. Clin Physiol 1989;9:171-82.
102. Watson WS, Muir M, Dobson H, Hume R. Measurement of glomerular filtration rate. J Nucl Med 1986;27:1645-7.
103. Picciotto G, Cacace G, Cesana P, Mosso R, Ropolo R, De Filippi PG. Estimation of chromium-51 ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid plasma clearance: A comparative assessment of simplified techniques. Eur J Nucl Med 1992;19:30-5.
104. 51Cr-EDTA renal clearance? Nucl Med Commun 1997;18:139-41.
105. Granerus G, Aurell M, Bjure J, Haugstvedt S, Ljung B. Evaluation of unilateral kidney function in children. A comparison between renography and separate clearance. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1980;14:263-7.
106. Fisher M, Veall N. Glomerular filtration rate estimation based on a single blood sample. Br Med J 1975;2:542.
107. Brøchner-Mortensen J, Freund LG. Reliability of routine clearance methods for assessment of glomerular filtration rate in advanced renal insufficiency. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1981;41:91-7.
108. Russell CD. Optimum sample times for single-injection, multisample renal clearance methods. J Nucl Med 1993;34:1761-5.
109. 51Cr-EDTA plasma clearance in severe renal failure determined by one plasma sample. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1989;49:555-9.
110. Jagenburg R, Attman PO, Aurell M, Bucht H. Determination of glomerular filtration rate in advanced renal insufficiency. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1978;12:133-7.
111. Piepsz A, Ham HR. Single plasma GFR in children [answer]. J Nucl Med 1992;33:174.
112. DuBois D, DuBois E. A formula to estimate the approximate surface area if height and weight are known. Arch Int Med 1916;17:863-71.
113. Boyd E. Growth of the surface area of the human body. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press; 1935. p. 132.
114. Peters AM. Expressing glomerular filtration rate in terms of extra-cellular fluid volume. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1992;7:205-10.
115. Tauxe WN, Dubovsky EV, Kidd T Jr, Diaz F, Smith LR. New formulas for the calculation of effective renal plasma flow. Eur J Nucl Med 1982;7:51-4.
116. Bubeck B. Renal clearance determination with one blood sample: Improved accuracy and universal applicability by a new calculation principle. Semin Nucl Med 1993;23:73-86.
117. Piepsz A, Tondeur M, Kinthaert J, Ham HR. Reproducibility of technetium-99m mercaptoacetyltriglycine clearance. Eur J Nucl Med 1996;23:195-8.