The impact of elephants on the marula tree Sclerocarya birrea

African Journal of Ecology

Volumn 40, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 328-336

  Gadd, Michelle E ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND   (South Africa)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Elephant; Marula; Sclerocarya birrea; Seedlings; Trees

Indexed keywords

ABUNDANCE; DENSITY; ELEPHANT; HERBIVORY; POPULATION STRUCTURE; TREE;

SOUTH AFRICA;

ANIMALIA; ELEPHANT; ELEPHANTIDAE; SCLEROCARYA;

EID: 0036890599     PISSN: 01416707     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2028.2002.00385.x     Document Type: Article

References (26)

1. Anderson, G.D. & Walker, B.H. (1974) Vegetation composition and elephant damage in the Sengwa Wildlife Research Area, Rhodesia, J. South African Wildlife Manage. Assoc. 4, 1-14.
2. Barnes, R.F.W. (1980) The decline of the baobab tree in Ruaha National Park, Tanzania. African J. Ecol. 18, 243-252.
3. Barnes, R.F.W. (1983) Effects o f elephant browsing on woodlands in a Tanzanian national park: Measurements, models and management. J. Appl. Ecol. 20, 521-540.
4. Barnes, R.F.W. (1985) Woodland changes in Ruaha National Park (Tanzania) between 1976 and 1982. African J. Ecol. 23, 215-221.
5. Barnes, R.F.W., Barnes, K.L. & Kapela, E.B. (1994) The long-term impact of elephant browsing on baobab trees at Msembe, Ruaha National Park, Tanzania. African J. Ecol. 32, 177-184.
6. Campbell, B.M., Butler, J.R.A., Mapaure, I., Vermeulen S.J. & Mashove, P. (1996) Elephant damage and safari hunting in Pterocarpus angolensis woodland in northwestern Matabeleland, Zimbabwe. African J. Ecol. 34, 380-388.
7. Caughley, G. (1976) The elephant problem - An alternative hypothesis. East African Wildlife J. 14, 265-283.
8. Coates Palgrave, K. (1993) Trees of Southern Africa. C. Struik Publishers, Cape Town.
9. Croze, H. (1974) The Seronera bull problem. II. The trees. East African Wildlife J. 12, 29-47.
10. Cumming, D.H.M., Fenton, M.B., Rautenback, I.L., Taylor, R.D., Cumming, G.S., Cumming, M.S., Dunlop, J.M., Ford, A.G., Hovorka, M.D., Johnson, D.S., Kalcounis, M., Mahlangu, Z. & Portfors, C.V.R. (1997) Elephants. woodlands and biodiversity in southern Africa. South African J. Sci. 93, 231-236.
11. Dublin, H.T. (1995) Vegetation dynamics in the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem: The role of elephants, fire, and other factors, p. 71-90. In: Serengeti II: Dynamics, Management, and Conservation of an Ecosystem (Eds, A. R. E. Sinclair & P. Arcese). University of Chicago Press. Chicago.
12. Gadd, M.E. (1997) Factors Influencing the Effects of Elephants on Woody Vegetation in Private Protected Areas in South Africa's Lowveld. MSc Thesis, University of the Witwatersrand. South Africa.
13. Guy, P.R. (1976) The feeding behaviour of elephant (Loxodonta africana) in the Sengwa Area, Rhodesia. South African J. Wildlife Research. 6, 55-63.
14. Jachmann, H. & Bell, R.H.V. (1985) Utilization by elephants of the Brachystegia woodlands of the Kasungu National Park, Malawi. African J. Ecol. 23, 235-253.
15. Mwalyosi, R.B.B. (1985) Decline of Acacia tortilis in Lake Manyara National Park, Tanzania. African J. Ecol. 25, 51-53.
16. Owen-Smith, N. (1996) Ecological guidelines for waterpoints in extensive protected areas. South African J. Wildlife Research. 26, 107-112.
17. Owen-Smith, N. & Cooper, S.M. (1987) Palatability of woody plants to browsing ruminants in a South African savanna. Ecology. 68, 319-331.
18. Styles, C.V. & Skinner, J.D. (1997) Seasonal variations in the quality of mopane leaves as a source of browse for mammalian herbivores. African J. Ecol. 35, 254-265.
19. Tchamba, M.N. (1995) The impact of elephant browsing on the vegetation in Waza National Park, Cameroon. African J. Ecol. 33, 184-193.
20. Van Wyk, P. (1994) Field Guide to the Trees of the Kruger National Park. Struik Publishers, Cape Town.
21. Van Wyk, P. & Fairall, N. (1969) The influence of the African elephant on the vegetation of the Kruger National Park. Koedoe. 9, 57-95.
22. Walker, B.H., Stone, L., Henderson, L. & Vernede, M. (1986) Size structure analysis of the dominant trees in a South African savanna. South African J. Bot. 52, 397-402.
23. Western, D. & Van Praet, C. (1973) Cyclical changes in the habitat and climate of an East African ecosystem. Nature. 241, 104-106.
24. Weyerhaeuser, F.J. (1985) Survey of elephant damage to baobabs in Tanzania's Lake Manyara National Park. African J. Ecol. 23, 235-243.
25. Young, T.P. & Lindsay, W.K. (1988) Role of even-age population structure in the disappearance of Acacia xanthophloea woodlands. African J. Ecol. 26, 69-72.
26. Zar, J.H. (1996) Biostatistical Analysis. Prentice Hall, New Jersey.