Welfare reform and parenting: Reasonable expectations

Future of Children

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 167-185

  Chase Lansdale, P Lindsay ^a,b   Pittman, Laura D ^b  

^a School of Education and Social Policy Program in Human Development and Social Policy   (United States)

^b NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENCE; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; CHILD PARENT RELATION; CHILD REARING; CHILD WELFARE; COGNITION; DISTRESS SYNDROME; EMPLOYMENT; HUMAN; LAW; MARRIAGE; MENTAL HEALTH; REVIEW; SOCIAL NETWORK; SOCIOLOGY; CHILD; ECONOMICS; FAMILY SIZE; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE PLANNING; LEGAL ASPECT; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; SOCIAL CARE; UNITED STATES;

CHILD; CHILD WELFARE; FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS; FEMALE; HEALTH PLANNING; HUMANS; PARENTING; PUBLIC ASSISTANCE; UNITED STATES; WOMEN, WORKING;

EID: 0036887240     PISSN: 10548289     EISSN: 15501558     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (118)

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54. Davies, P.T., and Cummings, M.E. Marital conflict and child adjustment: An emotional security hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin (1994) 116:387-411.
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56. National Research Council. Understanding and preventing violence. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1993.
57. Burchinal, M.R., Follmer, A., and Bryant, D.M. The relations of maternal social support and family structure with maternal responsiveness and child outcomes among African American families. Developmental Psychology (1996) 32:1073-83.
58. Taylor, R.D., Casten, R., and Flickinger, S.M. Influence of kinship social support on the parenting experiences and psychosocial adjustment of African-American adolescents. Developmental Psychology (1993) 29:382-88.
59. Schuster, T.L., Kessler, R.C., and Aseltine, R.H. Supportive interactions, negative interactions, and depressed mood. American Journal of Community Psychology (1991) 18:423-38.
60. Burton, L.M., and Stack, C.B. Conscripting kin: Reflections on family, generation, and culture. In The politics of pregnancy: Adolescent sexuality and public policy. A. Lawson and D.L. Rhode, eds. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993.
61. Simons, R.L., Lorenz, F.O., Wu, C., and Conger, R.D. Social network and marital support as mediators and moderators of the impact of stress and depression on parental behavior. Developmental Psychology (1993) 29:368-81.
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64. Cowan, P.A., Powell, D.R., and Cowan, C.P. Parenting interventions: A family systems perspective. In Handbook of Child Psychology. Vol. 4, Child Psychology in Practice. 5th ed. W. Damon, I.E. Siegel, and K.A. Renninger, eds. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998, pp. 3-72.
65. Gomby, D., Culross, P., and Behrman, R. Home visiting: Recent program evaluations - Analysis and recommendations. The Future of Children (Spring/Summer 1999) 9(1):4-26.
66. Benasich, A.A., Brooks-Gunn, J., and Clewell, B.C. How do mothers benefit from early intervention programs? Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology (1992) 13:311-62.
67. Halpern, R. Early childhood intervention for low-income children and families. In Handbook of Early Childhood Intervention. 2nd ed. J.P. Shonkoff and S.J. Meisels, eds. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000, pp. 361-86.
68. Brooks-Gunn, J., Berlin, L.J., and Fuligni, A.S. Early childhood intervention programs: What about the family? In Handbook of Early Childhood Intervention. 2nd ed. J.P. Shonkoff and S.J. Meisels, eds. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000, pp. 549-87.
69. Examples of such studies include Welfare, Children, and Families: A Three-City Study (see http://www.jhu.edu/∼welfare/);
70. Urban Change (see http://www.mdrc.org/WelfareReform/UrbanChange.htm);
71. Fragile Families (see http://crcw.princeton.edu/fragilefamilies/);
72. and Barriers to Employment and Family Functioning: Women's Employment Study (see Kalil, A., Dunifon, R.E., and Danziger, S.K. Does maternal employment mandated by welfare reform affect children's behavior? In For better and for worse: Welfare reform and the well-being of children and families. G.J. Duncan and P.L. Chase-Lansdale, eds. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, January 2002, pp. 154-78.
73. Morris, P.A., Huston, A.C., Duncan, G.J., et al. How welfare and work policies affect children: A synthesis of research. New York: Manpower Demonstration Research Corp., 2001. These random-assignment studies provide a very strong basis for assessing the impact of the reform packages. A key strength of these experimental demonstrations is that participants were randomly assigned to a program or experimental group that received the new welfare reform package or to a control group that continued to live under the old AFDC regulations. In other words, any differences in parenting found between the participants in the experimental versus the control groups are more likely to be due to the impact of the welfare reform package than to preexisting differences in the families.
74. Much of the available research focuses mostly on mothers, and that is the focus in this article as well. See the article by McLanahan and Carlson in this journal issue for a more detailed discussion of fathers as parents.
75. This has been referred to as the "stimulation hypothesis." See Zaslow, M.J., Dion, M.R., Hair, E.C., et al. Program impacts on parenting behavior during the first half-year of an educationally-focused welfare-to-work program. Unpublished manuscript. 2000.
76. Parcel, T.L., and Menaghan, E.G. Parents' jobs and children's lives. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1994.
77. Hoffman, L.W., and Youngblade, L.M. Mothers at work: Effects on children's well-being. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
78. Chase-Lansdale, P.L., and Duncan, G.J. Lessons learned. In For better and for worse: Welfare reform and the well-being of children and families. G.J. Duncan, and P.L. Chase-Lansdale, eds. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, January 2002, pp. 307-22.
79. Ricciuti, H.N. Single parenthood and school readiness in White, Black, and Hispanic 6- and 7-year-olds. Journal of Family Psychology (1999) 13:450-65.
80. Vandell, D.L., and Ramanan, J. Effects of early and recent maternal employment on children from low-income families. Child Development (1992) 63:938-49.
81. Three of the demonstration programs (New Chance, Teenage Parent Demonstration, and the National Evaluation of Welfareto-Work Strategies) required mothers in the experimental groups to participate in education, training, job readiness, and job search activities; and four (New Hope, the Minnesota Family Investment Program, the Family Transition Program in Florida, and the Self-Sufficiency Project in Canada) required mothers in the experimental groups to work 30 hours per week. The Minnesota program required mothers to work only 20 hours per week if they had children age 6 or younger. For further details, see the article by Zaslow and colleagues in this journal issue.
82. Quint, J.C., Bos, J.M., and Polit, D.F. New Chance: Final report on a comprehensive program for young mothers in poverty and their children. New York: Manpower Demonstration Research Corp., 1997.
83. Morris, P., and Michalopoulos, C. The Self-Sufficiency Project at 36 months: Effects on children of a program that increased parental employment and income. Ottawa, Ontario: Social Research and Demonstration Corp., 2000.
84. Bos, J.M., Huston, A.C., Granger, R.C., et al. New Hope for people with low incomes: Two-year results of a program to reduce poverty and reform welfare. New York: Manpower Demonstration Research Corp., 1999. Mothers in the experimental group indicated significantly higher levels of case management support than those in the control group had.
85. Huston, A.C., Duncan, G.D., Granger, R., et al. Work-based anti-poverty programs for parents can enhance the school performance and social behavior of children. Child Development (2001) 72:318-36.
86. See Zaslow, M.J., and Eldred, C.A., eds. Parenting behavior in a sample of young mothers in poverty: Results of the New Chance Observational Study. New York: Manpower Demonstration Research Corp., 1998. See also note 77, Quint, et al.
87. See note 79, Bos, et al.
88. For a description of these programs, see Box 1 in the article by Zaslow and colleagues in this journal issue.
89. These two demonstrations, New Hope and the Self-Sufficiency Project, were the exceptions. Most of the demonstrations showed no significant differences in the use of extended-day programs or extracurricular activities. In one other demonstration (the Minnesota program), fewer children in the experimental program were enrolled in lessons, clubs, and activities. See note 68, Morris, et al., for more details.
90. Blank, R.M., and Schmidt, L. Work, wages, and welfare. In The new world of welfare. R.M. Blank and R. Haskins, eds. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2001, pp. 70-102.
91. Haskins, R. Effects of welfare reform at four years. In For better and for worse: Welfare reform and the well-being of children and families. G.J. Duncan and P.L. Chase-Lansdale, eds. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, January 2002, pp. 264-89.
92. Primus, W., and Daugirdas, K. Reducing child poverty by improving the work-based safety net. In For better and for worse: Welfare reform and the well-being of children and families. G.J. Duncan and P.L. Chase-Lansdale, eds. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, January 2002, pp. 247-63.
93. See the article by Zaslow and colleagues in this journal issue.
94. Miller, C., Knox, V., Gennetian, L.A., et al. Final report on the Minnesota Family Investment Program. Vol. 1, Effects on adults. New York: Manpower Demonstration Research Corp., 2000.
95. Michalopoulos, C., Card, D., Gennetian, L.A., et al. The Self-Sufficiency Project at 36 months: Effects of a financial work incentive on employment and income. Ottawa, Ontario: Social Research and Demonstration Corp., 2000.
96. Miller, C., and Gennetian, L.A. Reforming welfare and work: Final report on the Minnesota Family Investment Program. Vol. 2, Effects on children. New York: Manpower Demonstration Research Corp., 2000.
97. Also, in the New Hope demonstration, mothers who were already working full time when randomly assigned to the program group showed better parenting (higher warmth and supervision) two years later than control group mothers did, and they tended to decrease their work hours. See note 79, Bos, et al.
98. The study that found higher levels of problem behavior was Canada's Self-Sufficiency Project. See note 78, Morris and Michalopoulos.
99. Bloom, D., Kemple, J.J., Morris, P., et al. The Family Transition Program: Final report on Florida's initial time-limited welfare program. New York: Manpower Research Demonstration Corp., 2000.
100. See note 1, U.S. House of Representatives, pp. 6, 9.
101. Waite, L.J., and Gallagher, M. The case for marriage: Why married people are happier, healthier, and better off financially. New York: Doubleday, 2000.
102. Moore, M.R., and Chase-Lansdale, P. L. Sexual intercourse and pregnancy among African-American adolescent girls in highpoverty neighborhoods: The role of family and perceived community environment. Journal of Marriage and the Family (November 2001) 63(4):1146-57.
103. See note 91, Miller and Gennetian.
104. Horn, W.F., and Sawhill, I.V. Making room for daddy: Fathers, marriage, and welfare reform. In The new world of welfare. R.M. Blank and R. Haskins, eds. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2001, pp. 421-41. See also the articles by Greenberg and colleagues and by McLanahan and Carlson in this journal issue.
105. Markman, H.J., Floyd, F.J., Stanley, S.M., et al. Prevention of marital distress: A longitudinal investigation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (1988) 56:210-17.
106. Cowan, C.P., and Cowan, P.A. When partners become parents: The big change for couples. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2000.
107. For a discussion of one study that does focus on low-income families, see Stanley, S.M., Markman, H.J., St. Peters, M., and Leber, B.D. Strengthening marriages and preventing divorce: New directions in prevention research. Family Relations: Journal of Applied Family and Child Studies (1995) 44:392-401.
108. Chase-Lansdale, P.L. Policies for stepfamilies: Crosswalking private and public domains. In Stepfamilies: Who benefits? Who does not? A. Booth and J. Dunn, eds. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1994.
109. Ooms, T. Toward more perfect unions: Putting marriage on the public agenda. Washington, DC: Family Impact Seminar, 1998. See also note 99, Horn and Sawhill.
110. Horvath-Rose, A., and Peters, H. E. Welfare waivers and nonmarital childbearing. In For better and for worse: Welfare reform and the well-being of children and families. G.J. Duncan and P.L. Chase-Lansdale, eds. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, January 2002, pp. 222-46.
111. Danziger, S. Work, income and material hardship after welfare reform. Journal of Consumer Affairs (2000) 34(1):6-30.
112. Zedlewski, S.R., and Loprest, P. How well does TANF meet the needs of the most disadvantaged families? In The new world of welfare. R.M. Blank and R. Haskins, eds. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2001, pp. 311-34.
113. Welfare reform: Moving hard-to-employ recipients into the workforce. GAO-01-368. Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office, March 2001.
114. The Teen Parent Demonstration. See Aber, J.L., Brooks-Gunn, J., and Maynard, R. The effects of welfare reform on teenage parents and their children. The Future of Children (Summer/Fall 1995) 5(2):53-71.
115. Cherlin, A., Burton, L., Francis, J., et al. Sanctions and case closing for noncompliance: Who is affected and why. Policy Brief 01-1. Welfare, Children, and Families: A Three-City Study. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University, 2001. Available at http://www.jhu.edu/∼welfare/.
116. Kalil, A., and Seefelt, K. Economic and personal well-being among sanctioned TANF recipients. Paper presented at the Fall Research Conference of the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management. Seattle, WA, November 2-4, 2000.
117. Tweedie, J. Sanctions and exits: What states know about families that leave welfare because of sanctions and time limits. In For better and for worse: Welfare reform and the well-being of children and families. G.J. Duncan and P.L. Chase-Lansdale, eds. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, January 2002, pp. 81-102.
118. Two studies that do include observational assessments are the evaluations of the New Chance and JOBS programs. See note 81, Zaslow and Eldred; and Hair, E.C., McGroder, S.M., Zaslow, M.J., et al. How do maternal risk factors affect children in low-income families? Further evidence of two-generational implications. Journal of Prevention and Intervention in the Community. In press.