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See Morris, P.A., Huston, A.C., Duncan, G.J., et al. How welfare and work policies affect children: A synthesis of the research. New York: Manpower Demonstration Research Corp., 2001.
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Unpublished manuscript, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY
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About 70% of adults claiming the EITC are single parents, many of whom have received welfare. See Smeeding, T.M., Ross, K.E., O'Connor, M., and Simon, M. The economic impact of the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC). Unpublished manuscript, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 1999.
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United Nations' Web site. Backgrounder no. 1407. Washington, DC: The Heritage Foundation, February 5
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The United Nations' General Assembly unanimously adopted the Convention on the Rights of the Child on November 20, 1989. The Convention spells out the rights to which every child under age 18 is entitled, ranging from civil and political rights to economic, social, and cultural rights. As of 2001, some 191 United Nations member countries had ratified the treaty; only two had not-the United States and Somalia. The convention is controversial in the United States because some believe it undermines the rights of parents to make decisions regarding the health, education, and religious upbringing of their children, among other reasons. See the United Nations' Web site at http://www.unicef.org/ crc/convention.htm; and Fagan, P. How U.N. conventions on women's and children's rights undermine family, religion, and sovereignty. Backgrounder no. 1407. Washington, DC: The Heritage Foundation, February 5, 2001.
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Figure 1 borrows heavily from earlier work, including: Zaslow, M.J., Moore, K.A., Morrison, D.R., and Coiro, M.J. The Family Support Act and children: Potential pathways of influence. Children and Youth Services Review (1995) 17:231-49;
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Bos, J.M., Huston, A.C., Granger, R.C., et al. New hope for people with low incomes: Two-year results of a program to reduce poverty and reform welfare. New York: Manpower Demonstration Research Corp., 1999.
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31044456408
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note
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The topic is vast, and because the relations differ considerably for children of different ages, for boys and girls, and so on, this summary is by definition incomplete.
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See also note 10, McLoyd
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For example, in studies of African-American single-mother families, adolescents' feelings of psychological distress were related even more strongly to their perceptions of family economic strain than to the objective levels of family income. See McLoyd, V.C., Jayaratne, T.E., Ceballo, R., and Borquez, J. Unemployment and work interruption among African American single mothers: Effects on parenting and adolescent socioemotional functioning. Child Development (1994) 65:562-89. See also note 10, McLoyd.
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The learning, physical, and emotional environment of the home in the context of poverty: The infant health and development program
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Brooks-Gunn, J., Klebanov, P.K., and Liaw, F. The learning, physical, and emotional environment of the home in the context of poverty: The infant health and development program. Children and Youth Services Review (1995) 17:251-76.
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Home environment and school performance: A ten-year follow-up and examination of three models of environmental action
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The Home Observation Measure of the Environment (HOME), a measure of the learning and social environment provided by the parent(s), predicts both short-term and long-term school achievement. See Bradley, R.H., Caldwell, B.M., and Rock, S.L. Home environment and school performance: A ten-year follow-up and examination of three models of environmental action. Child Development (1988) 59:852-67;
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Zaslow, M.J., McGroder, S.M., Moore, K.A., and Le Menestrel, S. Behavioral problems and cognitive school readiness among children in families with a history of welfare receipt: Diverging patterns and their predictors. Paper presented at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development. Albuquerque, NM. April 15-18, 1999.
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Family resources and the development of child competence
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For example, one study found that cognitive competencies in children appeared to be linked to family income, but socioemotional competencies appeared to be associated with quality of time spent with parents. See Amato, P., and Ochiltree, G. Family resources and the development of child competence. Journal of Marriage and the Family (1986) 48:47-56. Similarly, another study found that although socioeconomic status (SES) and mother's mental health predicted both cognitive outcomes and social competence, SES explained more variance in cognitive outcomes than social competence, whereas mother's mental health explained more variance in social competence.
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In a large-scale study of adolescents in Philadelphia, for example, two patterns of successful development were identified. One of these was defined by active involvement in organized community and school activities. See Furstenberg, F.F., Cook, T.D., Eccles, J.S., et al. Managing to make it: Urban families and adolescent success. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.
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