Patterns of mental distress following the violent death of a child and predictors of change over time

Research in Nursing and Health

Volumn 25, Issue 6, 2002, Pages 425-437

  Murphy, Shirley A ^a   Chung, Ick Joong ^b   Johnson, L Clark ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^b Duksung Women's University   (South Korea)

Author keywords

Bereaved parents' mental distress after a child's accident, homicide, or suicide death; Bereavement; Predictors of bereaved parents' mental distress; Violent death bereavement

Indexed keywords

ACCIDENT; ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ADULT CHILD; ARTICLE; BEREAVEMENT; CHILD; CLINICAL TRIAL; FACTORIAL ANALYSIS; FEMALE; HOMICIDE; HUMAN; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MULTICENTER STUDY; PARENT; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; STATISTICAL MODEL; SUICIDE; TIME; UNITED STATES;

ACCIDENTS; ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ADULT CHILDREN; BEREAVEMENT; CHILD; FACTOR ANALYSIS, STATISTICAL; FEMALE; HOMICIDE; HUMANS; LINEAR MODELS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MODELS, STATISTICAL; OREGON; PARENTS; STRESS DISORDERS, TRAUMATIC; SUICIDE; TIME FACTORS; WASHINGTON;

EID: 0036884191     PISSN: 01606891     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/nur.10060     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Almeida, D.M., & Kessler, R.C. (1998). Everyday stressors and gender differences in daily distress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 670-680.
2. American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., rev.) Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Press.
3. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.) Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Press.
4. Amick-McMullan, A., Kilpatrick, D.G., & Resnick, H.S. (1991). Homicide as a risk factor for PTSD among surviving family members. Behavior Modification, 15, 545-559.
5. Arbuckle, J.L. (1995). Amos user's guide. Chicago: Small Waters.
6. Breslau, N., Kassler, R.C., Chilcoat, H.D., Schultz, L.R., Davis, G.C., & Andreski, P. (1998). Trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder in the community: The 1996 Detroit Area Survey of Trauma. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 626-632.
7. Bonanno, G.A., & Kaltman, S. (1999). Toward an integrative perspective on bereavement. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 760-776.
8. Bugen, L. (1977). Human grief: A model for prediction and intervention. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 47, 197-206.
9. Carter, B., & McGoldrick, M. (1988). The changing family life cycle. New York: Gardner.
10. Carver, C.S., Scheier, M.F., & Weintraub, J.K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 267-283.
11. Cook, J.A. (1983). A death in the family: Parental bereavement in the first year. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 13(1), 42-61.
12. Cook, J.A. (1988). Dad's double binds. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 17, 285-308.
13. Derogatis, L.R. (1992). BSI - Administration, scoring, and procedures manual - II. Baltimore: Clinical Psychometric Research.
14. Dijkstra, I.C. (2000). Living with loss. Parents grieving for the death of their child. Utrecht, The Netherlands: Febodruk, Enschede.
15. Dryfoos, J. (1991). Adolescents at risk: A summation of work in the field. Programs and policies. Journal of Adolescent Health, 12, 630-637.
16. Duncan, T.E., Duncan, S.C., Strycker, L.A., Li, R. & Alpert, A. (1999). An introduction to latent variable growth curve modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
17. Exline, J., Dorrity, K., & Wortman, C.B. (1996). Coping with bereavement: A research review for clinicians. In Session: Psychotherapy in Practice, 2, 3-19.
18. Graham, J.W., Hofer, S.M., & Piccinin, A. (1994). Analysis with missing data in drug prevention research. In L.M. Collins & L.A. Seitz (Eds.), Advances in data analysis for prevention intervention research. NIDA Research Monograph No. 108 (pp. 13-63). NIH Publication No. 94-3599. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
19. Graham, J.W., Hofer, S.M., Donaldson, S.I., MacKinnon, D.P., & Schafer, J.L. (1997). Analysis with missing data in prevention research. In K.J. Bryant, M.T. Windle, & S.G. West (Eds.), The science of prevention: Methodological advances from alcohol and substance abuse research (pp. 325-365). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
20. Green, B.L. (1990). Defining trauma: Terminology and generic Stressor dimensions. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 20, 1632-1642.
21. Jacobsen, D.E. (1986). Types and timing of social support. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 27, 250-264.
22. Janoff-Bulman, R. (1992). Shattered assumptions: Towards a new psychology of trauma. New York: The Free Press.
23. Johnson, L.C., Beaton, R., Murphy, S.A., & Pike, K. (2000). Sampling bias and other methodological threats to the validity of health survey research. International Journal of Stress Management, 7, 247-267.
24. Johnson, L.C., Murphy, S.A., & Dimond, M. (1995). Tracking subjects in longitudinal studies with complex protocols. Communicating Nursing Research 28, 224.
25. Johnson, L.C., Murphy, S.A., & Dimond, M. (1996). Reliability, construct validity, and subscale norms of the Brief Symptom Inventory when administered to bereaved parents. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 4, 117-127.
26. Jordan, J.R. (2000). Research that matters: Bridging the gap between research and practice in thanatology. Death Studies, 24, 457-467.
27. Kandel, D.B., Johnson, J.G., Bird, H.R., Canino, G., Goodman, S.H., Lahey, B.B., Reiger, D.A., & Schwab-Stone, M. (1997). Psychiatric disorders associated with substance use among children and adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 25, 121-132.
28. Knox, M. (1991). Factors that influence couples in coping with long-term parental bereavement. Dissertation Abstracts International, 52(2), 697-A.
29. Lazarus, R.S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.
30. Lehman, D.R., Ellard, J.H., & Wortman, C.B. (1986). Social support for the bereaved: Recipients and providers' perspectives on what is helpful. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 438-446.
31. Lehman, D.R., Wortman, C.B., & Williams, A.F. (1987). Long-term effects of losing a spouse or child in a motor vehicle crash. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 218-231.
32. Lehman, D.R., Lang, E.L., Wortman, C.B., & Sorenson, S.B. (1989). Long-term effects of sudden bereavement: Marital and parent-child relationships and children's reactions. Journal of Family Psychology, 2, 344-367.
33. Little, R.J., & Rubin, D.B. (1987). Statistical analysis with missing data. New York: Wiley.
34. Martin, R.L., & Doka, K.J. (2000). Men don't cry. . . women do: Transcending gender stereotypes of grief. Philadelphia: Taylor and Francis.
35. Meredith, W., & Tisak, J. (1990). Latent curve analysis. Psychometrika, 55, 107-122.
36. Moriarty, H.J., Carroll, R., & Cotroneo, M. (1996). Differences in bereavement reactions within couples following death of a child. Research in Nursing & Health, 19, 461-469.
37. Murphy, S.A., Braun, T., Tillery, L., Cain, K.C., Johnson, L.C., & Beaton, R.D. (1999). PTSD among bereaved parents following the violent deaths of their 12 to 28 year-old children: A longitudinal prospective analysis. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 12, 273-291.
38. Murphy, S.A., Das Gupta, A., Cain, K.C., Johnson, L.C., Lohan, J., Wu, L., & Mekwa, J. (1999). Changes in parents' mental distress after the violent death of an adolescent or young adult child: A longitudinal, prospective analysis. Death Studies, 23, 129-159.
39. Murphy, S.A., Johnson, L.C., Cain, K., Das Gupta, A., Dimond, M., Lohan, J., & Baugher, R. (1998). Broad spectrum group treatment for parents bereaved by the violent deaths of their 12 to 28 year-old children: A randomized controlled trial. Death Studies, 22, 1-27.
40. Neimeyer, R.A. (2000). Searching for the meaning of meaning: Grief therapy and the process of reconstruction. Death Studies, 24, 541-558.
41. Orit, C., Paul, S.C., & Behrman, J. (1985). The Perceived Support Network Inventory. American Journal of Community Psychology, 13, 565-582.
42. Ptacek, J.T., & Dodge, K.L. (1995). Coping strategies and relationship satisfaction in couples. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 76-84.
43. Rachuba, L., Stanton, B., & Howard, D. (1995). Violent crime in the United States. An epidemiologic profile. Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine, 149, 953-960.
44. Rando, T.A. (1996). Complications in mourning traumatic death. In K. Doka (Ed.), Living with-grief after sudden loss (pp. 139-159). Philadelphia: Taylor and Francis.
45. Reed, M.D. (1993). Sudden death and bereavement outcomes: The impact of resources on grief symp tomatology and detachment. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 23, 204-220.
46. Rosenberg, M. (1979). Conceiving the self. New York: Basic Books.
47. Rinear, E.E. (1988). Psychosocial aspects of parental response patterns to the death of a child by homicide. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 1, 305-322.
48. Rynearson, E.K., & Geoffrey R. (1999). Bereavement after homicide: Its assessment and treatment. In C.R. Figley (Ed.), Traumatology of grieving: Conceptual, theoretical, and treatment foundations (pp. 3-17). Philadelphia: Brunner/Mazel.
49. Schafer, J.L. (1997). Analysis of incomplete multivariate data. London: Chapman & Hall.
50. Schwab, R. (1990). Paternal and maternal coping with the death of a child. Death Studies, 14, 407-422.
51. Schwab, R. (1996). Gender differences in parental grief. Death Studies, 20, 103-113.
52. Seguin, M., Lesage, A., & Kiely, M.C. (1995). Parental bereavement after suicide and accident: A comparative study. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 25, 489-498.
53. Simpson, M.A. (1997). Traumatic bereavements and death-related PTSD. In C.R. Figley, B.E. Bride, & N. Mazza (Eds.), Death and trauma: The traumatology of grieving (pp. 3-16). Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
54. Stamm, B.H. (1999). Conceptualizing death as trauma: A preliminary endeavor. In C.R. Figley (Ed.), Traumatology of grieving: Conceptual, theoretical, and treatment foundations (pp. 3-17). Philadelphia: Brunner/Mazel.
55. Thoits, P.A. (1986). Social support as coping assistance. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 416-423.
56. Thoits, P.A. (1995). Stress, coping, and social support processes: Where are we What next Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 35(Extra Issue), 53-79.
57. Thompson, M.P., Norris, F.H., & Ruback, R.B. (1998). Comparative distress levels of inner-city family members of homicide victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11, 223-242.
58. Trolley, B. (1993). Kaleidoscope of aid for parents whose child died by suicidal and sudden non-suicidal means. Omega, 27, 239-250.
59. U.S. Bureau of Census (1999). Statistical abstract of the U.S. Table 140. Deaths by age and leading cause: 1996. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
60. Van Dongen, C. (1990). Agonizing questioning: Experiences of survivors of suicide victims. Nursing Research, 39, 224-229.
61. Wheeler, I. (2000). Parental bereavement: The crisis of meaning. Death Studies, 23, 51-66.
62. Willett, J.B., & Sayer, A.G. (1994). Using covariance structure analysis to detect correlates and predictors of individual change over time. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 363-381.
63. Zisook, S. & Shuchter, S. (2001). Treatment of the depressions of bereavement. The American Behavioral Scientist, 44, 1-12.