Statistical variation of aberration structure and image quality in a normal population of healthy eyes

Journal of the Optical Society of America A: Optics and Image Science, and Vision

Volumn 19, Issue 12, 2002, Pages 2329-2348

  Thibos, Larry N ^a   Hong, Xin ^a   Bradley, Arthur ^a   Cheng, Xu ^a  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABERRATIONS; ERRORS; IMAGE QUALITY; WAVEFRONTS;

REFRACTIVE ERRORS;

VISION;

ADULT; ARTICLE; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; EYE; GENETIC VARIABILITY; HISTOLOGY; HUMAN; PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS; PUPIL; VISUAL SYSTEM FUNCTION; ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY;

ADULT; EYE; HUMANS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; OCULAR PHYSIOLOGY; PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS; PUPIL; VARIATION (GENETICS); GENETIC VARIATION; OCULAR PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA;

EID: 0036884049     PISSN: 10847529     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1364/JOSAA.19.002329     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. H. C. Howland and B. Howland, "A subjective method for the measurement of monochromatic aberrations of the eye," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 67, 1508-1518 (1977).
2. G. Walsh, W. N. Charman, and H. C. Howland, "Objective technique for the determination of monochromatic aberrations of the human eye," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 1, 987-992 (1984).
3. M. S. Smirnov, "Measurement of the wave aberration of the human eye," Biofizika 6, 687-703 (1961).
4. M. C. W. Campbell, E. M. Harrison, and P. Simonet, "Psychophysical measurement of the blur on the retina due to optical aberrations of the eye," Vision Res. 30, 1587-1602 (1990).
5. J. C. He, S. Marcos, R. H. Webb, and S. A. Burns, "Measurement of the wave-front aberration of the eye by a fast psychophysical procedure," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 15, 2449-2456 (1998).
6. I. Iglesias, E. Berrio, and P. Artal, "Estimates of the ocular wave aberration from pairs of double-pass retinal images," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 15, 2466-2476 (1998).
7. A. Guirao, C. Gonzalez, M. Redondo, E. Geraghty, S. Norrby, and P. Artal, "Average optical performance of the human eye as a function of age in a normal population," Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 40, 203-213 (1999).
8. J. Liang, B. Grimm, S. Goelz, and J. Bille, "Objective measurement of the wave aberrations of the human eye using a Hartmann-Shack wave-front sensor," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 11, 1949-1957 (1994).
9. J. Liang and D. R. Williams, "Aberrations and retinal image quality of the normal human eye," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 14, 2873-2883 (1997).
10. T. O. Salmon, L. N. Thibos, and A. Bradley, "Comparison of the eye's wave-front aberration measured psychophysically and with the Shack-Hartmann wave-front sensor," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 15, 2457-2465 (1998).
11. J. Porter, A. Guirao, I. G. Cox, and D. R. Williams, "The human eye's monochromatic aberrations in a large population," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 18, 1793-1803 (2001).
12. L. N. Thibos and X. Hong, "Clinical applications of the Shack-Hartmann aberrometer," Optom. Vision Sci. 76, 817-825 (1999).
13. L. N. Thibos, R. A. Applegate, J. T. Schwiegerling, and R. Webb, "Standards for reporting the optical aberrations of eyes," in Vision Science and Its Applications, Vol. 35 of Trends in Optics and Photonics Series, V. Lakshminarayanan, ed. (Optical Society of America, Washington, D.C., 2000), pp. 232-244.
14. D. Sliney and M. Wolbarsht, Safety with Lasers and Other Optical Sources (Plenum, New York, 1980).
15. X. Hong, L. N. Thibos, and K. M. Haggerty, "Shack-Hartmann data analysis software for MATLAB" (2000), http://research.opt.indiana.edu.
16. The array of spots formed in a Shack-Hartmann aberrometer provides only a crude estimate of pupil center and pupil diameter because the spots are displaced by the eye's aberrations. A more accurate estimate may be obtained from the locations of the lenslets that produced the spots.
17. L. N. Thibos, W. Wheeler, and D. G. Horner, "Power vectors: an application of Fourier analysis to the description and statistical analysis of refractive error," Optom. Vision Sci. 74, 367-375 (1997).
18. A. Marechal, "Etude des effets combinés de la diffraction et des aberrations géométriques sur l'Image d'Un point lumineux," Rev. d'Optique 26, 257-277 (1947).
19. J. E. Jackson, A User's Guide To Principal Components (Wiley, New York, 1991).
20. A. J. Thomasian, The Structure of Probability Theory with Applications (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1969).
21. One implication of this result is that the mean magnitudes of Gaussian aberration coefficients are virtually ensured to be statistical significant. A t-test of the null hypothesis that the mean magnitude is zero would be rejected if the observed mean were more than twice the standard error of the mean. Since standard error = standard deviation/√n, rejection is ensured for n > 2π - 4 = 2.3. Thus a population of three or more individuals is enough to cause rejection of the null hypothesis for Gaussian variables.
22. Critical pupil diameter should not be confused with optimum pupil diameter, denned as that pupil size which maximizes image quality, The latter is more difficult to quantify satisfactorily because of the lack of a universally accepted metric of image quality.
23. P. A. Howarth and A. Bradley, "The longitudinal chromatic aberration of the human eye, and its correction," Vision Res. 26, 361-366 (1986).
24. L. N. Thibos, M. Ye, X. Zhang, and A. Bradley, "The chromatic eye: a new reduced-eye model of ocular chromatic aberration in humans," Appl. Opt. 31, 3594-3600 (1992).
25. W. N. Charman, "Wavefront aberrations of the eye: a review," Optom. Vision Sci. 68, 574-583 (1991).
26. J. S. McLellan, S. Marcos, and S. A. Burns, "Age-related changes in monochromatic wave aberrations of the human eye," Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 42, 1390-1395 (2001).
27. P. W. Campbell, "The depth-of-field of the human eye," Opt. Acta 4, 157-164 (1957).
28. D. A. Atchison, W. N. Charman, and R. L. Woods, "Subjective depth-of-focus of the eye," Optom. Vision Sci. 74, 511-520 (1997).
29. J. Tucker and W. N. Charman, "The depth-of-focus of the human eye for Snellen letters," Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt. 52, 3-21 (1975).
30. X. Zhang, M. Ye, A. Bradley, and L. Thibos, "Apodization by the Stiles-Crawford effect moderates the visual impact of retinal image defocus," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 16, 812-820 (1999).
31. L. N. Thibos and A. Bradley, "Modeling the refractive and neuro-sensor systems of the eye," in Visual Instrumentation: Optical Design and Engineering Principles, P. Mouroulis, ed. (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1999), pp. 101-159.
32. R. A. Applegate and V. Lakshminarayanan, "Parametric representation of Stiles-Crawford functions: normal variation of peak location and directionality," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 10, 1611-1623 (1993).
33. D. A. Atchison, A. Joblin, and G. Smith, "Influence of Stiles-Crawford effect apodization on spatial visual performance," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 15, 2545-2551 (1998).
34. S. Marcos, E. Moreno, and R. Navarro, "The depth-of-field of the human eye from objective and subjective measurements," Vision Res. 39, 2039-2049 (1999).
35. S. Marcos and S. A. Burns, "On the symmetry between eyes of wavefront aberration and cone directionality," Vision Res. 40, 2437-2447 (2000).
36. M. Koomen, R. Tousey, and R. Scolnik, "The spherical aberration of the eye," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 39, 370-376 (1949).
37. M. Koomen, R. Scolnik, and R. Tousey, "A study of night myopia," J. Opt. Soc. Am, 41, 80-90 (1951).
38. W. N. Charman, J. A. M. Jennings, and H. Whitefoot, "The refraction of the eye in relation to spherical aberration and pupil size," Br. J. Physiol. Opt. 32, 78-93 (1978).
39. J. A. Van Loo and J. M. Enoch, "The scotopic Stiles-Crawford effect," Vision Res. 13, 1005-1009 (1975).
40. Readers unfamiliar with Zernike analysis should beware of the confusing, dual-usage of terms such as "spherical aberration" and "defocus." The difference between classical Seidel usage and the more modern Zernike usage is analogous to the difference between the spherical power in a conventional prescription of refractive error and the mean spherical equivalent used in power vector notation. If one extracts the mean spherical equivalent from a conventional prescription, the remainder is an orthogonal component called "Jackson crossed cylinder" to avoid confusion with the term "cylinder" used in conventional prescriptions. Similarly, if one extracts mean sphere from Seidel spherical aberration the result is Zernike spherical aberration. Unfortunately, authors sometimes fail to explicitly state which definition they have in mind when using common names for aberrations. Thus readers must rely on context to resolve the ambiguity.
41. P. Mouroulis, "Aberration and image quality representation for visual optical systems," in Visual Instrumentation: Optical Design and Engineering Principles, P. Mouroulis, ed. (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1999), pp. 27-68.
42. V. N. Mahajan, "Uniform versus Gaussian beams: a comparison of the effects of diffraction, abscuration, and aberrations," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 3, 470-485 (1986).
43. The same argument in a more familiar context would arise in a statistical analysis of the Fourier coefficients obtained from physiological responses to square-wave stimulation. Fourier expansion of a square wave yields a strict relationship between the amplitudes of the various harmonic components. Therefore, a quasi-square-wave-response wave-form should still show evidence of a predictable correlation between Fourier coefficients.
44. S. M. MacRae, R. R. Krueger, and R. A. Applegate, Customized Corneal Ablation: The Quest for Super Vision (Slack, Thorofare, N.J., 2001).
45. L. N. Piotrowski and F. W. Campbell, "A demonstration of the visual importance and flexibility of spatial-frequency amplitude and phase," Perception 11, 337-346 (1982).
46. J. D. Gaskill, Linear Systems, Fourier Transforms, and Optics (Wiley, New York, 1978).
47. M. C. Rynders, B. A. Lidkea, W. J. Chisholm, and L. N. Thibos, "Statistical distribution of foveal transverse chromatic aberration, pupil centration, and angle psi in a population of young adult eyes," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 12, 2348-2357 (1995).